Oriental Journal of History, Politics and Law

INTERPRETATION OF ECONOMIC RELATIONS IN THE SCIENTIFIC HERITAGE OF MAKHDUM-I A’ZAM (A Socio-Philosophical Analysis)

2026-08-12T16:43:15+00:00

This article analyzes views on ethical norms and human values in economic relations in the scholarly legacy of Mahdumi Azam, a great thinker who lived and worked in the 16th century and was one of the leading representatives of the Naqshbandi order. The article also describes the similarities between Mahdumi Azam's views and modern economic theory.

THE INFLUENCE OF THE SOCIO-CULTURAL ENVIRONMENT IN TURKESTAN ON THE WORLDVIEW OF ABDURAHMON TASHKANDI

2026-08-19T16:26:56+00:00

This article analyzes the influence of the socio-cultural and educational environment of Turkestan on the worldview and creative activity of Abdurahman Toshkandi. The study examines the Jadid movement, enlightenment ideas, the activities of the “Al-Isloh” journal, and the formation of reformist views in the social life of Turkestan. Furthermore, the article scientifically analyzes the reflection of ideas related to enlightenment, moral perfection, national awakening, and social development in the works of Abdurahman Toshkandi.

THE RISK OF LOSING YOUNG PEOPLE'S CULTURAL IDENTITY IMMUNITY UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF VISUAL CONTENT ON SOCIAL MEDIA: A PHILOSOPHICAL AND AXIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS

2026-08-05T13:04:56+00:00

This article examines the impact of visual content on social media on young people's consciousness from the perspectives of social philosophy and axiology. The concept of “cultural immunity” is substantiated as the capacity of society to resist external ideological and value-based influences, while the mechanisms through which algorithmically generated visual streams on social media weaken this immunity are explored. The study employs dialectical, axiological, hermeneutic, and comparative-analytical approaches.

THE ROLE AND OPPORTUNITIES OF WOMEN’S SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY IN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF UZBEKISTAN’S NEW DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY

2026-08-17T13:05:41+00:00

This article analyzes, from a socio-philosophical perspective, the opportunities for developing women’s social responsibility in the process of effectively implementing Uzbekistan’s new development strategy. The study examines issues related to ensuring gender equality in the country, expanding women’s participation in society and public administration, and increasing their economic, political, and spiritual engagement. It also considers the role of women in the family, education, entrepreneurship, and civil society institutions, as well as the factors influencing the formation of social responsibility. Based on national values, contemporary reforms, and international experience, the article substantiates the priority areas for realizing women’s potential. The analysis concludes that strengthening women’s social responsibility is an important prerequisite for sustainable development, social cohesion, and the development of human capital. In addition, practical recommendations are developed for further improving cooperation among the state, civil society institutions, and educational institutions in this area.

THE THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF TIMURID STATEHOOD AND POWER STRUCTURES

2026-09-01T02:26:01+00:00

The article studies the specific aspects of statehood and governance in the Timurid state in the 15th-16th centuries. The study of statehood in the medieval Islamic East is based on the need to take into account the political and social conditions of that time. It is shown that the Timurid statehood was formed on the basis of the combination of nomadic Turkic-Mongol military governance traditions with the settled Persian-Islamic governance experience. The views of M. Weber, S.N. Eisenstadt, M.G.S. Hodgson and M.E. Subtelny are analyzed on the example of the Timurid statehood.

The study identifies three main pillars of power in the Timurid state. They are the foundation of the supreme power on the dynastic principle, the important place of military structures in the life of the state and society, and the system of governing territories through herders. The relationship between these forms of government, the relationship between the central government and military emirs and the owners of the suyurgol are revealed. The features of the Timurid statehood are compared with the administrative systems of the Ottoman Empire, the Safavid state and the Golden Horde. At the end of the study, the conclusion was made that when studying the Timurid state, it is necessary to take into account the harmony of the traditions of nomadic and sedentary statehood.

FOREIGN EXPERIENCE IN ORGANIZING PROSECUTORIAL SUPERVISION OVER COMPLIANCE WITH LEGISLATION BY STATE TAX SERVICE AUTHORITIES

2026-08-12T13:21:15+00:00

The article provides a comparative legal analysis of foreign experience in organizing prosecutorial supervision over compliance with legislation by state tax service authorities. It examines the powers of prosecution authorities in the tax sphere, the grounds for prosecutorial intervention, and the legal limits of such intervention in different countries. Foreign experience is classified into five principal models. The study demonstrates that the effectiveness of prosecutorial supervision depends not on the breadth of prosecutorial powers, but on clearly defined grounds for their exercise, procedural safeguards, effective information exchange, and objective performance criteria. For Uzbekistan, the article proposes adopting a separate departmental regulatory instrument governing prosecutorial supervision in the tax sphere, introducing risk-based supervision, and establishing electronic registration of prosecutorial inspections.

