Oriental Journal of History, Politics and Law

PRELIMINARY PROTECTIVE MEASURES IN ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEEDINGS

Saidumar Rakhmatov — 2026-04-06

This article examines preliminary protective measures in administrative proceedings as an important instrument for ensuring effective judicial protection of the rights, freedoms, and legitimate interests of citizens and organizations. The legal nature of preliminary measures, their significance in the process of resolving administrative disputes, and the specific features of their application by courts are analyzed. Particular attention is paid to the objectives, grounds, and conditions for the application of preliminary protective measures, as well as their role in preventing possible harm to the applicant’s rights prior to the issuance of a final court decision. The issues of proportionality and justification in applying these measures are also considered, along with their impact on ensuring the principles of fairness and legality in administrative proceedings. The article further explores current trends in the development of the institution of preliminary protection and the challenges arising in its practical application.

THE ROLE OF CITIZENS’ SELF-GOVERNMENT BODIES IN PROTECTING CONSUMER RIGHTS IN THE DIGITAL ECONOMY

Khulkar Rajabova — 2026-04-06

This article examines the role of citizens’ self-government bodies in ensuring the protection of consumer rights in the context of the digital economy. The development of digital technologies, e-commerce, and online platforms significantly expands opportunities for consumers, but at the same time creates new risks associated with unfair practices, internet fraud, and violations of the rights of users of digital services. In these conditions, the participation of civil society institutions, particularly citizens’ self-government bodies, becomes especially important in improving the legal awareness of the population, informing citizens about consumer rights, and facilitating the protection of their legitimate interests. The article analyzes the main directions of participation of citizens’ self-government bodies in protecting consumer rights in the digital environment and proposes recommendations for improving cooperation between state authorities and citizens’ self-government bodies.

VIEWS OF THE UZBEKS OF THE FERGANA VALLEY RELATED TO THE CULT OF BLOOD

Shakhnoza Rakhimova — 2026-04-06

The article analyzes the views of the Uzbeks of the Fergana Valley related to the symbolism of blood. The main focus is on archaic ideas concerning the genesis of this sacred symbol, the attitude of the Uzbek people toward the cult of blood, and the reflection of this symbol in family and religious rituals.

EDUCATION AND CULTURAL CODE: THE TRANSFORMATION OF WOMEN IN DIGITAL UZBEK SOCIETY

Mohidil Muratalievna Ibrokhimova — 2026-04-06

This article presents a socio-philosophical analysis of education as a fundamental mechanism for shaping an individual's cultural code. Particular attention is paid to the role of family values in shaping personal identity, gender roles, and women's social activity. In the context of digital Uzbek society, the transformation of female identity is interpreted as the result of a complex interaction between education, family, and the digital environment. The study argues that the synthesis of traditional cultural codes and modern digital values is crucial for sustainable social development.

FEATURES OF THE ORGANIZATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE TRADE SYSTEM IN UZBEKISTAN DURING THE SOVIET PERIOD

Gavkhar Esanovna Muminova — 2026-04-06

This article provides a historical analysis of the organization and development of the trade system in Uzbekistan during the Soviet period. It examines the formation of the trade sector under a centralized planned economy, state control mechanisms, the specific features of the distribution system, and the methods of supplying the population with consumer goods.

RES JUDICATA IN INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL ARBITRATION: TOWARDS AN AUTONOMOUS APPROACH AND IMPLEMENTATION IN UZBEK LAW

Sherzodbek Makhmudovich Masadikov — 2026-04-06

The doctrine of res judicata, a fundamental principle ensuring the finality of judicial decisions, has become increasingly significant in international commercial arbitration as cross-border disputes proliferate and arbitration emerges as the preferred dispute resolution mechanism. This paper examines the application of res judicata to international arbitral awards, analyzing the tension between traditional domestic law approaches and emerging autonomous transnational principles. Through a comprehensive review of contemporary scholarship and arbitral practice, this research demonstrates that the current reliance on domestic law through conflict-of-laws analysis produces unpredictability and inconsistency, undermining the efficiency and certainty that parties seek in arbitration. The paper advocates for an autonomous approach grounded in party autonomy and arbitrators' inherent powers, proposing broad preclusive effects that encompass claim preclusion, issue preclusion, and abuse of process doctrines. The final section explores the implementation of these principles within Uzbekistan's evolving legal framework, offering recommendations for legislative reform and judicial practice to align Uzbek arbitration law with international best practices while respecting the country's civil law tradition.

HISTORY OF UZBEKISTAN'S MADRESAS AND ISSUES OF ACADEMIC FREEDOM

Umida Rakhmatovna Kudratova — 2026-04-06

This article analyzes the emergence, stages of development and role of madrasahs in the education system. It also covers the activities of madrasahs in Central Asia, particularly in Uzbekistan, their educational content, management system and social significance. The role of madrasahs in the development of not only religious but also secular sciences is substantiated.

