Oriental Journal of History, Politics and Law

SURKHANDARYA PRESS: DAILY LIFE OF THE POPULATION, SOCIAL INITIATIVES, AND THE ACTIVITIES OF WRITERS

2025-12-09T02:53:00+00:00

This article analyzes how information related to the social and everyday life of the population in the Surkhandarya region is presented in the periodical press, as well as the contribution of writers and journalists to this process. The study examines methods of covering social issues in local newspapers and magazines such as “Surxon Tongi,” “Termiz Ovozi,” “Denov Sadosi,” “Boysun Hayoti,” “Sho‘rchi Hayoti,” and others. Additionally, the article explores the role of regional writers and journalists in highlighting social problems, shaping public awareness, and promoting everyday social issues.

SYSTEM OF GOVERNANCE OF SHAHRISABZ BEKLIK: 19TH CENTURY

2025-12-10T11:38:49+00:00

This article discusses the administrative system of the Shahrisabz beklik, which was considered one of the important socio-political, economic, and cultural centers of the Bukhara Emirate in the second half of the 19th century.

THE ROLE OF MIXED AND UNNAMED CONTRACTS IN THE FIELD OF SPORTS

2025-12-13T05:56:11+00:00

This article provides an in-depth analysis of the institution of unnamed and mixed contracts in the field of sports from the perspective of civil law. Labor/civil contracts between professional athletes and clubs, the legal nature of football player transfer agreements, and advertising and sponsorship contracts involving athletes are considered as legal constructions belonging to the group of mixed and unnamed contracts. Comparative analysis is conducted based on the legislation of the USA, the United Kingdom, Russia, other CIS countries, and Uzbekistan, as well as FIFA’s “Regulations on the Status and Transfer of Players” (RSTP). Based on scientific and practical analysis, it is argued that a football player transfer is not the “sale of goods,” but an unnamed civil-law contract concerning the transfer of entitlement rights between clubs and the registration of the athlete.

THE EMERGENCE OF THE MIRZACHUL STEPPE AND THE INTENSIFIED EFFORTS TO DEVELOP IT DURING THE TSARIST PERIOD

2025-12-06T05:02:55+00:00

After the retreat of marine waters from Central Asia during the Cenozoic era, the runoff from mountain streams created favorable conditions for the development of the region’s flora and fauna. Following Russia’s conquest of Turkestan, the resettlement of Russians to the region was regarded as “a matter of state importance.” As attention to the expansion of cotton cultivation increased, irrigation canals were constructed in the Mirzachul steppe as well. However, the measures initiated by the colonial administration—undertaken without proper consideration of the natural and soil characteristics of Mirzachul—failed to produce the expected results.

SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC LIFE IN THE MITAN, FORISH, AND DARGOM DISTRICTS OF THE SAMARKAND REGION IN THE MID-20TH CENTURY (BASED ON ARCHIVAL DOCUMENTS)

2025-12-09T09:34:34+00:00

This article analyzes the restoration and development of the socio-economic life in the 1950s in the Mitan, Forish, and Dargom districts based on archival documents. It is shown that the difficulties following World War II, resource shortages, and the deterioration of technical infrastructure led to a slowdown in production in these areas, particularly a decline in livestock productivity due to the failure to meet fodder production plans. Furthermore, the increase in the local budget of the Dargom district, as well as the provision of allowances and awards to large families, indicates the development of the social protection system. Special attention is also emphasized on the expansion of medical services to preserve the health of workers and improve labor productivity. The article reveals the complexity of the economic and social recovery process in these regions.

