Oriental Journal of History, Politics and Law

THE RELEVANCE OF KNOWLEDGE ABOUT POLITICAL CULTURE WITHIN THE COMPETENCE OF AN INTERNAL AFFAIRS SYSTEM EMPLOYEE

2025-08-09T09:43:09+00:00

employee of the internal affairs bodies, political system, criterion of political culture, political trends, nationality, mass media.

YOUTH POLICY FROM THE WORLD AND UZBEKISTAN'S PERSPECTIVE (COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS USING THE EXAMPLE OF ZARAFSHAN OASIS)

2025-08-14T06:26:44+00:00

This article highlights youth policy and their role in the social, economic, political, and cultural life of the world and Uzbekistan using the example of the Zarafshan oasis regions, as well as current problems in youth life and alternative solutions offered by youth organizations in solving these problems. The Samarkand, Bukhara and Navoi regions are compared in the implementation of complex tasks related to the implementation of youth policy.

THE FORMATION OF FAKHRIDDIN AL-RAZI'S SPIRITUAL MATURITY

2025-08-22T11:21:24+00:00

This article examines the spiritual and intellectual development of the prominent medieval scholar Fakhr al-Din al-Razi (1149–1209) within the socio-political and theological context of the 12th and 13th centuries. The study analyzes the influence of inter-sectarian conflicts, philosophical-religious debates, and political dynamics on al-Razi’s worldview. Special attention is given to his efforts to reconcile theology and philosophy, his ethical and political thought, and the rational foundations of his interpretations. His encyclopedic work Jāmiʿ al-ʿUlūm is also explored as a reflection of his views on social structure, education, and human nature. The article highlights the contemporary relevance of al-Razi’s legacy for moral education and intercultural understanding.

VIEWS AND CUSTOMS RELATED TO HORSES AMONG THE INHABITANTS OF CENTRAL ASIA

2025-08-29T16:53:20+00:00

The article studies sources on religious traditions associated with horses in Central Asia. The horse (mount) was not only a means of transportation, but also served as a sacred symbol, a symbol of power, protection, blessing, and even spiritual purity in many ancient religions, pre-Islamic beliefs, Islamic traditions, and folk customs. The attitude towards the horse in the religious traditions of the Turkic peoples, in particular, the Uzbek people, is closely related to the religious and philosophical worldview. This article provides an in-depth analysis of the role of the horse symbol in Islam, the religion of the gods, Sufism, and folk beliefs.

A NEW STAGE AND MECHANISMS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF INTERETHNIC RELATIONS AND ISSUES OF COMPATRIOTS ABROAD IN UZBEKISTAN

2025-08-03T10:32:45+00:00

This article investigates important information related to interethnic relations and reflects on the essence and content of the ongoing reforms in this area. Additionally, it provides a detailed overview of the state committee responsible for the relevant sector operating in the country.

PROBLEMS OF EDUCATING YOUTH IN THE SPIRIT OF HIGH MORALITY AND WAYS TO SOLVE THEM

2025-08-12T06:11:43+00:00

This article discusses the role and significance of the concept of morality in shaping a well-rounded individual, explores the problems of educating youth in the spirit of high moral values, and suggests possible solutions. Morality is presented as a broad concept reflecting intellectual, spiritual, and practical human activity. The article analyzes its origins, characteristics, functions, and importance in life. It also outlines the universal, national, regional, and personal dimensions of morality and their dialectical interrelations. The role and significance of morality in education and upbringing are also emphasized.

THE INFLUENCE OF TRIBAL CHIEFTAINS UNDER THE KOKAND KHANATE ON THE KHANATE'S POLICY (1ST HALF OF THE 19TH CENTURY)

2025-08-15T06:36:32+00:00

This scientific article is devoted to the analysis of the influence of tribal chieftains operating within the Kokand Khanate in the first half of the 19th century on the khanate's politics. The introduction justifies the topic from the point of view of historical necessity, and highlights the political relations between the khanate's governance system and tribal chieftains during this period. Through the analysis of the literature, existing historical sources and modern research are studied, and it is determined that this topic is a scientific direction that has not yet been fully explored. The political activities of tribal chieftains, their positions in the khanate, and their role in the military and administrative system are examined in detail. The results section highlights how representatives of large clans such as the Ming, Kipchak, and Kangli participated in khanate politics, and their intermediary role in decision-making. In the discussion, the influence of the presence of tribal chieftains on the process of centralization in the khanate, their movement towards political independence, and their role in the balance of power within the khanate are analyzed. This study serves to provide a deeper understanding of political processes in the Kokand Khanate and aims to shed light on the interplay between tribal and state governance.

