Oriental Journal of Social Sciences

THE ROLE AND SIGNIFICANCE OF THE JUYBORI KHOJAS IN THE DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS BETWEEN THE BUKHARA KHANATE AND INDIA

Azizbek Karimov — 2026-09-05

This article examines the role of the Juybari Khoja dynasty in diplomatic relations between the Bukhara Khanate and Mughal India in the 16th–17th centuries. Drawing on the primary source “Matlab al-Talibin,” it demonstrates that the Juybari Khojas functioned not only as religious authorities but also as political intermediaries and economic actors who strengthened ties between the two states.

ETHNIC COMPOSITION AND HISTORICAL ROOTS OF UZBEK CLANS AND TRIBES IN THE JIZZAKH OASIS

Kakhramon Oblakulovich Almanov — 2026-09-22

This article examines the ethnic composition, historical roots, and formation processes of Uzbek clans and tribes in the Jizzakh oasis. Particular attention is paid to the historical information concerning the “92 clans” of the Uzbek people, their origins, settlement patterns, and role in the ethnic history of the region. The study draws on historical and ethnographic sources to analyze the tribal structure of the Uzbek population and the historical development of individual clans in the Jizzakh oasis.

THE ROLE OF MUHYIDDIN IBN ARABI’S SCHOLARLY AND CREATIVE ACTIVITY IN THE HISTORY OF ISLAMIC THOUGHT

Mohlaroyim Yarashova — 2026-09-06

This article analyzes the scientific and creative activities of Muhyiddin Ibn Arabi, a great thinker of the Islamic world and theoretician of Sufi teachings. The thinker's philosophy of "Wahdat al-wujud" (Unity of Being), his views on the relationship between the universe, man, and God, as well as the contribution of his works "Fusus al-Hikam" and "Al-Futuhat al-Makkiyya" to the development of Islamic mysticism are revealed. Furthermore, the influence of Ibn Arabi's ideas on the Sufi schools of Transoxiana (Mawarannahr) is discussed.

ANALYSIS OF THE INCUBATION MODEL OF YOUTH POLICY IN DEVELOPING THE GOVERNANCE POTENTIAL OF UZBEKISTAN BASED ON THE EXPERIENCE OF FINLAND

Bobur Bakhromovich Farmanov — 2026-09-06

The article analyzes the youth policy incubation model as a mechanism for developing state governance potential. Using comparative institutional analysis, Finland’s experience is compared with reforms in Uzbekistan. The study proposes the Youth Governance Potential Index (YGPI) and shows that Uzbekistan’s youth infrastructure is not yet sufficiently transformed into stable institutional representation.

THE SOCIO-PHILOSOPHICAL ISSUES OF APPLYING SCIENTISTIC TECHNOLOGIES IN ENHANCING THE INTELLECTUAL POTENTIAL OF YOUTH

Umidjon Usmanovich Abdurakhmonov — 2026-09-30

This article provides a comprehensive socio-philosophical analysis of the use of scientistic technologies to enhance the intellectual potential of young people. It explores the potential of scientific and technological approaches to fostering cognitive development, independent and critical thinking, creative capacities, and intellectual engagement among youth. Particular attention is given to the need to maintain an appropriate balance between modern technological tools and the inherent intellectual capabilities of individuals in the process of developing and strengthening the intellectual potential of young people.

THE KARMANA (MIRZACHORBOG‘) PALACE DURING THE MANGHIT EMIRATE: HISTORY AND ARCHITECTURAL FEATURES

Gulmira Murodova — 2026-09-06

This article scientifically analyzes the historical-geographical localization of the 16 sacred lands mentioned in the first chapter of the Avesta’s Videvdat (Vendidad). Contrary to traditional Pahlavi sources associating the Zoroastrian homeland primarily with the Iranian plateau, this study introduces a novel approach using detailed textual, geographical, and recent archaeological evidence. The research effectively demonstrates these specific countries form four logical geographic chains starting directly from the Pamir region: extending along the Amu Darya, the Hindu Kush foothills, and the eastern borders. Ultimately, the study confidently concludes the Videvdat list completely excludes the Iranian plateau, suggesting the original text was likely composed in Southern Afghanistan around the mid-6th century BC.

