Oriental Journal of History, Politics and Law

INTERPRETATION OF ECONOMIC RELATIONS IN THE SCIENTIFIC HERITAGE OF MAKHDUM-I A’ZAM (A Socio-Philosophical Analysis)

2026-08-12T16:43:15+00:00

This article analyzes views on ethical norms and human values in economic relations in the scholarly legacy of Mahdumi Azam, a great thinker who lived and worked in the 16th century and was one of the leading representatives of the Naqshbandi order. The article also describes the similarities between Mahdumi Azam's views and modern economic theory.

THE RISK OF LOSING YOUNG PEOPLE'S CULTURAL IDENTITY IMMUNITY UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF VISUAL CONTENT ON SOCIAL MEDIA: A PHILOSOPHICAL AND AXIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS

2026-08-05T13:04:56+00:00

This article examines the impact of visual content on social media on young people's consciousness from the perspectives of social philosophy and axiology. The concept of “cultural immunity” is substantiated as the capacity of society to resist external ideological and value-based influences, while the mechanisms through which algorithmically generated visual streams on social media weaken this immunity are explored. The study employs dialectical, axiological, hermeneutic, and comparative-analytical approaches.

FOREIGN EXPERIENCE IN ORGANIZING PROSECUTORIAL SUPERVISION OVER COMPLIANCE WITH LEGISLATION BY STATE TAX SERVICE AUTHORITIES

2026-08-12T13:21:15+00:00

The article provides a comparative legal analysis of foreign experience in organizing prosecutorial supervision over compliance with legislation by state tax service authorities. It examines the powers of prosecution authorities in the tax sphere, the grounds for prosecutorial intervention, and the legal limits of such intervention in different countries. Foreign experience is classified into five principal models. The study demonstrates that the effectiveness of prosecutorial supervision depends not on the breadth of prosecutorial powers, but on clearly defined grounds for their exercise, procedural safeguards, effective information exchange, and objective performance criteria. For Uzbekistan, the article proposes adopting a separate departmental regulatory instrument governing prosecutorial supervision in the tax sphere, introducing risk-based supervision, and establishing electronic registration of prosecutorial inspections.

THE REPRESENTATION OF CERTAIN ASPECTS OF THE SOCIO-POLITICAL AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC LIFE OF THE BUKHARA KHANATE DURING THE REIGN OF THE SHAYBANID DYNASTY IN THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY IN OTTOMAN TURKISH WRITTEN SOURCES

2026-08-14T10:28:33+00:00

In this article, the socio-economic life of the Shaybanid state (Khanate of Bukhara), which ruled in Transoxiana in the 16th century, is analyzed based on the diaries and travelogues of envoys sent by the Ottoman Turkish Sultanate. Based on mutual ambassadorial exchanges, the first diplomatic relations established by the khans of the Shaybanid dynasty with the Ottoman Turkish Sultanate can be dated to the late 15th century and the first quarter of the 16th century. The main purpose of the diplomatic relations between the two states is directly linked to the regional geopolitical strategic process. This is because forming a military alliance with the Ottomans in the Shaybanids' struggle against the Safavids was one of the important factors of that period.

INTERACTIONS BETWEEN CIVIL SOCIETY AND THE STATE

2026-08-10T15:03:30+00:00

This article analyzes the concepts of civil society and the state, as well as the theoretical and practical aspects of their relationship. Civil society is interpreted as a system of social institutions independent of the state, and its relations with the state are examined in four main forms: cooperation and support, oversight and balance, competition and conflict, and interdependence.

The аrticle elucidаtes the role of civil society in democrаcy bаsed on internаtionаl scientific аnd theoreticаl аpproаches. Furthermore, the principle of “checks аnd bаlаnces” аnd “governаnce through pаrtnership” models аre аnаlysed. Furthermore, the аrticle аlso highlights the reforms being implemented to develop civil society in the Republic of Uzbekistаn, аs well аs the strаtegic documents аdopted in this field.

The study demonstrаtes thаt the bаlаnce of relаtions between civil society аnd the stаte is а key fаctor determining the democrаtic development, stаbility аnd welfаre of the society.