MORALITY IS A MANIFESTATION OF A PERSON’S SPIRITUAL CULTURE

2025-12-10T14:00:04+00:00

This article examines the concept of ethical views of ar-Razi. According to the thinker, reason plays a comprehensive and special role in the life of a person, who is the only intelligent being on earth. Thinker, having analyzed the nature, dryness and existence of passion comes to an unambiguous and final conclusion that the nature of passion is regional. The real ratio of parts of the soul is far from ideal. Category such as "love" and "affection", an essential place is in the ethical teachings of the thinker. Ar-Razi considers all spheres of being as a field of human activity - a rational and moral creature capable of subordinating his actions to the motives of good. The meaning of human life. according to ar-Razi lies in the ability to distinguish between good and evil in the world.

SELF-DETERMINATION OF MODERN MAN: A PHILOSOPHICAL PERSPECTIVE

2025-12-08T09:17:51+00:00

The article examines the problem of human self-identification in the new social reality, the transformation of identification strategies as a response to the challenges of modernity, its forms, features, structural levels, meaning and consequences.

RELIGIOUS CONTENT AND SOCIAL IMPACT: EDUCATIONAL AND EXTREMIST APPROACHES

2025-12-09T14:25:05+00:00

This article analyzes the role and significance of social networks in shaping public opinion through religious content. It examines the positive and negative effects of social media on the development of religious consciousness, effective methods of utilizing these platforms, and their role in strengthening a healthy religious environment in society, all based on scientific evidence.

FUNCTIONAL CAPABILITIES AND CHARACTERISTICS OF THE STATE MECHANISM OF NEW UZBEKISTAN

2025-12-12T11:00:36+00:00

This article discusses the features of the functional capabilities of the new Uzbekistan state mechanism. In recent years, deep reforms have been carried out in the system of public administration of the Republic of Uzbekistan. The main goal of these reforms is to make the state mechanism more effective, transparent, and human-centered. The state mechanism of New Uzbekistan not only includes modern management principles, but also serves to form the country as a competitive state in the international arena at a new stage of development.

THE EMERGENCE OF SOCIAL RIGHTS AND THE STAGES OF THEIR HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT

2025-12-09T04:45:09+00:00

This article analyzes the historical formation of social rights along with their philosophical, legal, and political foundations. It highlights the stages of development—from ancient times to the modern international legal system—examining key ideological sources and the process of institutionalizing social rights through national and international documents.

THE SIGNIFICANCE OF CUSTOMS AND TRADITIONS IN FIQH

2025-12-10T13:29:57+00:00

This article analyzes the place and significance of custom and tradition as important auxiliary sources of Islamic law. Custom, which is continuously repeated in social life and accepted as a general practice, serves as an important criterion in the formation of jurisprudential rulings. In the Hanafi school, custom–based on the Qur’anic and Prophetic concept of maʿruf–is not only an auxiliary source, but is also applied as a primary criterion in determining many practical rulings. The article discusses types of custom such as verbal and practical custom, general and specific custom, sound and corrupt custom, fixed and variable custom, as well as the necessary conditions for considering custom in legal rulings. The jurisprudential significance of custom, its role in regulating social relations, and its function in ensuring the objectives of Sharia–justice, ease, and benefit–are examined on a scientific basis.

THE CONCEPT OF A SOCIAL STATE AND ITS ESSENCE

2025-12-07T16:57:59+00:00

This article explores the concept and essence of the welfare (social) state, its historical evolution, and its contemporary role within democratic societies. It analyzes the core features of a social state, including the guarantee of citizens’ rights, the development of social protection systems, equitable distribution policies, state responsibility, and mechanisms for ensuring sustainable public welfare. The study also examines Uzbekistan’s prospects for developing as a social state and the reforms aimed at improving citizens’ well-being.

FORMATION OF INTELLECTUAL CULTURE OF THE PERSON

2025-12-09T13:54:47+00:00

This article analyzes the process of forming an individual's intellectual culture from a socio-philosophical perspective. It is substantiated that intellectual culture is inextricably linked with the level of development of human thinking, the content of cognitive activity, and the system of spiritual values. The study separately highlights the role of education, openness of the information environment, digital technologies, and creative thinking in the formation of intellectual culture. It is also emphasized that increasing the intellectual potential of the individual is connected with the innovative development of society. According to the results of the article, the harmony of the social environment, the education system, and cultural values is defined as an important factor in the development of intellectual culture.