PHILOSOPHICAL ASPECTS OF FORMING THE FOUNDATIONS OF A GREEN ECONOMY: THE DIALECTICS OF NATURE AND SOCIETY, ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE, AND THE ETHICS OF RESPONSIBILITY

2026-08-19T05:35:05+00:00

This article analyzes the process of forming the foundations of a green economy not merely as a matter of economic, technological, or environmental modernization, but as a profound philosophical, axiological, and socio-ontological phenomenon. The essence of the green economy is explored in relation to the historical and philosophical transformation of human–nature relations, the reassessment of economic growth criteria, environmental justice, intergenerational responsibility, noospheric thinking, and the principles of sustainable development. The article presents analytical conclusions based on Uzbekistan’s Strategy for Transition to a Green Economy, the “Uzbekistan – 2030” Strategy, the approaches of international organizations to the green economy, and the conceptual views of such thinkers as V. I. Vernadsky, H. Jonas, A. Leopold, A. Naess, and A. Sen. The findings substantiate that the philosophical foundation of the green economy lies in understanding nature not as a mere collection of resources, but as an ontological condition of human existence, a domain of moral responsibility, and a criterion of social justice.

THE REPRESENTATION OF CERTAIN ASPECTS OF THE SOCIO-POLITICAL AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC LIFE OF THE BUKHARA KHANATE DURING THE REIGN OF THE SHAYBANID DYNASTY IN THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY IN OTTOMAN TURKISH WRITTEN SOURCES

2026-08-14T10:28:33+00:00

In this article, the socio-economic life of the Shaybanid state (Khanate of Bukhara), which ruled in Transoxiana in the 16th century, is analyzed based on the diaries and travelogues of envoys sent by the Ottoman Turkish Sultanate. Based on mutual ambassadorial exchanges, the first diplomatic relations established by the khans of the Shaybanid dynasty with the Ottoman Turkish Sultanate can be dated to the late 15th century and the first quarter of the 16th century. The main purpose of the diplomatic relations between the two states is directly linked to the regional geopolitical strategic process. This is because forming a military alliance with the Ottomans in the Shaybanids' struggle against the Safavids was one of the important factors of that period.

A MODEL OF PERSONALITY STRUCTURE: MAIN COMPONENTS AND MECHANISMS

2026-08-26T10:57:35+00:00

This article proposes a comprehensive philosophical and methodological model of personality structure that integrates classical personological approaches, contemporary achievements in the philosophy of mind, and concepts from cognitive science. Personality is interpreted not as a static psychological phenomenon but as a dynamic, multi–level, and self–organizing system manifested within the continuum of existential experience and sociocultural interactions. The article examines three principal structural components of personality: the basic level (biopsychological foundation), the subject–activity level (goal–oriented cognitive core), and the value–meaning level (existential and spiritual architectonics). Particular attention is devoted to the mechanisms of interlevel determination, dynamic equilibrium, self–awareness (reflection), and transcendence. Personality is analyzed as a dynamic self–organizing system operating at the intersection of biological determinants and sociocultural contexts.

INTERACTIONS BETWEEN CIVIL SOCIETY AND THE STATE

2026-08-10T15:03:30+00:00

This article analyzes the concepts of civil society and the state, as well as the theoretical and practical aspects of their relationship. Civil society is interpreted as a system of social institutions independent of the state, and its relations with the state are examined in four main forms: cooperation and support, oversight and balance, competition and conflict, and interdependence.

The аrticle elucidаtes the role of civil society in democrаcy bаsed on internаtionаl scientific аnd theoreticаl аpproаches. Furthermore, the principle of “checks аnd bаlаnces” аnd “governаnce through pаrtnership” models аre аnаlysed. Furthermore, the аrticle аlso highlights the reforms being implemented to develop civil society in the Republic of Uzbekistаn, аs well аs the strаtegic documents аdopted in this field.

