Oriental Journal of History, Politics and Law

THE ROLE OF CITIZENS’ SELF-GOVERNMENT BODIES IN PROTECTING CONSUMER RIGHTS IN THE DIGITAL ECONOMY

2026-04-09T19:38:32+00:00

This article examines the role of citizens’ self-government bodies in ensuring the protection of consumer rights in the context of the digital economy. The development of digital technologies, e-commerce, and online platforms significantly expands opportunities for consumers, but at the same time creates new risks associated with unfair practices, internet fraud, and violations of the rights of users of digital services. In these conditions, the participation of civil society institutions, particularly citizens’ self-government bodies, becomes especially important in improving the legal awareness of the population, informing citizens about consumer rights, and facilitating the protection of their legitimate interests. The article analyzes the main directions of participation of citizens’ self-government bodies in protecting consumer rights in the digital environment and proposes recommendations for improving cooperation between state authorities and citizens’ self-government bodies.

RES JUDICATA IN INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL ARBITRATION: TOWARDS AN AUTONOMOUS APPROACH AND IMPLEMENTATION IN UZBEK LAW

2026-04-10T02:32:32+00:00

The doctrine of res judicata, a fundamental principle ensuring the finality of judicial decisions, has become increasingly significant in international commercial arbitration as cross-border disputes proliferate and arbitration emerges as the preferred dispute resolution mechanism. This paper examines the application of res judicata to international arbitral awards, analyzing the tension between traditional domestic law approaches and emerging autonomous transnational principles. Through a comprehensive review of contemporary scholarship and arbitral practice, this research demonstrates that the current reliance on domestic law through conflict-of-laws analysis produces unpredictability and inconsistency, undermining the efficiency and certainty that parties seek in arbitration. The paper advocates for an autonomous approach grounded in party autonomy and arbitrators' inherent powers, proposing broad preclusive effects that encompass claim preclusion, issue preclusion, and abuse of process doctrines. The final section explores the implementation of these principles within Uzbekistan's evolving legal framework, offering recommendations for legislative reform and judicial practice to align Uzbek arbitration law with international best practices while respecting the country's civil law tradition.

IMPLEMENTATION OF THE LAW “ON TRANSITION TO UZBEK ORTHOGRAPHY BASED ON LATIN SCRIPT” DURING THE YEARS OF INDEPENDENCE

2026-04-10T02:18:52+00:00

This article examines the significance of implementing the law “On the Transition to the Uzbek Orthography Based on the Latin Script” during the years of independence in the political and social life of Uzbekistan. It also analyzes the existing problems of that period and the solutions to address them.

THE ROLE OF CONVERTIBLE LOAN AGREEMENTS IN BUSINESS FINANCING AND THEIR LEGAL REGULATION

2026-04-09T19:57:03+00:00

This article explores the legal nature of the Convertible Loan Agreement (CLA)—an innovative financing tool for startups—and the issues surrounding its implementation into the legislation of Uzbekistan. The primary objective of the study is to elucidate the theoretical and practical aspects of this "hybrid" institute, which emerges at the intersection of the law of obligations and corporate law. The article provides a detailed analysis of three fundamental elements that distinguish a CLA from a traditional loan: the conversion trigger, the valuation cap (deferred valuation mechanism), and the investor’s special non-proprietary powers. Interpreting the CLA based on the German legal concept of Gestaltungsrecht (transformative right), the author argues that it should be viewed not as a simple debt, but as an agreement for deferred corporate participation. The study compares the experiences of the United States, the United Kingdom, Germany, and Russia, while also examining critical norms for the startup ecosystem within EU Regulation 2017/1129 and Directive 2017/1132. As a scientific novelty, the article advocates for the introduction of the "Specific Performance" institute to guarantee the execution of CLAs in Uzbekistan’s legal system, emphasizes the importance of the "Most Favored Nation" (MFN) clause, and analyzes corporate restrictions in the assignment of rights process. In conclusion, the author provides specific proposals for improving the Civil Code and corporate legislation of the Republic of Uzbekistan, particularly by recognizing the CLA as a "mixed contract" and reducing bureaucratic barriers in the conversion process.

YOUTH SUPPORT POLICY IN UZBEKISTAN DURING THE INITIAL STAGE OF INDEPENDENCE: LEGISLATIVE FOUNDATIONS AND INSTITUTIONAL MECHANISMS

2026-04-10T02:25:56+00:00

The article analyzes the legal foundations of youth support in the Republic of Uzbekistan during the initial stage of independence, as well as the practical mechanisms formed through state and public institutions and the stages of their development. It examines the regulatory framework of state youth policy in 1991-1999, the social protection of young people, the encouragement of talented youth, and measures aimed at strengthening entrepreneurship and vocational training. The study concludes that youth policy evolved from a general protection model into a targeted system focused on the development of human capital.

ELEMENTS OF THE THEORETICAL MODEL OF RESTRICTION OF THE RIGHT TO PERSONAL INVIOLABILITY IN CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS

2026-04-10T02:12:00+00:00

This article analyzes the legal nature of restriction of the right to personal inviolability in criminal proceedings and the main elements that make up its theoretical model. During the study, the fundamental principles of restriction of the right to personal inviolability, such as legality, necessity and proportionality, are considered as components of the theoretical model. The author emphasizes the role of judicial control in ensuring a balance between state interests (security and justice) and individual rights in criminal proceedings. The article systematizes legal grounds, procedural guarantees and limits of restriction as elements of the theoretical model of restriction of personal inviolability.