QUALIFIED PERSONNEL — THE INTELLECTUAL POWER OF GREEN DEVELOPMENT

2025-12-11T14:28:18+00:00

The article examines the role of qualified personnel as the intellectual driving force behind green development. It emphasizes that the transition to a sustainable economy is impossible without a system of training professionals equipped with ecological thinking, digital skills, and innovative technologies. The author analyzes state and international initiatives in “green education” and professional retraining and highlights successful models of integrating sustainability principles into the educational process. Special attention is paid to Uzbekistan’s experience, where programs are implemented for training specialists in renewable energy, ecotourism, and environmental management. The study substantiates the need to create an intellectual ecosystem fostering human capital as the main driver of the green economy.

FAMILY AND EDUCATION SYSTEM: ANALYSIS OF MODERN THEORETICAL CONCEPTS IN ENSURING YOUTH SOCIAL MOBILITY

2025-12-09T03:23:54+00:00

This article analyzes the role of the family and education system in ensuring youth social mobility based on modern theoretical concepts. The theoretical framework draws on P. Sorokin’s Social Mobility concept and A. Giddens’ Structuration Theory, as well as the ideas of British and German scholars such as J. Goldthorpe, A. Heath, U. Beck, and R. Dahrendorf on stratification and equality of opportunity. In addition, studies by A. Yunusov, B. Tojiboyev, T. Norboyeva, and M. Kukhterina are examined in the context of family resources—economic, cultural, and social capital—and their interaction with educational institutions (early childhood education, general secondary, higher, and vocational education).

JUDGMENTS ABOUT THE SYSTEM OF CRIMINAL PUNISHMENTS ACTING IN OUR COUNTRY DURING THE PERIOD OF ZOROAASTRIANISM

2025-12-10T12:37:42+00:00

In the article, the author, from a scientific and theoretical position, examined the system of criminal penalties applied during the period of Zoroastrianism on the territory of Uzbekistan. In particular, the types and composition of punishments used during this period were studied, the features of their application and purposes were examined, the results of scientific research, the views and approaches of scientists and researchers regarding the classification of punishments for crimes in the Avesta were analyzed. Based on the results of the study, relevant scientific and theoretical conclusions are presented.

HISTORY OF ADMINISTRATIVE-TERRITORIAL CHANGES IN THE SURKHANDARYO DISTRICT (REGION)

2025-12-06T13:55:28+00:00

Studying the history of administrative-territorial changes in the Surkhandarya district (region) is of significant scientific and practical importance, not only for researching the region's history but also for identifying the stages in the formation of the modern territorial governance system. This article analyzes the administrative-territorial reforms carried out in Surkhandarya, as well as their content and essence.

PUBLIC OVERSIGHT AS A FUNCTION OF CIVIL SOCIETY INSTITUTIONS

2025-12-09T10:47:32+00:00

The article analyzes the role and significance of public oversight in the activities of civil society institutions. It highlights the importance of ensuring openness and transparency in public administration, strengthening citizens’ participation in social processes, and integrating public needs into state policy through mechanisms of public control. The practical effectiveness of public hearings, monitoring, and expertise, as well as existing challenges and ways to address them, are examined on the basis of legal sources and scientific research. The results of the study demonstrate that public oversight, as an independent actor of civil society institutions, serves as an important democratic tool in governing society.

THE HISTORY OF OCCURRENCE OF THE FIRE SAFETY SYSTEM IN TURKESTAN

2025-12-11T12:40:11+00:00

This article describes the development of society, the issue of fire and safety in the social life of mankind, the fact that its provision is one of the urgent tasks before society, the history of the introduction of the safety system in society, the components of the structures of society dealing with the issue of safety, the stages of the system's formation and development.

THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL FOUNDATIONS FOR ENHANCING THE LEGAL AWARENESS AND LEGAL CULTURE OF YOUTH IN THE CONTEXT OF GLOBALIZATION

2025-12-09T03:03:30+00:00

This article provides an in-depth analysis of the theoretical and practical foundations for enhancing the legal awareness and legal culture of youth amid globalization processes, the rapid development of information and communication technologies, transnational threats, ideological pressures, and the expansion of virtual manipulative environments.

COMPARISON OF INTERNATIONAL CYBEREATH STANDARDS AND UZBEKISTAN'S EXPERIENCE

2025-12-10T11:54:48+00:00

In the context of modern globalization and digital transformation, cybersecurity and cyberethics have gained significant importance at both global and national levels. International organizations such as the UN, UNESCO, and the European Union have developed cyberethics codes and normative documents that define essential principles such as cybersecurity, information freedom, and personal privacy. This article explores how Uzbekistan's digital policies and ethical principles respond to global standards, as well as the changes occurring based on national cultural and social characteristics, and the practical significance of international cyberethics codes. The article aims to analyze the alignment of Uzbekistan's cybersecurity policies with international principles and to propose necessary recommendations for further developing cybersecurity in the future.

THE USE OF PROVOCATIVE QUESTIONS AND THE DISSEMINATION OF FALSE INFORMATION IN THE DISCREDITING OF CIVIL SERVANTS

2025-12-06T13:09:00+00:00

This article examines the culture and strategic approaches of civil servants in responding to inconvenient and provocative questions during interactions with the mass media. Drawing on international experience, the study explores various tactical models of handling provocative inquiries. Furthermore, the legal foundations of media cooperation and information disclosure within the framework of the legislation of Uzbekistan are analyzed.

HEROES OF THE SECOND WORLD WAR: THE GLORIOUS PATH OF THE PEOPLE OF NAMANGAN

2025-12-09T09:55:18+00:00

The article examines the functioning of the healthcare system of the Namangan region during the Second World War, the spread of rashes and malaria among the population of the republic and the region, the issue of training personnel in medical institutions of the Uzbek SSR, training of medical personnel in short-term courses, as well as the population's need for medicines, for the population of the region the activities of the built hospitals are covered based on the analysis of primary documents.

THE CONDITION OF ORTHODOX CHURCHES IN UZBEKISTAN DURING THE YEARS OF INDEPENDENCE (ON THE EXAMPLE OF SAMARKAND REGION)

2025-12-11T11:39:52+00:00

This article analyzes the activities of Orthodox churches in the country after Uzbekistan gained independence, their legal status and role in public life. The study covers the issues of reorganization of Orthodox communities, restoration of churches and opening of new religious centers on the example of Samarkand region. It also analyzes cooperation between the state and the church, practical results of the policy of religious tolerance, and the cultural and architectural significance of the Orthodox heritage.

ANALYSIS OF THE THEORETICAL AND LEGAL FOUNDATIONS OF THE CONCEPT AND CLASSIFICATION OF DISABILITY INDICATORS

2025-12-09T02:46:52+00:00

The article provides a detailed analysis of the concept of a disability indicator and issues related to its classification. Although the notion of a person with a disability is generally recognized, the specific indicators of disability differ. For example, individuals with visual impairments, individuals with hearing impairments, persons with physical disabilities, and others. These conditions are identified as disability indicators. In this sense, a disability indicator reflects a particular health-related problem of a person with a disability. The article also presents a scholarly-theoretical and comparative analysis of academic approaches to disability indicators. The author proposes original definitions regarding the concept of disability and its classification.