THE DEVELOPMENT OF WOMEN’S LABOR ACTIVITIES AND PROFESSIONAL TRAINING IN THE SERICULTURE SECTOR IN UZBEKISTAN IN THE 1920s–1930s

Islomjon Urinov — 2026-09-22

The article analyzes the state policy aimed at attracting women to the silk industry in Uzbekistan in the 1920s and 1930s, developing their labor activity and professional training. Also, the participation of women in the industry and the process of training national personnel are highlighted using the example of the activities of the "Turkshelk" society, women's courses, silk technical school and new industrial enterprises. The results of the study show that increasing women's labor activity and professional skills played an important role in the development of the silk industry.

ON THE BEADS OF BURGUT-KALA

Gulnoz Bakhtiyorovna Matnazarova — 2026-09-06

The article analyzes the beads discovered at Burgut-kala, one of the early medieval cultural and economic centers on the right bank of the Amu Darya River. The research examines the technological features of these archaeological finds and their significance in the development of the oasis's jewelry craft.

THE FORMATION OF THE HEALTHCARE SYSTEM IN THE SURKHANDARYA REGION AND THE ESTABLISHMENT OF AN INSTITUTIONAL NETWORK FOR MALARIA CONTROL (1930–1945)

Utkir Tashmurodovich Khudoyberdiyev — 2026-09-30

Based on historical sources, the article analyzes the formation of the Soviet health care system in the Surkhandarya region in 1930–1945 and the emergence of an institutional network for combating malaria – malaria stations and posts, hydrotechnical and epidemiological services. The natural and geographical conditions of the region, irrigation construction and population migration are considered as factors that influenced the epidemiology of malaria. The experience of adapting the medical network to wartime tasks under shortages of personnel and medicines is highlighted. The research results serve as an important source for studying the regional history of medicine.

TRANSFORMATION PROCESSES IN THE RESETTLEMENT POLICY OF THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE IN THE LATE 19TH AND EARLY 20TH CENTURIES

Sh.V. Temirova — 2026-09-06

This article examines the socio-political processes in Turkestan during the colonial period of the Russian Empire, with particular attention to the historical development and historiographical interpretation of Russia’s conquest and colonial rule in Central Asia. The study analyzes the impact of the colonial regime on the social structure, economic conditions, national relations, and way of life of the indigenous population. Particular emphasis is placed on the policy of resettling the population from the Russian Empire to Turkestan in the second half of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, its colonial objectives, and its socio-political consequences. The article provides a comparative analysis of pre-revolutionary Russian, Soviet, post-independence Uzbek, and foreign historiography, identifying the ideological and methodological limitations that influenced interpretations of the colonial period. It also considers the role of political émigré scholars, including Mustafa Chokay, Boymirza Hayit, and Zeki Velidi Togan, in developing alternative interpretations of Russian imperial policy in Turkestan. The study argues for the necessity of an objective and systematic reassessment of the colonial period based on contemporary methodological approaches, distinguishing between genuine social and economic transformations and the negative consequences of imperial domination. Such an approach contributes to a more comprehensive understanding of Turkestan’s socio-political history and the complex legacy of Russian colonial rule.

A TREATISE PROMOTING HARMONY

Gulchikhra Nigmatovna Navruzova — 2026-09-17

This article presents a philosophical analysis of the essence and content of Risolayi Rahnamoyi Uqdakusho – “A Treatise Guiding the Resolution of Spiritual Knots” by Jalal Hiravi, a work that elucidates the path of spiritual perfection characteristic of the Khojagan and Naqshbandi Sufi traditions.

HISTORIOGRAPHY OF THE HISTORY OF EXCHANGE INSTITUTIONS IN UZBEKISTAN

Anvar Allayarovich Khidirov — 2026-09-06

The article analyzes the history of the formation and development of exchange institutions in Uzbekistan, their role in the system of economic relations, and the coverage of these processes in historiography. Based on historical sources and scholarly literature, the study examines the emergence of exchange institutions, the development of market infrastructure, and the formation of the institutional foundations of exchange activities during the years of independence. In addition, the main research directions, approaches, and scholarly findings related to the subject are analyzed, and current issues in studying the history of exchange institutions in Uzbekistan are identified.