The study demonstrаtes thаt the bаlаnce of relаtions between civil society аnd the stаte is а key fаctor determining the democrаtic development, stаbility аnd welfаre of the society.

ANTHROPOLOGICAL FEATURES OF RADICALIZATION AND TERRORISM: DIALECTIC ANALYSIS

2026-08-18T16:51:40+00:00

The article analyzes the anthropological features of radicalization and terrorism based on a dialectical approach. The role of factors such as the socio-psychological and spiritual transformations occurring in human consciousness during radicalization, feelings of injustice, identity crisis, group belonging needs, and ideological influence in the formation of terrorism is revealed. The article also substantiates that terrorism is not only a political problem or a security issue, but also a complex anthropological phenomenon related to human self-awareness, value transformation, and the subjective perception of social reality.

CHINA’S MODEL OF MODERNIZATION IN THE CONTEXT OF RELATIONS WITH IRAN AND SAUDI ARABIA: THE ADVANTAGES OF EASTERN CULTURE AND HARMONIOUS DEVELOPMENT

2026-09-03T15:57:59+00:00

This article analyzes China’s model of modernization as an alternative to the Western path of development in the context of the West’s spiritual crisis, social fragmentation, and the threat of humanity’s self-destruction. Particular attention is given to the cases of Iran and Saudi Arabia—two key Middle Eastern states—which, through strategic partnerships with China (the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), the 25-year cooperation plan with Iran signed in 2021, and the synergy between BRI and Saudi Arabia’s Vision 2030), demonstrate the possibility of modernization without losing national identity.

Drawing on the works of Chinese theorists such as He Chuanqi, Cao Fangjun, Gu Gaojian, the article explores primary and secondary modernization, socialism with Chinese characteristics, the harmonious development of society and nature, and cultural modernization.

China’s model, which combines the traditions of Confucianism, market mechanisms, and state control, is presented as a successful example for countries in the region seeking economic diversification and the strengthening of sovereignty.

The study is qualitative in nature and is based on comparative-historical analysis, official documents, and recent data from 2013 to 2026. It concludes that China’s model of modernization strengthens bilateral relations with Iran and Saudi Arabia, contributing to a “wave of reconciliation” and sustainable development without Western dominance.

THE STUDY OF ABU UBAYD AL-BAKRI'S GEOGRAPHICAL HERITAGE IN THE RESEARCH OF GEORGE SARTON

2026-08-14T00:29:16+00:00

This article analyzes George Sarton’s role in the study of the scholarly legacy of Abū ʿUbayd ʿAbd Allāh ibn ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz al-Bakrī from historiographical and source-critical perspectives. The study examines Sarton’s assessments of al-Bakrī’s personality, scholarly legacy, and place in the history of science in the Islamic West as presented in his Introduction to the History of Science. The article characterizes al-Bakrī as one of the prominent geographers of the eleventh-century Islamic West and as an author who recorded valuable ethnographic information about different peoples, their ways of life, customs, and natural and geographical environments. It also emphasizes that his works contain information on flora, natural resources, and geographical conditions and therefore constitute valuable supplementary sources for the study of the history of medieval botany. The scholarly assessments of al-Bakrī’s Kitāb al-Masālik wa-l-Mamālik (“The Book of Routes and Kingdoms”) and Muʿjam mā istaʿjam (“Dictionary of Geographical Names”) offered by Ferdinand Wüstenfeld, George Sarton, and Ignatiy Yulianovich Krachkovsky are comparatively analyzed.

STAGES OF THE FORMATION OF MIGRATION PROCESSES IN UZBEKISTAN

2026-08-26T10:39:58+00:00

This article analyzes the stages of migration processes in the Republic of Uzbekistan. The study focuses on labor migration, workforce provision in industrial sectors, integration of youth and families, and the optimization of state migration policy. Results indicate that migration occurs in three main stages: potential migration, relocation process, and adaptation to new living conditions. Furthermore, state social, economic, and psychological approaches play a key role in regulating migration flows.

THE MINISTERIAL SYSTEM OF THE TIMURID STATE: FORMATION, STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS

2026-08-09T11:27:31+00:00

This article examines the formation, organizational structure, and functions of the ministerial system in the Timurid State based on historical sources. It analyzes the powers and responsibilities of ministers in financial, military, administrative, and economic governance. The study also highlights the role of the ministerial institution within the centralized administrative system of the Timurid State and its influence on the development of public administration in subsequent states.