THE ROLE OF AI IN MODERN POLITICAL CAMPAIGN STRATEGIES

2025-08-25T07:17:10+00:00

As political campaigns in the United States increasingly integrate artificial intelligence (AI) into their communications, the tools used—from social media feed algorithms to chatbots, voter profiling engines, sentiment analysis systems, and deepfake generators—are profoundly transforming how narratives are crafted and disseminated. This article surveys recent research on the strategic deployment of AI in U.S. elections and its effects on public discourse. The author review studies of social media algorithms that filter and personalize political content, the use of automated bots and chatbots to engage or mislead voters, and advanced voter profiling and microtargeting enabled by machine learning. She also considers analyses of generative technologies (large language models and synthetic media) used to produce persuasive messages. In each case, strategic advantages (such as hyper-personalized outreach and 24/7 voter engagement) must be weighed against ethical and societal concerns. These include privacy and surveillance risks, information integrity (misinformation and the “liar’s dividend”), algorithmic bias and echo chambers, and the challenge of regulating opaque AI-driven campaign tactics. The author concludes that while AI can streamline campaign operations and broaden outreach, it also poses grave challenges for democratic accountability.

THE ACTIVITIES OF THE INTERNAL AFFAIRS BODIES OF UZBEKISTAN IN THE EARLY YEARS OF INDEPENDENCE

2025-08-08T07:05:16+00:00

This scientific article analyzes the fundamental changes and development trends in the activities of the internal affairs bodies in the first years of the independence of the Republic of Uzbekistan. The work highlights the responsible tasks assigned to the internal affairs bodies in the country after independence in order to form a law and order system, ensure national security, strengthen social stability and the rule of law in society. It also comprehensively analyzes the reforms implemented in the field of internal affairs, the creation of a regulatory and legal framework, and the measures taken to train qualified personnel.

MODERNIZING EMPLOYMENT AND VOCATIONAL EDUCATION: SOCIO-PHILOSOPHICAL FOUNDATIONS OF SOCIAL PROGRESS

2025-08-13T13:06:04+00:00

This article explores the processes of ensuring population employment and reforming the vocational education system in Uzbekistan from a socio-philosophical perspective. The author highlights that these reforms are not merely economic, but also deeply cultural, moral, and social. Labor is interpreted as a means of self-realization, social integration, and personal development. Innovative approaches such as the “vocational voucher” system, digital employment platforms, and employer collaboration are analyzed. The findings emphasize the need to strengthen the social dimension of employment policy.

THE RIGHTS OF PERSONS WITH DISABILITIES AND THE NATIONAL-LEGAL BASIS OF THEIR PROTECTION

2025-08-22T10:35:34+00:00

This article describes the documents adopted to promote, ensure, and protect the rights of persons with disabilities, their content and significance, as well as which aspects of the rights of this category of persons they regulate or what privileges they provide. In addition, the foundations for protecting the rights of persons with disabilities, as set forth in our national legislation and the new edition of the Constitution of the Republic of Uzbekistan, are presented.

LEGAL PROCEDURE FOR REGISTRATION OF NON-GOVERNMENTAL NON-PROFIT ORGANIZATION: THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL ASPECTS

2025-08-29T06:53:51+00:00

This article analyzes the legal regulation of the process of registering non-governmental non-profit organizations (NGOs) from a theoretical and practical perspective. In particular, it covers the constitutional and legal framework of NGOs, their organizational and legal forms, stages of registration, and relations with state bodies. Based on practical experience, problems encountered in the registration of NGOs and ways to overcome them are considered. Also, the advantages and disadvantages of the current procedure in Uzbekistan are analyzed in comparison with the experience of foreign countries, and proposals and recommendations are developed to improve legal mechanisms.

THE CONCEPT OF INVOLVEMENT IN A CRIME AND ITS LEGAL FOUNDATIONS

2025-08-11T04:51:48+00:00

In this article, the author scientifically examines the current state of the institution of involvement in a crime in the existing criminal legislation, its forms, various interpretations of its legal characteristics, and the need for their improvement. In particular, the article investigates the inclusion of this institution as separate norms in the Criminal Code, the clear definition of the grounds for liability, and the possibilities for individualizing criminal responsibility. Additionally, foreign experience is analyzed, and practical suggestions and recommendations are put forward for improving national legislation.

THE INFLUENCE OF THE ACTIVITIES OF INFLUENCERS ON THE SPIRITUAL AND MORAL BEHAVIOR OF YOUNG PEOPLE

2025-08-14T13:14:01+00:00

In today's world, social media influencers have a significant impact on the youth. This article scientifically analyzes the positive and negative effects of influencers' activities on the spiritual development of young people. Based on various studies and examples, factors affecting the moral upbringing of youth are examined.

APPLICATION AND PRACTICE OF THE THEORY OF STRATEGIES: OPPORTUNITIES FOR INTEGRATING FOREIGN EXPERIENCE INTO UZBEKISTAN'S PRACTICE

2025-08-24T09:37:51+00:00

This article examines the practical results of experiments on the theory of strategism, the activities of foreign countries, in particular China and the Republic of South Korea, in economic development, public administration, technological progress and international politics in the modern era. At the same time, it is devoted to the analysis of the possibilities of effectively integrating this practice into the conditions of New Uzbekistan and developing the effectiveness of state policy in the socio-economic sphere.