INTERPRETATIONS OF WOMEN’S EDUCATION IN TURKESTAN IN SOVIET, INDEPENDENCE PERIOD AND FOREIGN STUDIES

Khabibullo Khoji Muhammadyusuf — 2026-09-22

The article analyzes the historiographical interpretation of women’s education in Turkestan in Soviet, independence-period and foreign scholarship. It examines how Soviet works interpreted the issue through class-based and ideological frameworks, while studies produced after independence reassessed women’s education through national historical experience, the Jadid heritage and processes of social modernization. Foreign scholarship is considered in terms of its approaches to the social status of Turkestan women, their involvement in education and the consequences of Soviet modernization. The article identifies the achievements, methodological limitations and promising directions of the existing historiographical tradition.

HISTORICAL AND PHILOSOPHICAL ROOTS OF SPIRITUAL AND ENLIGHTENMENT DEVELOPMENT

Sanoat Rahmonova — 2026-09-06

This article analyzes the historical and philosophical roots of spiritual and enlightenment development, as well as the stages of its formation and development from a socio-philosophical perspective. It explores the essence and significance of such concepts as spiritual development of the individual, knowledge and enlightenment, morality, justice, and goodness in the history of philosophical thought. The philosophical thought of the Ancient East and Antiquity, as well as the spiritual and enlightenment views of thinkers of Central Asia, are analyzed. The ideas of Abu Nasr al-Farabi, Abu Rayhan al-Biruni, Abu Ali ibn Sina, Yusuf Khos Hajib, and Alisher Navoi concerning knowledge, enlightenment, the perfect human being, morality, and social development are examined as historical and philosophical foundations of spiritual and enlightenment development.

WORK ETHICS AND DILIGENCE: AS FACTORS OF PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT AND NATIONAL PROGRESS

B. E. Toshboyev — 2026-09-17

This article discusses the role of work ethic and diligence in personal development and the country's progress, and presents views on the current state of attitudes toward labor in our country and ways to address it. It also examines the socio-historical roots of diligence and substantiates the significance of the Islamic factor in this process.

HUMANISM IN EASTERN PHILOSOPHY: THE TRADITIONS OF CONFUCIUS, BUDDHA, AL-FARABI, AND AVICENNA

Umid Kadrbayevich Burliyev — 2026-09-05

This article examines the formation and development of humanistic ideas in Eastern philosophy through a comparative analysis of the philosophical views of Confucius, Buddha, Abu Nasr al-Farabi, and Avicenna. It explores the essence of humanistic principles associated with the spiritual and moral development of the individual, virtue, justice, knowledge, tolerance, social responsibility, and the pursuit of perfection. The study analyzes the common and distinctive features of these thinkers’ conceptions of human–society relations, moral virtues, and the ideal of the virtuous and perfect human being, while also substantiating their theoretical significance for the development of contemporary humanistic thought.

THE REGULATORY AND LEGAL FOUNDATIONS OF GOVERNANCE IN THE FERGANA OBLAST: A HISTORICAL-LEGAL ANALYSIS (1876–1917)

Mushtariybegim Raupova — 2026-09-23

This article provides a historical-legal analysis of the regulatory and legal foundations of governance in the Fergana Oblast between 1876 and 1917. Particular attention is paid to the normative acts of the Russian Empire that regulated the administrative system of Turkestan, especially the 1886 “Regulations on the Administration of the Turkestan Region.” The legal status and powers of the military governor, uyezd chiefs, volost administrators, and lower-level administrative bodies are examined. The study also considers the relationship between the formally established administrative model and its practical implementation and identifies the stages of initial formation, legal centralization, and subsequent administrative refinement.

PRESERVING BUKHARA’S ISLAMIC HERITAGE AS A FACTOR IN CONTEMPORARY DEVELOPMENT: A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF SOVIET HISTORIOGRAPHY (1950S–1980S)

Sukhrob Yusupovich Karimov — 2026-09-06

The article analyzes the historiography of the Soviet state's policy towards religious life and Islamic institutions in the Bukhara oasis in 1950–1980. The role of Soviet scholars' research (ethnographic and atheistic directions), despite being written under ideological pressure, in studying the hidden religious life in Bukhara is examined. The role of the Bukhara oasis in preserving the heritage of Islamic civilization is highlighted as an object of Soviet historiography.