PHILOSOPHICAL AND MORAL PROBLEMS OF THE SOCIAL SCIENCES IN NEW UZBEKISTAN

Farrukh Nasirdinovich Usmonov — 2026-04-06

This article provides a scientific and theoretical analysis of the philosophical and ethical problems of social sciences in the context of the New Uzbekistan. The study examines the processes of social modernization, the transformation of spiritual and moral values, new paradigms of the relationship between the individual and society, and the methodological foundations of social sciences. Particular attention is given to the preservation of national moral values in the context of globalization, the formation of civic consciousness, and the development of social responsibility. The article also highlights the role of social sciences in social development, their philosophical and methodological foundations, and their relationship with ethical principles.

IMPLEMENTATION OF THE LAW “ON TRANSITION TO UZBEK ORTHOGRAPHY BASED ON LATIN SCRIPT” DURING THE YEARS OF INDEPENDENCE

Ahmadjon Norbekov — 2026-04-06

This article examines the significance of implementing the law “On the Transition to the Uzbek Orthography Based on the Latin Script” during the years of independence in the political and social life of Uzbekistan. It also analyzes the existing problems of that period and the solutions to address them.

HISTORICAL-PHILOSOPHICAL BASIS OF TEACHING YOUTH CRAFTS

Javakhir Mahmudjonov — 2026-04-06

This article examines the role of crafts in the history of the peoples of the East from a socio-philosophical perspective. The advantages of crafts in social relations, economic and spiritual life of society are of great importance. This, in turn, reveals the necessity of national craft traditions for the development of society.

THE SOCIAL STATUS OF WOMEN IN TURKESTAN SOCIETY (based on the reports of K.K. Palen's senatorial audit. 1908-1909)

N.B. Makhmudova — 2026-04-06

The given article deals with the problems of significance and the role of the woman-Moslem, social status of the woman in Turkestan on the materials of the auditing of the senator K.K.Palen.

THE ROLE OF CONVERTIBLE LOAN AGREEMENTS IN BUSINESS FINANCING AND THEIR LEGAL REGULATION

Azizbek Rakhmatov — 2026-04-06

This article explores the legal nature of the Convertible Loan Agreement (CLA)—an innovative financing tool for startups—and the issues surrounding its implementation into the legislation of Uzbekistan. The primary objective of the study is to elucidate the theoretical and practical aspects of this "hybrid" institute, which emerges at the intersection of the law of obligations and corporate law. The article provides a detailed analysis of three fundamental elements that distinguish a CLA from a traditional loan: the conversion trigger, the valuation cap (deferred valuation mechanism), and the investor’s special non-proprietary powers. Interpreting the CLA based on the German legal concept of Gestaltungsrecht (transformative right), the author argues that it should be viewed not as a simple debt, but as an agreement for deferred corporate participation. The study compares the experiences of the United States, the United Kingdom, Germany, and Russia, while also examining critical norms for the startup ecosystem within EU Regulation 2017/1129 and Directive 2017/1132. As a scientific novelty, the article advocates for the introduction of the "Specific Performance" institute to guarantee the execution of CLAs in Uzbekistan’s legal system, emphasizes the importance of the "Most Favored Nation" (MFN) clause, and analyzes corporate restrictions in the assignment of rights process. In conclusion, the author provides specific proposals for improving the Civil Code and corporate legislation of the Republic of Uzbekistan, particularly by recognizing the CLA as a "mixed contract" and reducing bureaucratic barriers in the conversion process.

THE THEORY OF HUMAN COGNITION AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE TECHNOLOGIES

Jafar Shomirzayevich Mustafayev — 2026-04-06

This article discusses the results obtained in the sciences of artificial intelligence in the process of human cognition from an epistemological and epistemological perspective, the emotions of the individual, self-reflection, moral aspects of creative activity, human existence, the inextricable connection between human mental decision-making and the nature and status of human intelligence. The heuristic nature of the use of artificial intelligence in the formation of the initial spiritual and moral image of man, values in the theory of human cognition and artificial intelligence technologies, and scientific and technological development are revealed.

THE CATEGORY OF “CULTURAL PLURALISM” IN THE SOCIO-PHILOSOPHICAL ASPECT

Charoskhon Tojimirzaeva — 2026-04-06

This article examines the category of “cultural pluralism” as a fundamental object of socio-philosophical analysis. The author explores the transition from monocultural social models to pluralistic ones, analyzing the mechanisms of interaction between various ethnic, religious, and social groups. Special attention is paid to the dilemma between preserving a unique cultural identity and the necessity of social integration in the context of globalization. Cultural pluralism is interpreted not merely as the coexistence of differences but as an active strategy for social dialogue.

