This article develops a theoretical typology of public (people-to-people) diplomacy by classifying its initiatives based on directionality (bottom-up and top-down) and their relationship to state policies (complementary, supplementary, adversarial). The study explores the vectors of communication and their potential to influence foreign policy. A two-dimensional model is presented to explain the complexity of P2P diplomatic interactions and to provide a theoretical framework for analyzing their roles in contemporary international relations. The research offers valuable insights into the positioning and strategic implications of non-state diplomacy.

public diplomacy, typology, P2P communication, complementary model, supplementary model, adversarial initiative, strategic influence.

Kadir Jun Ayhan A Typology of People-to-People Diplomacy Published on USC Center on Public Diplomacy (https://uscpublicdiplomacy.org) Nov 04, 2020 P. 1-4

Kadir Ayhan. Branding Korea as “My Friend's Country”: The Case of VANK’s Cyber Public Diplomats / KOREA OBSERVER, Vol. 49, No. 1, Spring 2018, pp.51-81 © 2018 by INSTITUTE OF KOREAN STUDIES. https://doi.org/10.29152/KOIKS.2018.49.1.51

Kadir Jun Ayhan. A Typology of People-to-People Diplomacy Published on USC Center on Public Diplomacy (https://uscpublicdiplomacy.org) Nov 04, 2020 P. 3

Juyan Zhang, Brecken Chinn Swartz. Toward a model of NGO media diplomacy in the Internet age: Case study of Washington Profile / Public Relations Review Volume 35, Issue 1, March 2009, Pages 47-55

Alexander Wendt. An emergent, holistic but flat ontology from Part V - The agent-structure problem redux Published online by Cambridge University Press: 05 May 2015

Geun Lee and Kadir Ayhan. Why Do We Need Non-state Actors in Public Diplomacy?: Theoretical Discussion of Relational, Networked and Collaborative Public Diplomacy June 2015 International Journal of Area Studies 22(1):P. 57-77

T.Ogawa. New Frontiers in Relational Public Diplomacy Collaborative Cultural Initiatives in Peace Building

Book Relational, Networked and Collaborative Approaches to Public Diplomacy Edition1st Edition First published2013 Imprint Routledge P.15 eBook ISBN9780203082430

Seong-Hun Yun and Elizabeth L. Toth Future Sociological Public Diplomacy and the Role of Public Relations: Evolution of Public Diplomacy View all authors and affiliations Volume 53, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764209347626 1987.