STATE POLICY ON COMBATING ALCOHOLISM IN UZBEKISTAN AND ITS OUTCOMES

2026-08-18T04:39:38+00:00

This article analyzes the legal and institutional foundations of the state policy of the Republic of Uzbekistan aimed at combating alcoholism, promoting a healthy lifestyle among the population, and reducing the harmful effects of alcohol, as well as its practical results. Along with the positive indicators achieved in the field of healthcare and public safety as a result of the reforms, the article highlights the current challenges and future tasks to address them.

THE HISTORY OF TURAN IN THE 6TH–4TH CENTURIES BCE: ANALYSIS OF SCIENTIFIC CENTERS AND RESEARCHES

2026-09-03T05:31:52+00:00

The main aim of this article is a holistic historiographical analysis of the studies dedicated to the history of Turan during its dependence on the Achaemenids (6th–4th centuries BCE), conducted by the world’s leading research centers and scholars. The study applies historical-comparative, systematic, and historiographical methods, as well as source criticism; research based on written and archaeological sources from the USA, the United Kingdom, France, Germany, Russia, the Czech Republic, Iran, China, Italy, Canada, the Netherlands, Tajikistan, and other countries is compared in chronological order. As a result, the main directions in studying the urban planning, craftsmanship, and architectural culture of this period, the activities of scientific centers, and the interconnections among them are identified; the historiographical schools formed since the 19th century and their mutual influence are revealed. Methodological shortcomings are also disclosed, particularly the interpretation of Turan as “Eastern Iran” in a number of Western works and the difficulties of combining written and material sources. In conclusion, the necessity of a holistic reconstruction of the region’s history and of interpreting Turan as an independent historical and cultural space is substantiated, since the history of the Bactrian satrapy has not yet been presented as a separate comprehensive study.

MODERNIZING ANTIDISCRIMINATION LAW IN THE AGE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

2026-08-13T16:08:18+00:00

This article analyzes modern regulatory methods aimed at mitigating bias and discrimination within artificial intelligence (AI) systems. The study demonstrates how traditional antidiscrimination frameworks (such as the EPC and Title VII) begin to fray when confronted with the "Black Box Problem" and the fragmented liability chains inherent in the AI era. By examining a typology of four primary AI regulatory approaches-prohibition, process, input-based, and output-based regulations-the author evaluates the viability of output-oriented regimes under the U.S. Supreme Court's landmark decisions in Ricci v. DeStefano and SFFA. Ultimately, the paper advocates for a revision of human decisionmaking standards and the codification of algorithmic accountability to secure equal protection and the "right to a human decision" in a digital society.

THE GAP BETWEEN STATE POLICY AND PRACTICE IN THE EDUCATION OF BLIND CHILDREN IN UZBEKISTAN DURING THE SOVIET ERA

2026-08-22T08:23:25+00:00

This article provides a historical analysis of the social status of blind children in Uzbekistan between 1925 and 1990, their involvement in the education system, preparation for independent living, development of labor and vocational skills, and integration into society. Based on materials from the National Archives of Uzbekistan, curricula of special boarding schools, reports of public education authorities, documents of republican seminars and meetings, and relevant scholarly literature, the article examines the transformation of attitudes toward blind children from a model of social care toward an approach based on education, vocational training, and social participation. It highlights the role of labor education, production workshops, music, sports, reading, and cultural activities in the socialization of students at boarding schools. The study also assesses the cooperation among the Society of the Blind of Uzbekistan, industrial enterprises, state educational authorities, and families as an important factor influencing the professional and social adaptation of graduates. The findings demonstrate that the effectiveness of special education was determined not merely by the number of educational institutions, but also by children’s literacy, ability to move independently, acquisition of vocational skills, entry into the labor market, and capacity to participate actively in society.

PHILOSOPHICAL AND METHODOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS OF THE CONCEPT OF CULTURAL SOVEREIGNTY IN THE CONTEXT OF NATIONAL ART

2026-08-05T13:31:13+00:00

This article examines the concept of cultural sovereignty from the perspective of social philosophy, analyzing its essence, content, and relationship with the phenomenon of national art. In the context of globalization, the study provides a philosophical and methodological justification for the preservation and development of national artistic traditions and proposes a three-level model of cultural sovereignty consisting of ontological, axiological, and institutional dimensions. The research employs dialectical, hermeneutic, comparative-historical, and systemic-structural approaches.