TECHNOLOGIES OF SOCIAL MANAGEMENT OF ARCHIVES IN THE MODERN INFORMATION SOCIETY

2025-08-08T06:20:27+00:00

The article discusses the role and importance of archives as a social institution in the modern information society. The archival system needs new technologies and modern processes of modernization in the field of social management. In the article, the author focuses on these issues. In the article, the author reveals the importance of archives in preserving social memory through the functions of archives.

CULTURAL POLICY OF UZBEKISTAN: A FACTOR IN ENSURING POLITICAL STABILITY AND SOCIAL COHESION

2025-08-13T08:11:09+00:00

This article is dedicated to examining the cultural policy of the Republic of Uzbekistan from a political science perspective. It comprehensively analyzes the role of cultural policy in fostering political stability and social cohesion within society. The core principles of the cultural policy being implemented in the country are thoroughly investigated, revealing their impact on civil society institutions and their functions in political socialization. Furthermore, the article explores the mechanisms by which the state achieves social consensus through a “soft power” strategy.

PROSECUTOR'S DECISION, ITS TYPES AND REQUIREMENTS TO THEM

2025-08-19T05:55:16+00:00

This article is devoted to the content, types and requirements for the prosecutor's decision. According to the author, it is advisable to issue a decision as an act of prosecutor's supervision in order to create a precedent in connection with the inaction of a certain person. The article also reveals the methodological and practical instructions that must be observed when preparing the prosecutor's decision, the requirements for its form and content, as well as its main features.

THE HISTORY OF THE ACTIVITIES OF AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENTAL FIELDS IN TURKESTAN (EARLY 20TH CENTURY)

2025-08-29T06:27:22+00:00

This article discusses the activities of agricultural experimental fields operating in the Turkestan region during the period of the Russian Empire.

THE ESSENCE OF THE "COTTON CASE" CONDUCTED BY THE SOVIET REPUBLIC IN THE UZSSR

2025-08-09T22:20:03+00:00

This article examines the final phase of the Soviet Republic’s repressive policies — the so-called “Cotton Case.” The event, known as the “Cotton Case” or the “Uzbek Case,” is discussed in detail. While economic crimes such as overreporting and bribery were observed across many republics of the collapsing USSR, Uzbekistan was singled out as a “testing ground” for punishment. These anti-human actions led to public discontent and growing distrust in the state. The situation played a significant role in shaping the Uzbek people’s aspirations for independence.

SOCIO-PHILOSOPHICAL ASPECTS OF THE ATTRACTIVENESS OF SOCIAL NETWORKS AND THEIR IMPACT ON YOUTH IN THE INFORMATION SPACE

2025-08-14T09:48:50+00:00

The article analyzes the socio-philosophical aspects of the attractiveness of social networks in the information space and their impact on young people. The article also examines the factors influencing the worldview, culture and activity of youth through social networks in the context of the digital transformation of civil society, freedom of information and virtual relationships.

MODERN APPROACHES IN GENDER EQUALITY POLICY: SYNTHESIS OF EASTERN AND WESTERN THEORIES

2025-08-23T09:28:14+00:00

This article analyzes modern approaches in gender equality policy, focusing on the synthesis of Eastern and Western theories. The philosophical, social, and political aspects of gender equality are examined. The impact of modern gender equality policy on society is evaluated. The article highlights various approaches to achieving gender equality, revealing the relevance of this issue in the context of globalization and the information society.

MONITORING THE REPRESENTATION OF CIVIL SOCIETY INSTITUTIONS IN THE STRUCTURE OF TERRITORIAL ANTI-CORRUPTION COUNCILS

2025-08-07T09:32:35+00:00

The article examines issues related to the representation of civil society institutions within anti-corruption entities, using the example of territorial anti-corruption councils. As a measurement tool, the article proposes a coefficient of representation of civil society institutions.

The novelty of the article lies in substantiating the necessity of conducting regular monitoring of the representation of civil society institutions. For the first time, the study addresses regional disparities and proposes the normative consolidation of a requirement regarding the minimum threshold for the representation of civil society institutions in the relevant anti-corruption bodies.

The results of the study established that the average value of the coefficient amounted to 0.322, which is equivalent to 32.2% representation of civil society institutions in territorial councils.

The formulated conclusions and developed proposals can be used to improve anti-corruption policy and update the regulatory and legal framework in the field of combating corruption. The implementation of the proposed measures will help strengthen and further develop cooperation between the state and civil society as one of the key principles of anti-corruption efforts.

PARTICIPATION OF UZBEKISTAN'S HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS IN INTERNATIONAL RANKINGS

2025-08-12T13:48:56+00:00

This article analyzes the results of Uzbekistan’s higher education institutions in entering prestigious international ranking systems such as the Quacquarelli Symonds World University Rankings, Times Higher Education, or the Academic Ranking of World Universities. In recent years, two universities from Uzbekistan have been included in the Top 1000 list, and the potential for improving this indicator in the coming year is highlighted as a significant achievement.