CHRISTIANITY, JUDAISM AND ISLAM IN THE PROCESS OF ADAPTATION TO CHINESE SOCIAL LIFE (17th–18th Centuries)

2025-12-09T14:43:00+00:00

China, with its rich history and spiritual heritage, is recognized as one of the cradles of world civilization. Over the centuries, various religious traditions developed on this land, forming great moral and cultural values. Christianity, Judaism, and Islam also spread in this region and influenced the cultural life of the peoples living in China. This article discusses the history of the spread of Christianity, Judaism, and Islam in China, their impact on the country’s political, economic, and spiritual life, as well as the condition of these religions in the 17th–18th centuries.

THE IMPORTANCE OF NATIONAL EDUCATION AND VOCATIONAL REFORMS IN ENHANCING YOUTH KNOWLEDGE AND WORLDVIEW

2025-12-12T11:12:50+00:00

This article examines the ongoing reforms in the education system of New Uzbekistan, with special attention to the modernization of vocational education, the improvement of continuous learning, and the enhancement of workforce training quality. It analyzes the socio-economic significance of vocational education, its role in shaping an innovative economy, and its integration with labor market demands. The study also highlights the importance of developing national identity and intellectual capacity through education. Furthermore, the indispensable role of philosophy in forming broad-minded, socially responsible, and intellectually mature specialists is substantiated. The article emphasizes a synergistic approach to developing an effective educational strategy based on the harmony of national values and global scientific advancement.

SURKHANDARYA PRESS: DAILY LIFE OF THE POPULATION, SOCIAL INITIATIVES, AND THE ACTIVITIES OF WRITERS

2025-12-09T09:15:18+00:00

This article presents a comparative political analysis of the energy security systems of Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan, focusing on institutional structures, resource management, reform trajectories, and long-term sustainability. Both countries share vast hydrocarbon endowments and a legacy of centralized energy governance, yet differ significantly in their strategic responses to global energy transitions. Uzbekistan has initiated notable reforms aimed at market liberalization and renewable integration, while Turkmenistan remains reliant on gas exports with limited diversification.

THE MEANS OF ACQUIRING KNOWLEDGE IN ISLAMIC CREED

2025-12-10T13:46:14+00:00

This article analyzes the foundational sources for the formation of knowledge and belief in Islamic creed (aqidah). According to the views of the scholars of Ahlus Sunnah wal Jama'ah, it is explained that knowledge is acquired through three primary means: sound senses, reliable reports (transmission), and sound reason (intellect). The article elucidates the nature, limitations, and mutual compatibility of each of these means, based on foundational creedal works.

HISTORICAL FACTORS AND THE SOCIO-PHILOSOPHICAL CONTEXT OF THE FORMATION OF THE KOREAN DIASPORA IN UZBEKISTAN

2025-12-08T08:59:20+00:00

This article analyzes the formation of the Korean diaspora in Uzbekistan through historical factors and a socio-philosophical perspective. It examines the forced deportation of the 1930s, adaptation to new geographic and cultural conditions, preservation of national identity, and the key determinants influencing the community’s socio-cultural development. The study also highlights the contribution of the Korean diaspora to Uzbekistan’s society and discusses its role in promoting interethnic harmony and cultural coexistence within the framework of state policies.

THE DISTINCTIVE FEATURES OF THE GOVERNANCE DURING THE CALIPHATE OF UTHMAN IBN AFFAN (MAY ALLAH BE PLEASED WITH HIM)

2025-12-09T14:13:30+00:00

This article analyzes the political, economic, and administrative aspects of the governance of the third Rightly Guided Caliph – Uthman ibn Affan (may Allah be pleased with him). It highlights the Caliph’s initiatives such as the unification of the Qur’an into an official standardized version, the expansion of the Bayt al-Mal (state treasury) system, the improvement of provincial administration, the establishment of a naval fleet, and efforts to ensure social justice. The article also discusses, based on historical sources, the political conflicts and internal strife (fitna) that arose during his rule and their underlying causes. The study emphasizes that Caliph Uthman’s reforms had a profound influence on the subsequent stages of Islamic civilization, and that his contributions in upholding justice, generosity, and the preservation of the Qur’an hold a significant place in the history of Muslim statehood.