THE STUDY OF ABU UBAYD AL-BAKRI'S GEOGRAPHICAL HERITAGE IN THE RESEARCH OF GEORGE SARTON

2026-08-14T00:29:16+00:00

This article analyzes George Sarton’s role in the study of the scholarly legacy of Abū ʿUbayd ʿAbd Allāh ibn ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz al-Bakrī from historiographical and source-critical perspectives. The study examines Sarton’s assessments of al-Bakrī’s personality, scholarly legacy, and place in the history of science in the Islamic West as presented in his Introduction to the History of Science. The article characterizes al-Bakrī as one of the prominent geographers of the eleventh-century Islamic West and as an author who recorded valuable ethnographic information about different peoples, their ways of life, customs, and natural and geographical environments. It also emphasizes that his works contain information on flora, natural resources, and geographical conditions and therefore constitute valuable supplementary sources for the study of the history of medieval botany. The scholarly assessments of al-Bakrī’s Kitāb al-Masālik wa-l-Mamālik (“The Book of Routes and Kingdoms”) and Muʿjam mā istaʿjam (“Dictionary of Geographical Names”) offered by Ferdinand Wüstenfeld, George Sarton, and Ignatiy Yulianovich Krachkovsky are comparatively analyzed.

THE MINISTERIAL SYSTEM OF THE TIMURID STATE: FORMATION, STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS

2026-08-09T11:27:31+00:00

This article examines the formation, organizational structure, and functions of the ministerial system in the Timurid State based on historical sources. It analyzes the powers and responsibilities of ministers in financial, military, administrative, and economic governance. The study also highlights the role of the ministerial institution within the centralized administrative system of the Timurid State and its influence on the development of public administration in subsequent states.

MODERNIZING ANTIDISCRIMINATION LAW IN THE AGE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

2026-08-13T16:08:18+00:00

This article analyzes modern regulatory methods aimed at mitigating bias and discrimination within artificial intelligence (AI) systems. The study demonstrates how traditional antidiscrimination frameworks (such as the EPC and Title VII) begin to fray when confronted with the "Black Box Problem" and the fragmented liability chains inherent in the AI era. By examining a typology of four primary AI regulatory approaches-prohibition, process, input-based, and output-based regulations-the author evaluates the viability of output-oriented regimes under the U.S. Supreme Court's landmark decisions in Ricci v. DeStefano and SFFA. Ultimately, the paper advocates for a revision of human decisionmaking standards and the codification of algorithmic accountability to secure equal protection and the "right to a human decision" in a digital society.

PHILOSOPHICAL AND METHODOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS OF THE CONCEPT OF CULTURAL SOVEREIGNTY IN THE CONTEXT OF NATIONAL ART

2026-08-05T13:31:13+00:00

This article examines the concept of cultural sovereignty from the perspective of social philosophy, analyzing its essence, content, and relationship with the phenomenon of national art. In the context of globalization, the study provides a philosophical and methodological justification for the preservation and development of national artistic traditions and proposes a three-level model of cultural sovereignty consisting of ontological, axiological, and institutional dimensions. The research employs dialectical, hermeneutic, comparative-historical, and systemic-structural approaches.

MODERN TRENDS AND PROSPECTS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF EXCURSION SERVICES IN UZBEKISTAN'S MUSEUM-RESERVES

2026-08-12T16:21:56+00:00

This study is devoted to the analysis of current trends and future prospects for the development of excursion services in the museum-reserves of Uzbekistan. It focuses on improving the quality of excursion services, introducing digital technologies, training qualified tour guides, enhancing tourism marketing strategies, and meeting the needs and expectations of visitors. The study aims to identify effective approaches to increasing the attractiveness and competitiveness of museum-reserves within the cultural tourism sector.

THE CONCEPT OF OPENNESS AND TRANSPARENCY IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND ITS LEGAL ESSENCE

2026-08-14T16:55:37+00:00

This article examines the concepts of openness and transparency in public administration, as well as the constitutional and legal foundations for ensuring these principles. In this regard, the legal foundations of the reforms being implemented by the leadership of New Uzbekistan are analyzed using historical and comparative methods.