THE IMPORTANCE OF AFGHANISTAN IN RESOLVING IRAN'S GEOPOLITICAL PROBLEMS

2025-08-15T09:33:36+00:00

This article analyzes how the regional geopolitical problems of the Islamic Republic of Iran — security, migration, water resources, international sanctions, and economic isolation — are being mitigated through the Afghan factor. Iran’s strategic approaches to transmigration, Shiite groups, water crisis, drug trafficking, and international mediation policies in Afghanistan are covered based on statistical and factual data. The article provides an in-depth scientific assessment of the current state and prospects of Iranian-Afghan relations.

WORK ON WATER REFORMS IN UZBEKISTAN IN RECENT YEARS

2025-08-26T12:40:18+00:00

In recent years, water resource management and supply system reform in Uzbekistan has become one of the priorities of state policy. A number of large-scale projects are being implemented to eliminate the risks arising from water scarcity, infrastructure obsolescence, and climate change. With the participation of the World Bank, the Asian Development Bank, and other international financial institutions, work is underway to modernize irrigation and drainage systems, expand drinking and wastewater networks, and introduce energy-efficient technologies. Within the framework of international cooperation, programs have been launched with South Korean and French companies to implement digital management systems, "smart" water meters, and telemetry devices, as well as to improve personnel qualifications.

INFORMATION SECURITY: THREATS IN THE ERA OF GLOBALIZATION AND THE SOCIO-PHILOSOPHICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF THEIR PREVENTION

2025-08-09T21:09:35+00:00

This article reveals the concept of information security, modern technological threats and their consequences. Also, methods of data protection, international experience and measures taken in Uzbekistan on information security are considered. At the same time, information security threats that have arisen in the context of the rapid development of the global information space and globalization are analyzed from a socio-philosophical perspective. In addition, the article considers ethical and social measures.

THE PRESENTATION OF SCIENTIFIC AND FIQH ISSUES IN AMIR SHOHMUROD’S WORK “FATAVAI AHLI BUKHARA”

2025-08-14T06:52:53+00:00

This article analyzes the issues related to the coverage of science and jurisprudence (Islamic law) in the work “Fatavai ahli Bukhara”. The methodology used by Amir Shahmurad in issuing jurisprudential fatwas, the method of presenting evidence, as well as the socio-religious environment formed among the Bukhara scholars are highlighted. During the study, the work analyzes the attitude towards science, the status of scholars, the detailed approach to jurisprudential issues, and the main jurisprudential sources used in making rulings (the Quran, hadith, ijma’, qiyas). In particular, the issues in the work are described in connection with the historical and civil rights, financial relations, personal life, inheritance, marriage, crime, and punishment aspects that took place in the land of Bukhara. The work “Fatavai ahli Bukhara” is considered an important document that regulates not only religious, but also social and legal relations. This study aims to reveal the historical and jurisprudential significance of this work, to show the specific aspects of the Bukhara school of jurisprudence, and to study the approaches of scholars in issuing practical fatwas.

SOCIAL-PHILOSOPHICAL ESSENCE OF THE MODERN CHINESE DEVELOPMENT MODEL

2025-08-22T11:36:11+00:00

This article provides a socio-philosophical analysis of the factors that led to the rise of the modern Chinese state. It reveals that the May Fourth Movement, which triggered the renaissance of modern China, and the reforms that began in 1978 ushered in a new era in Chinese history, an era of tremendous economic growth, scientific and technological progress, and social change. It also examines how education, digital culture, and the country's discipline and hard work were the main drivers of economic and political rise.

GOVERNANCE OF NUCLEAR ENERGY AND HUMAN RIGHTS: ACCESS TO INFORMATION, PUBLIC PARTICIPATION, AND ACCESS TO JUSTICE

2025-08-29T17:02:15+00:00

This article explores the nexus between the governance of nuclear energy and human rights through the lens of the three pillars of “environmental democracy”: access to information, public participation, and access to justice. Relying on international norms (the Aarhus and Espoo Conventions, IAEA safety standards, and EU Euratom law), comparative practice (Finland, Sweden, the United Kingdom), and ongoing reforms in Uzbekistan (accession to the Aarhus Convention in 2025 and the new legislative framework on environmental expertise, environmental impact assessment (EIA) and strategic environmental assessment (SEA)), the paper argues for a rights-oriented model of nuclear regulation. The novelty lies in a systematic alignment of human-rights requirements with “nuclear” safety standards, coupled with practice-ready recommendations for Uzbekistan. The principal results include a correspondence matrix between Aarhus norms and IAEA GSR Part 1/7, an analysis of institutional gaps, and a “road map” for embedding participation and justice safeguards across the nuclear power project cycle.