EFFECTIVE METHODS OF TARGETED WORK WITH INDIVIDUALS PRONE TO RADICAL VIEWS: A SOCIO-PHILOSOPHICAL ANALYSIS

2026-08-17T13:12:04+00:00

This article analyzes the socio-philosophical foundations and practical methods of targeted work with individuals who are inclined toward radical views. Targeted work is understood not as placing a person into a predetermined “risk group,” but as a comprehensive process of examining the individual’s life situation, social relations, needs, views, and behavioral risks. The article provides a comparative analysis of such methods as individual assessment, trust-based communication, motivational interviewing, work with families, religious and ideological counseling, support in education and employment, prevention in the digital environment, mentoring, and interagency cooperation.

PROSPECTS AND PROBLEMS OF DEVELOPING PILGRIMAGE TOURISM IN UZBEKISTAN

2026-09-02T14:23:20+00:00

This article analyzes the current state, existing potential, and main challenges of developing religious (pilgrimage) tourism in Uzbekistan. The study was conducted using secondary statistical data analysis, expert surveys, and content analysis; infrastructure deficiencies, a shortage of qualified guides, and the absence of a marketing strategy were identified as the main obstacles. Drawing on international experience (Saudi Arabia, Turkey), practical recommendations are proposed for Uzbekistan: developing infrastructure around shrines, improving guide training programs, adopting digital marketing tools, and strengthening institutional coordination among stakeholders.

MODERN TRENDS AND PROSPECTS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF EXCURSION SERVICES IN UZBEKISTAN'S MUSEUM-RESERVES

2026-08-12T16:21:56+00:00

This study is devoted to the analysis of current trends and future prospects for the development of excursion services in the museum-reserves of Uzbekistan. It focuses on improving the quality of excursion services, introducing digital technologies, training qualified tour guides, enhancing tourism marketing strategies, and meeting the needs and expectations of visitors. The study aims to identify effective approaches to increasing the attractiveness and competitiveness of museum-reserves within the cultural tourism sector.

PRIMITIVE RELIGIOUS BELIEFS OF THE NOMADIC TRIBES OF THE SOUTHERN ARAL REGION: TOTEMISM, ANIMISM, AND COSMOLOGICAL CONCEPTS

2026-08-19T11:47:20+00:00

This article analyses the religious beliefs of the nomadic peoples of the Southern Aral Sea region – Saka–Massagetae, Sarmatians, Kangly, Huns, and early Turkic ethnic groups – who inhabited the area from the 7th century BCE to the 8th century CE, from a religious studies perspective. Totemism, animism, shamanism and cosmological world–views are examined through the Animal Style art, archaeological finds and ancient written sources. The study demonstrates that the religious outlook of these peoples developed in interaction with neighbouring civilisations and formed the spiritual foundation of subsequent Central Asian cultures.

THE CONCEPT OF OPENNESS AND TRANSPARENCY IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND ITS LEGAL ESSENCE

2026-08-14T16:55:37+00:00

This article examines the concepts of openness and transparency in public administration, as well as the constitutional and legal foundations for ensuring these principles. In this regard, the legal foundations of the reforms being implemented by the leadership of New Uzbekistan are analyzed using historical and comparative methods.

THEORETICAL AND LEGAL ISSUES OF DETERMINING THE LEGAL STATUS OF THE SECURITY SERVICE IN THE PUBLIC SECURITY SYSTEM

2026-08-26T12:54:02+00:00

The article examines theoretical and legal issues concerning the role of security services within the public security system. It analyzes the functional and legal relationship between public security, crime prevention and security activities. Based on Uzbek legal scholarship, the article argues that the security service should be legally understood not merely as a property-protection institution but also as a public-security actor contributing to early threat detection and prevention of offenses. Proposals are developed to clarify its administrative-legal status, powers, interagency cooperation and preventive functions.

FROM THE HISTORY OF THE CONQUEST OF THE JIZZAKH BEGDOM

2026-08-12T10:44:19+00:00

This article examines the history of the conquest of the Jizzakh Bekdom, which belonged to the Emirate of Bukhara, as part of the Russian Empire’s colonial campaigns in the Syr Darya basin. The author analyzes, on the basis of archival documents and historical sources, General M. Chernyayev’s unsuccessful military campaign of 1865, the Oqjar (Erjar) battle, the defensive system of the Jizzakh Orda fortress, and the process of the city’s conquest by the troops of General D. Romanovsky in October 1866. The article also discusses the heroism of the defenders of Jizzakh, human losses during the battle, and the consequences of the invasion.