FROM THE HISTORY OF THE CONQUEST OF THE JIZZAKH BEGDOM

2026-08-12T10:44:19+00:00

This article examines the history of the conquest of the Jizzakh Bekdom, which belonged to the Emirate of Bukhara, as part of the Russian Empire’s colonial campaigns in the Syr Darya basin. The author analyzes, on the basis of archival documents and historical sources, General M. Chernyayev’s unsuccessful military campaign of 1865, the Oqjar (Erjar) battle, the defensive system of the Jizzakh Orda fortress, and the process of the city’s conquest by the troops of General D. Romanovsky in October 1866. The article also discusses the heroism of the defenders of Jizzakh, human losses during the battle, and the consequences of the invasion.

THE INSTITUTION OF TURKIC HAJIBS IN THE ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM OF THE SAMANID STATE: A HISTORICAL ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATIONS

2026-08-14T00:43:14+00:00

This article analyzes the role of Turkic hajibs in the history of the Samanid statehood and the stages of studying their activities. The research provides a comparative review of scientific studies conducted during the Russian Empire, the Soviet period, and the years of independence in Uzbekistan. Furthermore, it highlights the significance of numismatic data and written sources in illuminating this topic, while identifying existing scientific gaps.

CONCEPTUAL MODELS OF “DIGITAL LEADERSHIP” IN MODERN MANAGEMENT AND THEIR PSYCHOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS

2026-08-10T13:07:37+00:00

This article investigates the emergence of the digital leadership phenomenon, its conceptual models, and socio-psychological foundations in modern management psychology. Amidst the rapid development of information technologies and digital ecosystems, the transformation of leadership qualities and the effectiveness of leadership models in VUCA and BANI environments are comparatively analyzed. The paper highlights the psychological profile of a digital leader along with its cognitive, emotional, and behavioral components, offering scholarly and practical recommendations for shaping a national digital leadership model within the public administration system.

REGIONAL LEADERSHIP AS AN IMPORTANT FACTOR IN INTEGRATION PROCESSES

2026-08-13T16:22:50+00:00

This article theoretically and empirically analyzes the role of the leadership institution in ensuring the stability of regional integration processes under conditions of global transformations. Within the framework of the study, the optimistic views of functionalist and neofunctionalist theories are critically reviewed, and the necessity of a political agency and a consensus-based tandem model for the crisis-resilience of integration is substantiated. The article systemizes the mechanisms of the Franco-German bilateral tandem model within the European Union and introduces the possibilities of adapting this experience to the post-Soviet Central Asian geopolitical environment based on Amitav Acharya's "norm localization" methodology. The analysis shows that regional leadership ensures integration stability through three main mechanisms-material provision (paymaster function), mediation in interstate negotiations, and the definition of normative foundations, reaching its highest significance during periods of systemic crises. The stability of integration processes depends not on unipolar hegemony, but on a bilateral partnership tandem relying on legitimate institutional cooperation, which, in the Central Asian region, requires the institutionalization of cooperation between Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan.

THE ROLE AND OPPORTUNITIES OF WOMEN’S SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY IN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF UZBEKISTAN’S NEW DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY

2026-08-05T16:33:04+00:00

This article provides a socio-philosophical analysis of the opportunities for developing women's social responsibility in the process of effectively implementing Uzbekistan's new development strategy. The study examines issues related to ensuring gender equality, expanding women's participation in society and public administration, and enhancing their economic, political, and spiritual engagement. It also explores the role of women in the family, education, entrepreneurship, and civil society institutions, as well as the factors influencing the formation of social responsibility. Based on national values, contemporary reforms, and international experience, the article substantiates the priority directions for realizing women's potential. The findings conclude that strengthening women's social responsibility is a key prerequisite for sustainable development, social cohesion, and the advancement of human capital. Furthermore, the study offers practical recommendations for improving cooperation among the state, civil society institutions, and educational organizations in this area.