INTERNATIONAL MILITARY AND MILITARY-TECHNICAL COOPERATION: CHALLENGES AND PROMISING DIRECTIONS BASED ON THE EXPERIENCE OF UZBEKISTAN, THE CIS AND FOREIGN COUNTRIES

Odilbek Oblokulov — 2026-09-17

The article examines the current state of Uzbekistan’s international military and military-technical cooperation with CIS countries, Türkiye, Pakistan and other foreign partners. It analyses major trends, challenges and prospective areas of cooperation amid the transformation of modern warfare and the growing role of artificial intelligence, unmanned systems, digital command and control, cyber technologies and precision weapons.

The study argues that military-technical cooperation should move beyond a predominantly procurement-oriented model towards an approach based on diversification, technology transfer, localization, service infrastructure, national human-capital development and strengthening the domestic defence-industrial base. The author proposes the concept of “Diversification – Technology Transfer – National Capability” and a corresponding 3D model.

POSTWAR RECOVERY AND DEVELOPMENT OF AGRICULTURE IN KALININ DISTRICT OF TASHKENT REGION: THE CASE OF THE “40TH ANNIVERSARY OF THE UZBEK SSR” COLLECTIVE FARM (1945–1971)

Alisher Azizovich Gulyamov — 2026-09-06

The article examines the post-war reconstruction and subsequent development of Uzbekistan's agriculture in 1945–1971 through the example of a local kolkhoz in the Kalinin (present-day Zangiota) district of Tashkent region. Drawing on a local source, it discusses the post-war reconstruction process, the consolidation of small farms following the 1948 and 1950 government decrees, technical development and mechanization of production in the 1960s, and the farm's specialization in viticulture and vegetable-potato growing. According to the findings, by the late 1960s income from viticulture accounted for 45 percent of the farm's total income. The study is based on the analysis of a primary descriptive-documentary source and aims to show the mechanism through which republic-wide policy was implemented at the local level.

THE ESTABLISHMENT OF PUBLIC SERVICE CENTERS AND THE HISTORICAL TRANSFORMATION OF THE LEGAL SERVICES SYSTEM FOR THE POPULATION IN SURKHONDARYO REGION (2017–2025)

Khaitmurat Mamanarov — 2026-09-27

В статье анализируются создание Центров государственных услуг в 2017–2025 годах и их историческая роль в преобразовании системы оказания правовых услуг населению Сурхандарьинской области. В исследовании Центры государственных услуг рассматриваются не только как административные пункты приема заявлений, но и как институциональный механизм, связывающий органы юстиции, местное управление, правовые потребности населения, электронное правительство и культуру предоставления услуг, ориентированную на граждан. Демографический рост Сурхандарьинской области, высокая доля сельского населения, удаленность районов друг от друга, трудовая миграция, семейно-правовые отношения и предпринимательская активность оцениваются как основные факторы, усилившие спрос на государственные услуги. В статье в качестве основных правовых источников трансформации системы государственных услуг проанализированы Указ Президента № ПФ-5278 от 12 декабря 2017 года, Постановление № ПҚ-3430, Указ Президента № ПФ-6269 от 2021 года, Указ Президента № ПФ-113 от 2022 года, а также Указ Президента № ПФ-80 от 2024 года. В результате обосновано, что Центры государственных услуг вывели на новый этап практику документооборота, приема обращений, межведомственного электронного взаимодействия и консультирования населения в Сурхандарьинской области, однако сохраняется необходимость усиления региональной статистики, мобильных услуг, цифровой грамотности и мониторинга качества.

THE PARTICIPATION OF WOMEN IN PRODUCTION AND INDUSTRIAL SECTORS IN SAMARKAND REGION IN THE 1920S–1930S

Saodat Bozorboyevna Abdujabborova — 2026-09-06

This article analyzes the participation of women in the production and industrial sectors of the Samarkand Region during the 1920s and 1930s based on historical sources, archival documents, and statistical data. The study examines the main directions of women's involvement in production within the framework of the Soviet industrialization policy, as well as their employment at industrial enterprises, handicraft cooperatives, and artels. Particular attention is paid to women's vocational training, professional development, their share in industrial production, and the socio-economic factors that influenced their labor activities. The findings demonstrate that women's participation in the production and industrial sectors of the Samarkand Region constituted an integral part of the Soviet industrialization policy, contributing to increased economic activity while simultaneously giving rise to a number of social challenges related to working conditions and social welfare.