THE SCIENTIFIC LEGACY OF ODINA MUHAMMAD KHORAZMI

2025-12-12T10:42:02+00:00

The article examines the complex relationship between spirituality and philosophy in Islamic thought, especially Sufism, which embodies a deep harmony of mystical experience and philosophical research, and the thoughts of scholars who have transmitted this teaching to the world. The essence of our research is one of the brightest representatives of the mystical world of the XVIII-XIX centuries, Muhammad Khorezmi, who at one time put forward mystical, mystical and socio–philosophical ideas in his views. Our scientific work highlights that the scientific legacy of Sheikh Odin Muhammad Khorezmi is Eastern philosophy, in particular the concept of human essence, morality and spiritual perfection.

HISTORICAL-GEOGRAPHICAL AND ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF HORSE-BREEDING REGIONS IN CENTRAL ASIA

2025-12-09T03:32:42+00:00

This article examines the historical roots of horse breeding in Central Asia and the ecological and geographical conditions of the region. It addresses natural pastures, clean water sources, nutrient-rich steppes, and fertile crop fields that contributed to the development of purebred horses, their endurance, speed, and aesthetic qualities. Furthermore, the study analyzes the role of the ecological environment in the initial domestication of horses and their subsequent spread to other regions, as well as the strategic significance of water and pasture resources and the sustainability of regional horse breeding in early historical periods.

COMMUNICATIVE APPROACH AND ITS ROLE IN ARABIC LANGUAGE TEACHING: FROM THEORY TO PRACTICE

2025-12-10T13:13:57+00:00

This article is devoted to analyzing the theoretical foundations of the communica-tive approach in teaching Arabic as a foreign language and examining its practical implementation. The primary objective of the study is to demonstrate how the communicative approach enhances language acquisition efficiency, in contrast to traditional approaches such as the translation-grammar method. The article empha-sizes the significant role of the communicative approach in developing productive language skills, particularly listening and speaking, in Arabic language education. Furthermore, the author explores innovative methodologies for implementing the communicative approach in practice, including role-plays, debates, and the use of authentic materials.

HISTORY OF MUSEUMS DURING SOVIET RULE

2025-12-07T15:45:15+00:00

The best building was allocated for the museum, and the former palaces began to function as museums. The state allocated subsidies, the staff for the museum grew, and funds were allocated from the state budjed for collecting collections and forming a fund. Museums enterd Soviet society as a novelty. They were opened not for specific individuals, as before, but for the population, the people.

KEY ASPECTS OF INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS IN THE FIELD OF TRANSPORT CORRIDORS

2025-12-09T12:54:52+00:00

The article is devoted to the analysis of the legal aspects of international agreements governing the operation of transport corridors in the context of globalization and the growth of international trade. The study examines key principles of international legal regulation, including freedom of transit, unification of technical standards, customs facilitation, and institutional mechanisms for cooperation between states. Special attention is given to the issues of digitalization of logistics processes, harmonization of regulatory requirements, and the role of agreements in ensuring the safety and efficiency of international transport. The analysis shows that international agreements serve as the foundation for the development of sustainable transport systems and contribute to economic integration, as well as enhancing the competitiveness of countries involved in the development of transport corridors.

ANALYSIS OF IRANIAN FOREIGN POLICY: A REVIEW OF THEORETICAL AND METHODOLOGICAL APPROACHES

2025-12-11T13:11:56+00:00

This article analyzes the foreign policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran through modern theories in the field of international relations. The Rational Model, Bureaucratic Model, Organizational Process Model, Constructivist Approach, Role Theory, and Discursive Analysis were used to explain the policy of the country of Iran. The purpose of the research is to reveal the role and importance of Iran on the world political scene through these models and theories.