THE ANDIJAN COINS FROM THE “YANGI SANGANAK” HOARD DATED TO THE 15th–16th CENTURIES

2025-08-03T11:04:37+00:00

The article describes 34 copper coins minted in Andijan, belonging to the Timurid and Shaybanid periods, found in the “Yangi Sanganak” neighborhood of Parkent district, Tashkent region, and currently preserved in the State Museum of Timurid History as part of the “Yangi Sanganak” treasure. The coins are classified into 6 types. On the obverse side of the coins, the inscription “zarb Andijon” or “zarb Andigan” is written in Arabic script, while on the reverse side, the year of minting is indicated in words also in Arabic script. It is noted that these coins were minted during the reign of the Timurid prince and governor of the Fergana region, Umar Shaykh Mirza. A portion of these coins was re-minted during the Shaybanid monetary reform and put into circulation for trade and commercial purposes.

A LOOK AT THE UZBEKISTAN PRESS IN THE POST-WORLD WAR II PERIOD

2025-08-12T07:09:14+00:00

In the post-war period, Uzbek newspapers paid great attention not only to the propaganda of communist "initiatives" of the population engaged in production, but also to the popularization of the experience of party organizations in strengthening ideological work. The main news that was constantly covered in the press was related to agriculture, with special attention paid to news from the cotton fields. Not a single piece of news related to seasonal work from sowing to harvesting cotton in each region, as well as to the SMT, which played a key role in the implementation of this work, was left without attention. The article examines the processes covered in the press of Uzbekistan after the Second World War, the influence of political and economic events on the press, the efforts of newspapers to organize joint issues, as well as the content of these issues, which were of key importance at the level of state importance.

THE PARTICIPATION OF NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS IN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF NATIONAL POLICY ON INTERETHNIC RELATIONS IN UZBEKISTAN

2025-08-15T07:48:28+00:00

This article presents the main aspects of the national policy on interethnic relations in Uzbekistan, both historically and in modern terms. It describes the participation of civil society institutions in the implementation of the national policy on the issue since 1991.

THE PROCESS OF FORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF INTERNATIONAL LEGAL REGULATION OF TRADE IN SERVICES BEFORE THE ADOPTION OF THE GATS

2025-08-25T07:31:17+00:00

This paper explores the historical formation and evolution of international legal regulation concerning trade in services, culminating in the establishment of the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS). Starting with the administrative frameworks of the 19th-century organizations and moving through early intergovernmental treaties, the study traces key initiatives such as the Havana Charter, the activities of UNCTAD, and the rounds of GATT negotiations. It highlights the growing significance of services in global trade, the gradual recognition of the need for specialized legal norms, and the systemic shortcomings of pre-existing frameworks. The Uruguay Round and the eventual creation of the GATS are positioned as pivotal moments that formalized comprehensive, multilateral rules for trade in services. The research underscores the socio-economic implications of service liberalization and the continuing challenges in international regulation.

THE ROLE OF SACRED SITES IN THE ADMINISTRATIVE-TERRITORIAL CHANGES AND THE FORMATION OF NEW NEIGHBORHOODS IN THE TOPOGRAPHY OF THE CITY OF SAMARKAND

2025-08-08T09:44:44+00:00

The sacred places of Samarkand have played a decisive role in the formation of the urban environment since ancient times. The article analyzes information about the administrative-territorial changes in the relief of the city of Samarkand and the role of sacred places in the formation of new guzars.

THE HISTORY OF UZBEKISTAN TRADE SYSTEM: FROM SOCIALIST GOVERNANCE TO MARKET ECONOMY

2025-08-13T13:28:29+00:00

This article provides a historical and economic analysis of the trade system and its operations in Uzbekistan from the second half of the 20th century onward. The study covers the impact of Soviet economic policy on society as well as the transition to a market economy following independence. The article scientifically examines the stages of development of the trade system and its social significance. The findings contribute to the analysis of economic life and transformations in Uzbekistan.

THE PROBLEM OF SOCIAL CHANGE AND PERSONALITY SOCIALIZATION IN AN INFORMED SOCIETY

2025-08-22T11:11:21+00:00

This article analyzes the dynamics of social changes within the information society and their impact on the process of individual socialization. The study explores the philosophical and sociological aspects of new social relations emerging as a result of globalization, digital transformation, and the development of information technologies. Particular attention is paid to issues of personal identity, transformation of value systems, virtualization of the communicative environment, and changes in moral and cultural norms. Additionally, the article proposes theoretical foundations and practical mechanisms for ensuring individual freedom, social activity, and spiritual security in the context of an information society.

DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION AND GENDER ROLES: THE ISSUE OF IDENTIFICATION IN THE POSTMODERN APPROACH

2025-08-29T16:43:53+00:00

This article analyses the impact of digital transformation on gender roles and identity in Uzbekistan through a postmodern lens. Based on empirical data and international indices, it identifies gender gaps and compares them with Kazakhstan’s experience.