THE ROLE OF WOMEN IN THE FORMATION OF FAMILY RELATIONS IN THE FERGANA VALLEY

Xayitkhon Makhammadjonovna Ismoilova — 2026-09-30

This article examines the role of women in the formation of family relations in the Fergana Valley and describes their current status and position in society. Based on the scientific and cultural heritage of Eastern thinkers, the study provides a philosophical analysis of their views on the principles of family life, the culture of interpersonal relations within the family, relationships between men and women, women’s responsibilities in the family, and the formation of human virtues.

THE KARMANA (MIRZACHORBOG‘) PALACE DURING THE MANGHIT EMIRATE: HISTORY AND ARCHITECTURAL FEATURES

Feruz Sayfutdinov — 2026-09-06

This article analyzes the historical and political significance of Karmana, one of the ancient cities of the Zarafshan Valley, during the rule of the Manghit dynasty (1756–1920), as well as the construction history and architectural features of Mirzachorbog Palace, an emirate residence built in Karmana during this period. The study examines Karmana’s role in the administrative system of the Emirate of Bukhara during its final stage, the founders of the palace, its artistic decorations, and its fate in the 20th–21st centuries. These aspects are explored on the basis of classical and contemporary scholarly and historical literature, as well as archival and official sources.

PHILOSOPHICAL ANALYSIS OF THE CATEGORIES OF CHANCE AND NECESSITY IN THE HERITAGE OF CENTRAL ASIAN THINKERS

Yunusjon Yusubboevich Isomiddinov — 2026-09-22

This article presents an analysis of the category of chance (contingency) and its role in the process of cognition in the works of Central Asian thinkers (Abu Nasr al-Farabi, Abu Rayhan al-Biruni, Abu Ali ibn Sina, and Yusuf Khass Hajib). In contrast to the Eurocentric approaches of the Soviet period, the unique views of Eastern scholars on the dialectical relationship between chance and necessity, the causes of chance (internal and external factors), and its socio-psychological and philosophical significance in human and social life are thoroughly revealed. The thinkers' views are substantiated through real-life examples and textual quotations, presented in the form of generalized conclusions.

THE MAIN FEATURES OF THE PHILOSOPHY OF THE EASTERN RENAISSANCE

Lalikhon Mukhamedjanova — 2026-09-06

This article explores the main features of the philosophy of the Eastern Renaissance. Based on the ideas of prominent scholars such as al-Farabi, Avicenna (Ibn Sina), and al-Biruni, the philosophical legacy of the era and its influence on modern science are analyzed. The study employs historical-philosophical and comparative methods. The findings reveal that Eastern Renaissance philosophy is distinguished by the harmony of science and religion, humanism, rationalism, and universality.

ON THE HISTORY OF THE FIGHT AGAINST INFECTIOUS DISEASES IN UZBEKISTAN DURING THE YEARS OF THE SECOND WORLD WAR

Rukhiddin Kh. Patkhiddinov — 2026-09-22

Drawing on archival documents and scholarly literature, this article analyzes the sanitary-epidemiological situation in Uzbekistan during the Second World War and the impact of infectious diseases on the socio-economic life of the population. It examines the wartime policy of accelerated training of medical personnel, changes in the number and ethnic composition of physicians, and the shortage of specialists in the sanitary-epidemiological service. The article describes the measures taken to prevent epidemics among the evacuated population: isolation wards on evacuation trains, sanitary treatment at evacuation centres, compulsory vaccination and the creation of sanitary-epidemiological teams. Based on statistical data for 1940–1944, it analyzes the dynamics of infectious diseases and shows that, despite these measures, morbidity increased during the war years, while malaria remained the most widespread disease. The article argues that Soviet sanitary-epidemiological policy in wartime was closely linked to the need to preserve labour resources.

ANALYSIS OF SOCIO-POLITICAL PROCESSES IN TURKESTAN IN CHULPON’S WORKS

Mohigul Mukhamedovna Gadayeva — 2026-09-06

The article examines the representation of the complex socio-political processes of Turkestan in the early twentieth century in the works of Abdulhamid Chulpon. Using historical-literary and comparative analytical approaches, the study analyzes the writer’s poetry, prose, journalism and drama. Particular attention is paid to colonial rule, national awakening, Jadidism, enlightenment, national identity, freedom and social inequality. The analysis focuses on “Adabiyot nadur?”, “Vatanimiz Turkistonda temir yo‘llar”, “Qurboni jaholat”, “Buloqlar”, “Tong sirlari” and “Kecha va kunduz”. The study demonstrates that Chulpon did not merely describe historical events; he interpreted social and political transformations through the psychological condition of individuals, national consciousness, enlightenment and the aspiration for freedom. Chulpon’s literary heritage is therefore significant not only for Uzbek literary studies but also for understanding the socio-cultural history of Turkestan.