THE NASAFI SCHOLAR WHO DEVOTED HIMSELF TO THE RATIONAL SCIENCES

2025-12-09T03:16:40+00:00

: This article analyzes the life and scholarly heritage of Burhanuddin al-Nasafi (approx. 600/1203–687/1288), an outstanding representative and encyclopedic scholar of the Mawarannahr school of Kalam in the 13th century. The research examines the historical paradox related to the scholar's personality – the discrepancy between the extreme scarcity of biographical information about him (particularly regarding his teachers) and, at the same time, his high recognition as the “Sheikh of Baghdad's philosophy”. The article analyzes al-Nasafi's international activities (Nasaf, Delhi, Damascus, Baghdad), his belonging to the Maturidi school through the prism of his views on the issue of “the faith of the muqallid” (iman al-muqallid), as well as the circle of his outstanding students, such as Ibn al-Fuwati, Shamsuddin al-Samarqandi, and A'lamuddin al-Barzali. It also reveals the centuries-old bibliographical confusion surrounding the scholar's major works, such as “Kashf al-Haqa'iq” (tafsir) and “al-Fusul al-Burhaniya” (jadal) (including their erroneous attribution to Fakhruddin al-Razi and Muwaffaquddin al-Kawashi), and provides methodological evidence of their true authorship.

FROM THE HISTORY OF THE FORMATION OF PRIVATE PRINTING IN TURKESTAN

2025-12-10T12:12:43+00:00

This article attempts to provide a detailed account of the cooperative relations in the emergence, formation, and development of private printing in Turkestan. The research was conducted on the basis of archival documents, periodicals, local and international sources, as well as the analysis of existing literature. The article highlights the stages of the appearance of private printing houses, their organizational and economic mechanisms, and their contribution to the development of national culture.

THE ROLE AND IMPORTANCE OF "INSON" CENTERS IN ORGANIZING SOCIAL PROTECTION AT THE MAHALLA LEVEL IN NEW UZBEKISTAN

2025-12-06T13:31:53+00:00

The article examines the new role of "Inson" social service centers within the system of the National Social Protection Agency under the President, in the context of reforms being implemented in the social policy of New Uzbekistan. The main goal of the centers is to organize comprehensive social services and assistance to vulnerable segments of the population at the mahalla level. The research analyzes the significance of "Inson" centers in providing professional social services based on an individual approach to persons and families in difficult situations, preventing such situations, and ensuring their integration into society.

SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE CITY OF KARSHI IN THE 1920s-1930s

2025-12-09T10:21:43+00:00

The 1920s and 1930s of the 20th century constituted a period marked by significant political, economic, and social transformations in the history of Uzbekistan. These processes also directly affected the development of the Kashkadarya region, in particular the city of Karshi. After the 1917 revolution, the Soviet government fundamentally transformed the administrative structure of the former emirate, centralized the economy, reorganized the land and water system, and introduced a new model of governance for urban economies. Although the New Economic Policy introduced in the 1920s provided an economic revival in urban life, it was replaced in the 1930s by policies of strict centralization, collectivization, and industrialization. This article provides information about the socio-economic development of the city of Karshi in the 1920s and 1930s.

CREATION AND OPERATION OF ORPHANAGES IN UZBEKISTAN IN 1941–1945

2025-12-11T11:45:51+00:00

This article examines materials on the evacuation of the population, including children, and the establishment of orphanages and their activities during World War II. World War II, which left a profound mark on human history, continues to be the subject of study and analysis. One aspect of this period is the evacuation of children from the western regions of the USSR to Uzbekistan. This large-scale operation saved thousands of lives, demonstrating the solidarity and humanism of peoples. With the outbreak of the Great Patriotic War in 1941, the western regions of the USSR found themselves at the epicenter of hostilities. The evacuation of the population became a necessary measure to ensure the safety of the civilian population. Children who lost their parents or were separated from them in the chaos of war were especially vulnerable.