INTERPRETATION OF NATURAL ELEMENTS IN ANCIENT RELIGIOUS BELIEFS

Bakhtiyor Khalmuratov — 2026-04-06

This article presents ethnographic perspectives related to natural elements in shamanism, one of the ancient religious beliefs, as well as in its ritual attributes. It examines the nature-related aspects of shamanistic beliefs and highlights transformations in the ritual tools used by traditional healers (tabibs and bakhshis) operating in the Fergana Valley (whip, ash, water, fire, human hair, etc.).

ARTICLE TITLE: THE PHILOSOPHICAL AND METHODOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF SPIRITUAL AND MORAL VALUES IN ENSURING SOCIAL STABILITY AND SECURITY

Ikromjon Usarov — 2026-04-06

This article analyzes the role of spiritual and moral values in social life and their philosophical and methodological importance in ensuring social stability and security. The author emphasizes the necessity of fostering qualities such as stability, tolerance, and unity in human consciousness through the system of spirituality and ethics. Furthermore, the paper discusses the harmony between national and universal values, their role in youth education, and their interconnection with social security.

SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROCESSES IN THE TRADE SECTOR: A HISTORICAL APPROACH

Gavkhar Esanovna Muminova — 2026-04-06

This article examines socio-economic processes in the trade sector from a historical perspective. It explores the formation and development stages of trade relations and their role in the economic life of society. Based on archival documents, statistical data, and periodical sources, the study analyzes transformations in the trade system and their social implications. Particular attention is paid to the reinterpretation of these processes during the independence period using new methodological approaches.

YOUTH SUPPORT POLICY IN UZBEKISTAN DURING THE INITIAL STAGE OF INDEPENDENCE: LEGISLATIVE FOUNDATIONS AND INSTITUTIONAL MECHANISMS

Mamadali Toshpulatov — 2026-04-06

The article analyzes the legal foundations of youth support in the Republic of Uzbekistan during the initial stage of independence, as well as the practical mechanisms formed through state and public institutions and the stages of their development. It examines the regulatory framework of state youth policy in 1991-1999, the social protection of young people, the encouragement of talented youth, and measures aimed at strengthening entrepreneurship and vocational training. The study concludes that youth policy evolved from a general protection model into a targeted system focused on the development of human capital.

THE “TALIBAN” FACTOR IN THE MODERN FOREIGN POLICY OF INDIA: INTERESTS AND THREATS

Shoislom Akmalov — 2026-04-06

This article is devoted to the analysis of the role and significance of the Taliban factor in India's modern foreign policy. The article also examines how the Taliban's rise to power in Afghanistan has affected India's regional political strategy, as well as the political, economic, and security interests associated with this process. The article analyzes India's approaches to maintaining cooperation with Afghanistan, ensuring regional stability, and combating the threats of terrorism and extremism. The possibilities and threats created by the "Taliban" factor in India's foreign policy are also scientifically illuminated. The results of the study reveal India's pragmatic and cautious foreign policy towards Afghanistan and its role in regional geopolitical processes.

THE INTEGRATION OF SOCIAL KNOWLEDGE: PHILOSOPHICAL AND METHODOLOGICAL ASPECTS

Gulsarvinoz Aslamovna Berdikulova — 2026-04-06

This article provides a philosophical and methodological analysis of the integration of social knowledge. It substantiates the growing importance of interdisciplinary approaches in the context of globalization and increasing complexity of social processes. The integration of social knowledge is considered a key factor in achieving a comprehensive understanding of society, forming scientific truth, and improving social practice.

ELEMENTS OF THE THEORETICAL MODEL OF RESTRICTION OF THE RIGHT TO PERSONAL INVIOLABILITY IN CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS

Sardor Odilov — 2026-04-06

This article analyzes the legal nature of restriction of the right to personal inviolability in criminal proceedings and the main elements that make up its theoretical model. During the study, the fundamental principles of restriction of the right to personal inviolability, such as legality, necessity and proportionality, are considered as components of the theoretical model. The author emphasizes the role of judicial control in ensuring a balance between state interests (security and justice) and individual rights in criminal proceedings. The article systematizes legal grounds, procedural guarantees and limits of restriction as elements of the theoretical model of restriction of personal inviolability.

THE SOCIO-PHILOSOPHICAL NECESSITY OF FORMING YOUTH PHILOSOPHICAL WORLDVIEW IN THE ERA OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

Nargiza Ruzumbayevna Eshchanova — 2026-04-06

This article analyzes the socio-philosophical necessity of forming a philosophical worldview among young people in the context of the rapid development of artificial intelligence technologies. The study examines the new model of thinking emerging in the digital society, the influence of the technological environment on human cognitive processes, and the problems of developing information culture among youth.