ACTIVE PARTICIPATION IN ELECTIONS – AN IMPORTANT CRITERION OF SOCIAL ACTIVITY AMONG YOUTH

2025-08-11T10:38:59+00:00

Elections are one of the important features of the democratic process. They ensure that citizens have the opportunity to choose their representatives. The election process also reflects the competition between political parties and movements. This article discusses these issues.

MILITARY CAMPAIGNS OF AMIR TEMUR (BASED ON HISTORICAL SOURCES)

2025-08-14T13:31:21+00:00

This article analyzes the military campaigns of Amir Temur based on historical sources. The introduction provides general information about the fact that Temur's campaigns were carried out not only for military, but also for political, religious, and economic purposes, and their impact on the history of Central Asia and the Middle East. The analysis of the literature includes a comparative study of important sources about Temur - "Zafarnama" (Sharafiddin Ali Yazdi), the works of Ibn Arabshah and Ruy de Clavijo, as well as the studies of modern scholars (B. F. Manz, M. E. Subtelny, T. Allsen). The differences in assessments in various sources are explained on a scientific basis. The results section analyzes the expansion of the territory, economic wealth, political centralization, and the strengthening of Islamic ideology through Temur's military campaigns. The discussion section discusses the differences in historical sources, the ideological and political foundations of the movements, and their impact on the long-term cultural and historical heritage.

THE CONCEPT OF PERSONAL RIGHTS AND MEASURES TO IMPROVE THE MECHANISM OF ITS ENSURANCE

2025-08-24T19:04:43+00:00

The article, along with revealing the concept of personal rights, its legal nature, scientifically analyzes the existing mechanisms for ensuring these rights and the need to strengthen them. The author studied foreign experience in the effective protection of personal rights and developed proposals for their improvement in the legal system of Uzbekistan.

THE ROLE AND SPECIFIC FEATURES OF INTRODUCING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE INTO THE ACTIVITIES OF PROSECUTORIAL AUTHORITIES: OPPORTUNITIES AND RISKS

2025-08-08T06:42:19+00:00

This article examines the importance and necessity of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies in modernizing the activities of prosecutorial authorities in accordance with contemporary requirements and ensuring the effective performance of their official duties. In particular, it explores the specific features of applying AI in the collection, analysis, and centralized management of digital evidence. The study also provides a comparative overview of the practical use of AI in prosecutorial systems in the United Kingdom, the United States, and China, highlighting its practical capabilities. Furthermore, the article addresses the potential risks associated with the integration of AI, the need to uphold international legal and ethical regulations to ensure human rights, social justice, fundamental values, and public safety. Based on in-depth analysis, the article puts forward concrete proposals and recommendations tailored to the national legal framework.

THE LOSS OF A LANGUAGE IS THE LOSS OF A NATION

2025-08-13T11:49:21+00:00

Language is an argument for expressing identity, especially if it is the language of one's own nation. Its disappearance leads to the multipolarity of that nation. As a result, the number of ethnically majority units living in a given country increases. This article analyzes the results of a survey conducted within the framework of our scientific work and covers the implementation of the Law "On Advertising" in the Khorezm region.

THE PROCEDURAL STATUS AND PRACTICAL ASPECTS OF EXPERT SAMPLES

2025-08-20T10:48:01+00:00

The article examines the nature of expert samples as objects of forensic examination, features of using samples in various types of examinations and requirements for them. Practical aspects of obtaining, storing and using samples in examination, as well as existing scientific controversial issues are analyzed. Proposals for improving the procedural status of samples have been developed.

FROM THE HISTORY OF UZBEKISTAN'S SCIENTIFIC RELATIONS WITH INDIA

2025-08-29T06:46:34+00:00

This article examines the main stages and directions of scientific cooperation between the two countries, which began in ancient times and continues to this day. It also reflects the joint initiatives of India and Uzbekistan in the field of modern science and innovation. This study is important for understanding the long-standing traditions of science in the two eastern countries and expanding the possibilities of future cooperation.

THE LEGAL NATURE OF THE EMPLOYMENT CONTRACT AND THE CIVIL LAW CONTRACT: SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES

2025-08-10T13:21:32+00:00

This article provides a systematic analysis of the legal nature of the employment contract and the civil law contract, their structure, the rights and obligations of the parties, the content of the contract, and the legal consequences. The employment contract is examined as the main legal instrument for establishing labor relations, while the civil law contract is studied in terms of its role in regulating relations related to the supply of goods, the provision of services, and the performance of specific works. Based on legislative norms and judicial practice, the article conducts a comparative analysis of the similarities and differences between these two types of contracts and highlights the legal problems that may arise from their incorrect application. The article also offers proposals and recommendations for improving the legislation of Uzbekistan and eliminating existing contradictions in practice.

THE CONCEPT OF FAMILY VALUES: THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS AND THEIR ROLE IN SOCIAL LIFE

2025-08-14T12:22:54+00:00

This article thoroughly explores the theoretical foundations of the concept of family values and their role in social life. The study analyzes the formation of the value system, its transformation across generations, the balance between traditional and modern values, and the impact of these values on family stability and social integration. Based on statistical data, survey results, and international experience, the state of family values in Uzbek society is deeply examined, revealing both challenges and opportunities. In particular, the article discusses divorce rates, generational differences in values among youth, and the role of state policy in supporting families. The article concludes with recommendations for strengthening family values.

