Oriental Journal of History, Politics and Law

TRANSFORMATION OF THE EXTERNAL FUNCTIONS OF THE STATE IN THE POST-BIPOLAR PERIOD

Khusan Pulatovich Irismetov — Fri, 06 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The article is devoted to the analysis of the transformation of the external functions of the state in the post-bipolar period, characterized by changes in the structure of international relations following the end of the Cold War. The main directions of the evolution of the state’s external functions are examined in the context of globalization, increasing international interdependence, and the growing role of international organizations and international law. Special attention is paid to the expansion of the content of external functions through economic, humanitarian, environmental, and informational dimensions, as well as to changes in the balance between military power and diplomatic-legal mechanisms of influence. The study identifies the key factors that have influenced the transformation of the state’s external functions and analyzes contemporary trends in their implementation in a multipolar world. The conclusions obtained can be used for the theoretical understanding of modern foreign policy processes and for further research in the field of the theory of state and law.

RECONSTRUCTION PLAN AND CONSTRUCTION WORKS OF THE CITY OF JIZAKH (1991-2021)

D. T. Abdurasulova — Wed, 04 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This article states that during the years of independence, urban reconstruction work was carried out in the city of Jizzakh, that there was a need to adapt the old city to the requirements of the time, and that creating convenience for the population was the main criterion in the construction of the city of Jizzakh.

THE GLOBAL SIGNIFICANCE OF ENSURING YOUTH RIGHTS AND INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION

Gulnoza Norkulovna Khushmatova — Fri, 06 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The article provides a scientific and theoretical analysis of the global significance of ensuring youth rights, as well as their role in sustainable development, political stability, and the formation of human capital. It examines the international legal foundations, including key normative documents and the activities of institutions within the system of United Nations. Furthermore, the study highlights the importance of international cooperation mechanisms, youth policy indices, and regional integration processes. Based on the research findings, the necessity of improving the system for safeguarding youth rights through institutional, digital, and monitoring mechanisms is substantiated.

INTERCULTURAL DIALOGUES IN CONTEMPORARY PHILOSOPHY: EXCHANGE OF EXPERIENCE AND IDEAS BETWEEN DIFFERENT CULTURAL AND PHILOSOPHICAL TRADITIONS

Kamilya Nailevna Manasipova — Tue, 10 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This article analyzes the significance of intercultural dialogue in contemporary philosophy. It presents relevant and interesting aspects of theoretical research that seek to broaden understanding of philosophical problems and ideas, as well as promote understanding and mutual understanding between different cultural and philosophical traditions.

COVERAGE OF THE SOCIO-SPIRITUAL ENVIRONMENT IN THE SOURCES OF ANCIENT EASTERN CIVILIZATIONS: THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL FOUNDATIONS

Alisher Rizokulovich Atayev — Tue, 10 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This article analyzes how the socio-spiritual environment was shaped in the written sources of Ancient Eastern civilizations (Ancient Egypt, Sumer-Mesopotamia, Babylon, Ancient India, and Ancient China). It argues that the socio-spiritual environment functions as a stability-maintaining system through didactic instruction, legal “mandatory guarantees” (law and punishment), and moral-duty/justice concepts (dharma, humaneness). The paper concludes with an integrative stability model: “education + institutions + trust”..

DISTINCTIVE FEATURES OF THE SCHOLARLY HERITAGE OF THE SCHOLARS OF THE FERGANA SCHOOL OF FIQH

Odiljon Koriyev — Wed, 04 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The Article is dedicated to the analysis of the role of scholars of the Fergana school of Fiqh in development of one of the most important Islamic sciences - Fiqh. It is well-known that, scientific heritage of the scientists from Maverannahr which had the enormous influence in formation and development of Hanafy Fiqh not only in the region, but also in all the Muslim world. Such representatives of Fergana school of Fiqh as Fakhruddin Kadykhan, who was awarded ranks as the mujtahid of the third degree, Burhanuddin al-Marginani whose book under name of "al-Hidaya" have been already remained for ages as the desk book for the Faqihs and scientists working on Islamic law. The typical differences of Fergana school that they are clear and suitable categorization of the legal norms by proving them with ayats of Qur’an and Sunna of the Prophet.

HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE EXTERNAL FUNCTIONS OF THE STATE

Khusan Pulatovich Irismetov — Fri, 06 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The article examines the historical development of the external functions of the state in the context of the evolution of international relations and the transformation of statehood. It analyzes the process of formation and transformation of external functions at different stages of historical development—from ancient and medieval states to the modern stage of globalization. Particular attention is paid to such key external functions of the state as ensuring external security, diplomatic activity, foreign economic relations, participation in international organizations, and the maintenance of international legal order. The study reveals the dependence of the content and forms of implementation of external functions on the socio-economic system, the level of development of productive forces, the political regime, and the international environment. The article substantiates the conclusion that the external functions of the state are dynamic in nature and reflect both the internal needs of society and changes in the global system. The materials of the article can be used in scientific research on the theory of state and law, international law, as well as in the educational process in the study of state-legal disciplines.

MATERIAL LIABILITY OF AN EMPLOYEE TO THE EMPLOYER

Bahodir Mamasharifovich Hamrokulov — Tue, 10 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This article analyzes the institution of an employee’s material liability to the employer within the framework of the current labor legislation of the Republic of Uzbekistan. The article reveals the legal essence of the concept of material liability, identifies its types and the conditions for its application, and highlights the specific features of material legal relations arising between the parties to an employment contract. The study examines the theoretical foundations of the institution of an employee’s material liability to the employer, substantiates the legal significance of individual and collective agreements on full material liability, and scientifically explains the mechanisms for reviewing and resolving labor disputes related to material liability. Based on current regulatory legal acts and scientific approaches, the author’s conclusions are formulated.

ETHICS OF CARE IN EDUCATION: A PHILOSOPHICAL VIEW ON PEDAGOGICAL RELATIONSHIPS

Kamola Uskanbaevna Saidova — Tue, 10 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The article analyzes the ethics of care as a philosophical and pedagogical category that reveals new meanings in the relationship between teacher and student within the context of 21st-century humanistic and digital education. The study is based on the works of numerous authors, as well as on modern philosophical and pedagogical approaches grounded in phenomenology and hermeneutics. The purpose of the work is to provide a theoretical understanding of the ethics of care as the foundation of pedagogical relationships and to identify its transformative potential for contemporary educational practice. The research findings show that the ethics of care contributes to redefining the teacher’s role, strengthening empathic communication, and humanizing the educational process. The author emphasizes the need to maintain a balance between the teacher’s emotional involvement and professional boundaries, especially in the context of digital learning.

FUQAROLIK JAMIYATI VA DAVLAT: O‘ZARO HAMKORLIKNING MILLIY MODELI

Fazliddin Ataullayev — Tue, 10 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0000

In Uzbekistan, cooperation between civil society and the state plays a crucial role in democratic reforms and social stability. This article analyzes the development of civil society institutions, public oversight, the activities of non-governmental organizations, and the mechanisms of their cooperation with the state. The advantages and existing challenges of the national model—formed on the basis of a legal framework, open dialogue platforms, and principles of social partnership—are examined. The study finds that the development of civil society in Uzbekistan promotes greater public engagement, expands citizen participation in governance, and strengthens democratic values.