LITERARY DISCIPLINES AS A BASIS FOR INCREASING THE INTELLECTUAL POTENTIAL OF PHILOLOGY STUDENTS

2026-08-19T05:02:48+00:00

This article examines the role of literary studies in developing the intellectual potential of philology students from a socio-philosophical perspective. It argues that studying literary history, literary theory, literary criticism, comparative literature, and hermeneutics contributes to the development of analytical, critical, and creative thinking in future specialists. Particular attention is paid to the relationship between literary studies and the development of human capital, intellectual culture, and professional competence. It concludes that literary studies are a crucial factor in shaping students' intellectual potential in the context of the digital transformation of higher education.

THE INSTITUTION OF TURKIC HAJIBS IN THE ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM OF THE SAMANID STATE: A HISTORICAL ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATIONS

2026-08-14T00:43:14+00:00

This article analyzes the role of Turkic hajibs in the history of the Samanid statehood and the stages of studying their activities. The research provides a comparative review of scientific studies conducted during the Russian Empire, the Soviet period, and the years of independence in Uzbekistan. Furthermore, it highlights the significance of numismatic data and written sources in illuminating this topic, while identifying existing scientific gaps.

SCIENTISTS EVACUATED TO UZBEKISTAN DURING THE SECOND WORLD WAR: THE EVACUATION PROCESS, SCIENTIFIC ACTIVITIES, AND HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCE

2026-08-26T10:48:36+00:00

This article examines, on the basis of historical sources, the activities of scientists evacuated to Uzbekistan during the Second World War, the mechanisms of the evacuation policy, and the impact of this process on the development of science in the republic. The study analyzes the relocation of scientific institutions and researchers from the western regions of the Soviet Union to Uzbekistan during the initial stage of the war, highlighting their contributions to defense industries, geology, agriculture, medicine, chemistry, physics, and the humanities. Particular attention is paid to the role of evacuated scientists in the establishment of local scientific schools, the training of scientific personnel, and the foundation of the Academy of Sciences of the Uzbek SSR in 1943. The findings demonstrate that wartime scientific migration became one of the key factors contributing to the long-term development of science in Uzbekistan.

CONCEPTUAL MODELS OF “DIGITAL LEADERSHIP” IN MODERN MANAGEMENT AND THEIR PSYCHOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS

2026-08-10T13:07:37+00:00

This article investigates the emergence of the digital leadership phenomenon, its conceptual models, and socio-psychological foundations in modern management psychology. Amidst the rapid development of information technologies and digital ecosystems, the transformation of leadership qualities and the effectiveness of leadership models in VUCA and BANI environments are comparatively analyzed. The paper highlights the psychological profile of a digital leader along with its cognitive, emotional, and behavioral components, offering scholarly and practical recommendations for shaping a national digital leadership model within the public administration system.

THE HISTORIOGRAPHY OF THE EMERGENCE OF THE “SHARH MUSHKILĀT AL-QUDŪRĪ” GENRE

2026-08-18T04:51:27+00:00

This article examines the historiography of the emergence of a distinctive branch of the commentary tradition devoted to Mukhtaṣar al-Qudūrī by Abū al-Ḥusayn Aḥmad al-Qudūrī (d. 428/1037), one of the foundational texts of Ḥanafī jurisprudence. Known as the “Sharḥ Mushkilāt al-Qudūrī” genre, this tradition focuses on explaining the difficult, ambiguous, and concise passages found in al-Qudūrī’s text. Using the principal works of this genre—particularly those of Badr al-Dīn Kardarī (Khawāharzāda) and Yūsuf al-Qadūrī—the study analyzes the factors that led to its development, its distinctive methodological features, and the current state of scholarly and historiographical research on this tradition.

ETHNOCULTURAL TRANSFORMATIONS IN THE FAMILY AND COMMUNAL RITUALS OF THE TOQCHI PEOPLE OF THE SURKHAN OASIS DURING THE YEARS OF INDEPENDENCE

2026-09-03T05:49:30+00:00

The article analyzes changes in the family and communal rituals of the Toqchi people of the Surkhan oasis during the independence period. It examines the ethnocultural significance of Navruz, folk gatherings, traditional foods and games, identifying both oasis-wide and local features of these practices.