THE ROLE AND SIGNIFICANCE OF THE WOMEN'S COMMITTEE OF THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN IN INCREASING WOMEN'S SOCIAL ACTIVITY

2025-08-23T23:06:35+00:00

This article analyzes the role and significance of the Women’s Committee of the Republic of Uzbekistan in enhancing women’s social and political participation. It examines state policies and reforms implemented since the early years of independence to ensure gender equality, the evolution of the committee’s activities, structural transformations, and their outcomes. A comparative analysis of the committee’s legal framework, initiatives, systemic challenges, and foreign experiences is provided. Furthermore, the article discusses contemporary approaches to gender equality policy and outlines the

THE DIALECTIC OF STABILITY AND CHANGEABILITY OF THE SOCIO-PHILOSOPHICAL IDEAS SYSTEM IN NEW UZBEKISTAN

2025-08-07T13:49:57+00:00

This article discusses in detail the concept of the dialectic of stability and variability of the system of socio-philosophical ideas in New Uzbekistan and the features of its manifestation, and the need to look at the renewal of social society with a new perspective and the factors serving this need are described in detail. The article also discusses the developmental reforms of today's Uzbekistan.

KEY CRITERIA FOR INTRODUCING THE INSTITUTION OF COLLECTIVE COMPLAINTS IN ADMINISTRATIVE COURT PROCEEDINGS

2025-08-13T05:56:42+00:00

This article analyzes the key criteria for introducing the institution of collective complaints into administrative court proceedings, as well as the international experience with such models. The author examines the legal foundations of collective complaints, their requirements, and various models based on examples from countries such as France, Germany, Spain, Brazil, the European Union, and others. The article also discusses who may file collective complaints, the procedures for their formation (entry or exit models), and the methods and conditions for protecting rights. Furthermore, the article addresses challenges in implementing the collective complaint institution and offers recommendations. Based on the analysis, the paper presents reflections on the role and impact of these models within legal systems and explores effective ways of applying them.

HISTORICAL CULTURAL ASPECTS OF THE FORMATION OF THE MODERN URBAN ENVIRONMENT, ITS IMPACT ON PEOPLE AND THEIR WORLDVIEW

2025-08-18T15:58:59+00:00

This report outlines the notion of “urban environment”, its effect on surrounding areas as well as on a human – being. It contains recent changes has been made in the town since independence declared. Its researcher’s self-identification of Uzbek National Art in an urban area and realization of historical and cultural heritage is also observed.

HISTORICAL STUDY OF THE ISSUE OF WOMEN'S LIBERATION

2025-08-29T06:15:41+00:00

This article provides a historical and historiographical analysis of the study of the issue of women’s liberation in Uzbekistan in the 20s-30s of the 20th century from a historiographical perspective. The author comprehensively examines the coverage of women’s issues in the first historical studies of 1925-1940, party press, and mass publications. The article analyzes the essence of the "Khujum" movement, women’s labor in agriculture, participation in industry and education, the characteristics of Soviet scientific research under ideological influence, and objective historical approaches after independence. The positive and negative effects of the authoritarian regime's policy of combating national, religious and cultural values on women's lives are shown. At the same time, the article also raises as a scientific problem such understudied topics as the difference between local and European women in Turkestan, social stratification, and the concept of “traditionalism and change” in women's activism. The author emphasizes the need to reassess the topic based on new historical thinking and ideas of national independence.

THE MASTER OF SWORD AND PEN – THE LIFE AND LEGACY OF SHAYBANI KHAN

2025-08-09T21:51:05+00:00

Studying the complex and meaningful life of Muhammad Shaybani Khan, a figure of great importance in the history of Uzbek statehood, holds significant value. This article portrays Shaybani Khan as both a brave military commander and prominent political leader, and at the same time as a creative and enlightened personality. Special attention is given to his poetic legacy, his attitude toward Sufism and literature, and the philosophical views expressed in his Divan. Moreover, the article is created through a synthesis of historical accuracy and artistic interpretation, revealing the multifaceted nature of historical figures through the image of Shaybani Khan.

THE CONCEPT OF LIFESTYLE AND ITS SOCIO- PHILOSOPHICAL ANALYSIS

2025-08-14T07:13:41+00:00

This article explores the concept of lifestyle, its genesis, and its influence on ethnocultural life, as well as the essence and content of lifestyle. It is well known that in the lifestyle of any ethnic community, one can find the reflection of the spiritual and material wealth created over centuries, the surrounding environment, visions and perceptions of the future, national-ethnic characteristics, mentality, customs, traditions, and ways of life. Lifestyle represents the totality of lived experiences shaped in the course of the socio-historical development of a people, nation, or ethnic group. Furthermore, the article discusses the scholarly approaches of Eastern and Western researchers to the study of lifestyle, analyzes the essence and content of the national lifestyle, and examines the transformations currently taking place within it.

