The article provides a comprehensive analysis of the legal nature of alimony obligations between spouses, the grounds for their emergence, and the procedures and conditions established by the Family Code of the Republic of Uzbekistan. The author examines the spouses’ duty of mutual material support, the voluntary and judicial mechanisms of alimony recovery, the alimony rights of former spouses, and the legal consequences of failure to fulfil the obligation. Certain problems of judicial practice are highlighted, and scientific and practical proposals for improving family legislation are formulated.

This article systematically analyzes the source-studying significance of the scholarly heritage of the great encyclopedist Abu Rayhon Beruni in studying the history of the Middle Ages. The historical, ethnographic, and chronological data presented in the scientist's fundamental works such as "Chronology of Ancient Nations", "India", and "Al-Qanun al-Mas'udi" are evaluated as primary sources. Beruni's objective approach to reality, his methodology of comparative analysis of calendars, religious beliefs, and social systems of different peoples are highlighted based on archival materials and modern historiographical research.

This article proposes to classify the sociocultural foundations of the issue of historical identity and social solidarity in modern society, concretize the features of the manifestation of historical identity and social solidarity, demonstrate the combination of historical identity and social solidarity in modern society, harmonize historical identity and social solidarity in modern society proposals and recommendations for the development of recommendations.

This article analyzes the interrelationship between the processes of socialization and desocialization in the information space from a socio-philosophical perspective. It substantiates that the development of information and communication technologies, while expanding opportunities for an individual's integration into society, may also contribute to distancing individuals from real social relations. The study highlights the impact of the information space on personality development, communicative relations, and social activity.

This article analyzes the evolution of moral thinking in the age of artificial intelligence from philosophical, social, and axiological perspectives. It examines how digital technologies influence decision-making culture, the understanding of responsibility, the criteria of justice and transparency, and the individual’s spiritual and moral self-position. Artificial intelligence is interpreted not merely as a technical instrument but as a civilizational phenomenon that reorganizes humanity’s moral choices. The article highlights issues of algorithmic decision-making, data ethics, human oversight, digital subjectivity, responsibility, and social trust in connection with the historical development of ethical consciousness.

This article examines the specific features of the genesis of Islam in Afghanistan and its coexistence with the state apparatus under the prevailing influences of Pashtun nationalism and tribalism.

This article offers a social-anthropological analysis of environmental justice in the cities of Central Asia. Drawing on the case of Tashkent in comparison with Almaty, Bishkek and the Aral Sea region (Karakalpakstan), it examines how environmental goods and burdens are distributed among social groups and territories of the post-Soviet space. Applying David Schlosberg’s three-pillar model of environmental justice (distributive, procedural and recognition justice) together with the capabilities approach, the author argues that air pollution, the loss of green space and unequal access to a clean environment should be treated not as technical but as structural and political problems. The study concludes that the legacy of Soviet planning, post-Soviet developer-driven urbanisation and the weakness of participatory procedures generate durable forms of environmental inequality, felt most acutely at the periphery - both intra-urban and inter-regional.

This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the interaction between national values and universal aesthetic wealth, including the culture, customs, and traditions of different peoples, in the process of enhancing personal spirituality. It also scientifically and theoretically substantiates the impact of aesthetic and artistic education on personal development, as well as its role in social and cultural progress.

This article analyzes the historical formation, development stages, and possibilities of applying Malaysia’s policy of attracting foreign investment to small business in the context of Uzbekistan. The study examines Malaysia’s post-independence path of economic development, industrialization policy, establishment of free economic zones, export-oriented production, inflow of foreign capital, and mechanisms of investment cooperation with local small and medium-sized enterprises. Special attention is paid to the integration of small businesses into international production chains, the strengthening of technology transfer, and the enhancement of local entrepreneurial capacity. The article substantiates the significance of Malaysia’s historical experience for the economy of Uzbekistan, particularly in attracting foreign investment to small business, developing industrial zones, expanding export potential, and supporting local business entities in entering international markets.

The article highlights the ways of using people’s diplomacy in strengthening interethnic relations in Uzbekistan. Interethnic harmony and its constitutional foundations, as well as the role of the mahalla institution, the Committee on Interethnic Relations, the “Vatandoshlar” Foundation, national cultural centers, and festivals in this sphere are analyzed.

This article analyzes the transition from radicalism to terrorism as a socio-philosophical transformation of violence. It explores the essence and meaning of the concepts of radicalism, radicalization, extremism, and terrorism, as well as their interconnection. The article argues that terrorism is not an independent phenomenon, but rather a complex social process that transforms radical ideas into extremist activities and systemic violence. It also examines the role that the radicalization of collective identity, the legitimization of violence, and political alienation play in the formation of terrorism.

This article examines the source value of periodical publications, with particular emphasis on the role of the French-language periodical press as an important primary source for the historiography and source studies of Uzbekistan. The study provides an in-depth analysis of the informational and scholarly potential of French periodicals in covering various aspects of Uzbekistan’s material culture and historical heritage. Furthermore, the article highlights the place and significance of Uzbekistan’s cultural heritage in world civilization and reveals how large-scale activities aimed at its preservation, conservation, restoration, and promotion have been reflected in French periodical publications.

This article discusses the protection of human rights in the context of a social state, international experiences, and innovative strategies. The study examines the essence of the social state based on classical and modern scientific approaches. It also highlights the functional role of the state in ensuring human rights. Moreover, the experiences of European, North American, and Asian countries are comparatively analyzed to identify effective strategies for the protection of human rights.