POLITICIZATION OF THE RELIGIOUS FACTOR IN GERMANY: ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE ACTIVITIES OF POLITICAL PARTIES AND STATE INSTITUTIONS

Aziza Aziza Rustamovna Nosirova — 2026-09-17

In this article, the processes of politicization of the religious factor within the framework of political processes and institutional practice in modern Germany are analyzed in general nazagiu and practical terms. The study examines the attitude of the leading political forces in the country to migration and religious diversity, the mechanisms of managing socio-political conflicts while maintaining the principle of secularism of state institutions. There has also been scholarly coverage of the growing number of religious xenophobic manifestations in society and their tendencies to influence political discourse as well as electoral processes.

THE ROLE OF THE FAMILY AND CIVIL SOCIETY INSTITUTIONS IN SHAPING YOUNG PEOPLE’S CREATIVE AND CONSTRUCTIVE ATTITUDES TOWARD WORK: A SOCIO-PHILOSOPHICAL ANALYSIS IN THE CONTEXT OF NEW UZBEKISTAN

Ilkhom Mustafoyevich Rajabov — 2026-09-06

The article provides a socio-philosophical analysis of the role of family and civil society institutions in shaping young people’s creative and constructive attitudes toward work in the context of contemporary global transformations and the New Uzbekistan. Attitudes toward work are conceptualized not merely as outcomes of individual motivation but as the result of a complex process of socialization involving the family, mahalla, education, non-governmental non-profit organizations, volunteering, peer environments, and digital communication spaces. Drawing on Pierre Bourdieu’s concept of habitus, the study develops the notion of “labor habitus”.

THEORETICAL AND METHODOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS OF THE PHENOMENON OF COMMUNICATION

Mutallib Amirkulovich Rakhimov — 2026-09-22

This article analyzes the role of the culture of reading in the personal and social development of a modern person from a philosophical and pedagogical point of view. Communication is considered not only as a means of acquiring knowledge, but also as a complex cultural phenomenon that stimulates the processes of free thinking and creative thinking. The culture of communication is further socialized through reading and is a complex cultural process that has formed in social life after the period of early literacy, when people try to understand the world they live in through sources and with the help of scientific methods of knowledge. Communication and its manifestations are scientifically analyzed in this article.

“PROBLEMS IN LIVESTOCK FARMING IN UZBEKISTAN AND REFORMS TO ADDRESS THEM (2017–2020)”

Bekali Bahodirovich Muyiddinov — 2026-09-06

The article covers the state of the livestock sector in Uzbekistan, the dynamics of livestock production, problems in livestock farming, and reforms aimed at solving them.

THE GENESIS OF NATIONAL STATEHOOD AND IDENTITY IN CENTRAL ASIA

Husanjon Toshmurodov — 2026-09-12

This article examines the genesis оf natiоnal statehооd and identity in Central Asia thrоugh a histоrical-cоmparative and cоnstructivist methоdоlоgy. The study traces the emergence оf mоdern natiоn-states in the regiоn as a three-stage prоcess: pre-Sоviet territоrial and religiоus identities, Sоviet-era natiоnal-territоrial delimitatiоn and institutiоnal “natiоn-building,” and the fоrmatiоn оf natiоnal-statehооd ideоlоgy during the independence periоd. Drawing оn the wоrks оf Adeeb Khalid, Оlivier Rоy, Laura Adams, Benedict Andersоn, Ernest Gellner, Rоgers Brubaker, as well as Uzbek schоlars D. Alimоva and A. Ilkhamоv, the article argues that the mоdern natiоnal identity оf Central Asian peоples - particularly Uzbeks - was institutiоnally shaped after the 1924 natiоnal-territоrial delimitatiоn, yet this prоcess was nоt detached frоm the regiоn’s centuries-lоng statehооd and cultural heritage but built upоn it.