REGIONAL LEADERSHIP AS AN IMPORTANT FACTOR IN INTEGRATION PROCESSES

2026-08-13T16:22:50+00:00

This article theoretically and empirically analyzes the role of the leadership institution in ensuring the stability of regional integration processes under conditions of global transformations. Within the framework of the study, the optimistic views of functionalist and neofunctionalist theories are critically reviewed, and the necessity of a political agency and a consensus-based tandem model for the crisis-resilience of integration is substantiated. The article systemizes the mechanisms of the Franco-German bilateral tandem model within the European Union and introduces the possibilities of adapting this experience to the post-Soviet Central Asian geopolitical environment based on Amitav Acharya's "norm localization" methodology. The analysis shows that regional leadership ensures integration stability through three main mechanisms-material provision (paymaster function), mediation in interstate negotiations, and the definition of normative foundations, reaching its highest significance during periods of systemic crises. The stability of integration processes depends not on unipolar hegemony, but on a bilateral partnership tandem relying on legitimate institutional cooperation, which, in the Central Asian region, requires the institutionalization of cooperation between Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan.

UZBEKISTAN’S LEGAL COOPERATION WITH CENTRAL ASIAN STATES IN COMBATING TERRORISM, EXTREMISM, AND DRUG TRAFFICKING

2026-08-25T16:52:15+00:00

This article analyzes the international legal cooperation of the Republic of Uzbekistan in the field of combating terrorism, extremism, and illicit drug trafficking within the framework of ensuring regional security in Central Asia. The main treaties and agreements adopted within the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, the Commonwealth of Independent States, and regional anti-drug institutions are examined from a legal perspective. The research findings reveal that the Republic of Uzbekistan operates simultaneously within three parallel institutional systems (RATS, CARICC, CIS ATC), which gives rise to problems such as the duplication of legal norms and ambiguity in the boundaries of authority. In order to address these problems, proposals have been put forward to develop a special agreement regulating information exchange between institutions and to improve mechanisms for implementation into national legislation.

THE ROLE AND OPPORTUNITIES OF WOMEN’S SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY IN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF UZBEKISTAN’S NEW DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY

2026-08-05T16:33:04+00:00

This article provides a socio-philosophical analysis of the opportunities for developing women's social responsibility in the process of effectively implementing Uzbekistan's new development strategy. The study examines issues related to ensuring gender equality, expanding women's participation in society and public administration, and enhancing their economic, political, and spiritual engagement. It also explores the role of women in the family, education, entrepreneurship, and civil society institutions, as well as the factors influencing the formation of social responsibility. Based on national values, contemporary reforms, and international experience, the article substantiates the priority directions for realizing women's potential. The findings conclude that strengthening women's social responsibility is a key prerequisite for sustainable development, social cohesion, and the advancement of human capital. Furthermore, the study offers practical recommendations for improving cooperation among the state, civil society institutions, and educational organizations in this area.

THE SYSTEM OF STATE ADMINISTRATION AND ADMINISTRATIVE-RELIGIOUS OFFICES IN THE KHIVA KHANATE

2026-08-17T16:45:15+00:00

This article examines the system of state administration in the Khiva Khanate in the 19th century, the activities of court and administrative officials, as well as religious officials. It considers the territorial and administrative structure of the Khiva Khanate and analyzes the functions of its main officials, including inoq, naqib, ataliq, qushbegi, vizier, mehtar, divanbegi, yasavulboshi, mahram, mingboshi, yuzboshi, and onboshi. Information on the state and religious positions in the Khiva Khanate is presented on the basis of the works of travelers and researchers, particularly Vambery and Muravyov. The study demonstrates the interrelationship between political, administrative, and religious governance in the Khiva Khanate, as well as the central role of the khan’s authority in the state system.

CHANGES IN THE SOCIAL AND CULTURAL LIFE OF THE OASIS POPULATION (THE EXAMPLE OF KASHKADARYA, 1964-1985)

2026-09-02T16:34:22+00:00

The article describes the social and cultural life of the population of the Kashkadarya region of the Uzbek SSR in 1964-1985. During this period, changes in the life of the population in the region, processes that occurred in the social life of the population, the results achieved in the cultivation of agricultural products, as well as the state of health care and public education, were studied in detail. As a result of the beginning of the development of the Karshi steppe, the living conditions of the population improved to a certain extent. Many residential buildings and cultural and household facilities were built and put into operation in the regions. These processes are analyzed in detail in this article.