THE ROLE OF REPRESENTATIVES OF THE BUKHARKHUDOT DYNASTY IN THE FIGHT AGAINST THE ARAB INVASION

2025-08-22T11:43:47+00:00

This article examines the role of the Bukharkhudat dynasty in resisting the Arab conquest of the region of Mawarannahr. It focuses on their political and military struggle against the Umayyad expansion, their leadership in local resistance movements, and their eventual fate. Based on historical sources, the article analyzes the efforts of the Bukharkhudats to preserve regional autonomy and defend local sovereignty.

FROM “SOFT LAW” TO “HARD LAW”: TRANSFORMING INTERNATIONAL NUCLEAR SAFETY STANDARDS INTO UZBEKISTAN’S LEGISLATION

2025-08-29T17:10:48+00:00

The article examines the mechanisms by which “soft” international nuclear safety standards (IAEA safety requirements and guides, codes of conduct) are converted into binding norms of national law (“hard” law), using the ongoing reform of the Republic of Uzbekistan’s environmental and nuclear legislation as a case study. Drawing on GSR Part 1 (Rev. 1) regarding the governmental, legal and regulatory framework for safety and on GSR Part 7 concerning emergency preparedness and response, as well as on SSG-16 and the “Milestones” approach (NG-G-3.1), and comparing these with Euratom directives and new Uzbek statutes—Law No. ZRU-565 (2019) and Law No. ZRU-1036 (2025)—the article demonstrates how soft law becomes a source for primary legislation, subordinate rulemaking and regulatory practice. As contextual milestones, Uzbekistan’s accession to the Aarhus Convention (28 March 2025) and to the Convention on Nuclear Safety (entry into force on 13 July 2025) are considered. The paper proposes a matrix for transposing key requirements and a 12–24-month implementation roadmap.

TYPOLOGY AND COMMUNICATION VECTORS OF PUBLIC DIPLOMACY: AN ANALYSIS OF “BOTTOM-UP” AND “TOP-DOWN” INFLUENCE DIMENSIONS

2025-08-06T12:09:22+00:00

This article develops a theoretical typology of public (people-to-people) diplomacy by classifying its initiatives based on directionality (bottom-up and top-down) and their relationship to state policies (complementary, supplementary, adversarial). The study explores the vectors of communication and their potential to influence foreign policy. A two-dimensional model is presented to explain the complexity of P2P diplomatic interactions and to provide a theoretical framework for analyzing their roles in contemporary international relations. The research offers valuable insights into the positioning and strategic implications of non-state diplomacy.

COMPARATIVE LEGAL ANALYSIS OF FOREIGN COUNTRIES' LEGISLATION ON THE PROTECTION OF WOMEN'S RIGHTS FROM FAMILY (DOMESTIC) VIOLENCE

2025-08-12T10:41:05+00:00

The family is a unit of society, the well-being of which directly affects the development of society and the state as a whole. An indispensable member of the family is a woman who is both a wife and a mother, and takes on other household responsibilities. However, she is not always granted all the rights set out in international and national legislation. In this regard, the issue of protecting the rights and legitimate interests of women has become an issue at both the international and national levels. In this article, the author attempted to analyze the opinions of scientists on the selected topic, international acts that are aimed at ensuring all constitutional rights and legitimate interests of women, also considered substantive and procedural norms of law of foreign countries to protect women from domestic violence.

THE IMPACT OF THE PROBLEM OF TERRORISM AND EXTREMISM ON THE SECURITY OF AFGHANISTAN AND PAKISTAN

2025-08-15T09:19:57+00:00

This article discusses the problem of terrorism and extremism, focusing on its impact on global and regional security, particularly the security of Afghanistan and Pakistan. The activities of terrorist-extremist groups settled in the "Durand Line" region are described in detail. Additionally, the article covers Deobandism and its origins, the formation of the "Taliban" movement, as well as the role and position of major actors such as the USA and China in the regional fight against terrorism.

TOURISM POTENTIAL IN SAMARKAND REGION, THE EMERGENCE AND DEVELOPMENT OF NEW DIRECTIONS: A HISTORICAL APPROACH

2025-08-26T10:53:26+00:00

This article analyzes the step-by-step development of the tourism potential of the Samarkand region based on historical processes. The author identifies five major historical stages of tourism development in the region. Special attention is given to the period after 2017, when state policy began placing increased emphasis on tourism. The emergence of new branches such as ecotourism, agrotourism, gastronomic tourism, and pilgrimage tourism is discussed and supported by specific data. The article also examines, from a historical perspective, how regional cultural and economic activity has grown through initiatives like the "Silk Road Samarkand" complex, international festivals, newly recognized sacred sites, and rural tourism. The study argues that the region's tourism potential is not a natural occurrence but the result of a centuries-long historical evolution.