This article analyzes the socio-political requirements of the Stalinist nomenclature system in Uzbekistan in 1925–1940 for national leadership personnel and their practical expression on a scientific basis. The article reveals that the nomenclature system strictly controlled the activities of local leadership personnel, limited their ability to make independent decisions, and artificially regulated their socio-political activity. It also substantiates the fact that the attitude of distrust towards national personnel, the practice of constantly keeping them under ideological control and political control, became systemic.

This article analyzes the spiritual, moral, and social foundations of the high respect accorded to women in the holy religion of Islam. Drawing upon the Holy Qur’an and the Hadiths, it highlights the role of women in the family and society, their rights and freedoms, dignity, and responsibilities as educators. The study also examines the significance of the Islamic principles of respect and care for women in educating the younger generation in the spirit of national and spiritual values in contemporary society.

This article analyzes the philosophical and ethical dimensions of the complex relationship between cybersecurity and human dignity in the context of accelerating digital transformation processes. In the 21st century, the widespread integration of information and communication technologies into all spheres of life has generated new interpretations of human freedom, privacy, information security, and human rights. The study examines the philosophical evolution of the concept of human dignity, the ethical foundations of cybersecurity policies, and the impact of digital surveillance on human rights. It also explores the effects of artificial intelligence, Big Data, algorithmic governance, and cyber-surveillance systems on human autonomy and freedom. The findings indicate that maintaining a balance between ensuring cybersecurity and protecting human dignity is one of the central ethical challenges of the digital society. Addressing this challenge requires the development of human-centered technologies, the strengthening of ethical governance principles, and the improvement of legal mechanisms.

This article examines the views of the Turkestan Jadids on the national literary language and their role in shaping Uzbek national consciousness. The study analyzes Jadid reforms in the fields of language, education, and print culture, focusing on their efforts to promote mother-tongue education and standardize the Turkic literary language. It also explores Jadid intellectual activities within the broader context of Russian colonial policies, Pan-Turkism, and regional linguistic developments. The article highlights the ideas of prominent Jadid figures such as Mahmudhoja Behbudi, Abdullah Avloni, Abdurauf Fitrat, and Hoji Muin regarding language and national identity, emphasizing their historical contribution to the emergence of modern Uzbek national consciousness.

This article examines the fundamental concepts of international criminal law based on the Statute of the International Criminal Court. It highlights key points from this normative document and describes military situations, as well as certain crimes in international criminal law. It provides definitions of terms such as subjects of international criminal law, their subjective and objective aspects, specific understandings of crime, the status of military or quasi-military commanders in certain situations, and the status and protection of civilians during military operations. The issue of the culpability and responsibility of minors in international criminal law is also addressed.

This article analyzes the relevance of the issue of working with young families, which is one of the priority areas of modern social policy, from a scientific and theoretical perspective. Within the framework of the state's social policy, strategic measures aimed at improving the socio-economic situation of young families, providing them with comprehensive support, improving employment, housing conditions, and ensuring equal access to education and healthcare are considered. The article also analyzes the role and significance of regulatory legal acts, social programs, benefits and subsidies adopted by the state in strengthening the role of young families in modern society. Based on scientific sources, statistical data, and practical examples, important factors for increasing efficiency in developing the social protection system for young families are indicated.

This article scientifically analyzes the causes of the emergence of transnational crime, its modern manifestations, and its negative consequences for society and state security. The role of transnational threats such as international terrorism, illegal migration, human trafficking, drug smuggling, cybercrime, and financial crimes in the process of globalization is highlighted. In addition, economic inequality, political instability, corruption, and the development of information technologies are assessed as the main factors contributing to the growth of transnational crime. The study substantiates the importance of international cooperation, legal mechanisms, and security policy in preventing such crimes.

This article examines the processes of formation of the sanitary-epidemiological service in Uzbekistan during the 1920s, the establishment of tropical stations, and their initial activities. The study analyzes the main areas of sanitary supervision, laboratory work, disinfection measures, and the system of malaria control.

This article is devoted to the study of human capital in the modern socio-economic system based on a systematic-integrative methodology. The research traces the historical evolution of human capital theory from classical economic approaches to modern interdisciplinary paradigms. The article provides a systematic analysis of the key components of human capital – educational, health, social, cultural, digital, innovative and perspective capital – and substantiates its multilevel model. The research findings demonstrate that the effectiveness of human capital is closely related not only to individual competencies, but also to the institutional environment, social capital, communicative openness and “perspective capital.” Furthermore, the “dissipation” of human capital – the loss of potential resulting from informal employment, unemployment and social constraints – is examined as a separate research object. The article also analyzes the contributions of the Uzbek scientific school to human capital research and identifies priority directions for human capital development within the national development strategy.

The article examines the theoretical, legal, and regulatory foundations for ensuring human rights in the provision of public services in the Republic of Uzbekistan. It examines modern doctrinal approaches to understanding public services as a mechanism for implementing the constitutional rights and freedoms of the individual. The concepts of the rule of law, service-oriented state, effective governance, and digital government, which influenced the development of national legislation in this field, are analyzed. In forming the system of guarantees for the rights of users of public services, special attention is paid to the role of the Constitution of the Republic of Uzbekistan, administrative procedures, electronic government, appeals from individuals and legal entities, as well as legislation on the protection of personal data. It was concluded that in the context of digital transformation of public administration, ensuring human rights is becoming the primary criterion for the effectiveness of the public services system and requires further improvement of legal mechanisms for protecting the individual.

This article examines the interpretation of democracy in the history of national thought, analyzes the content of the idea of democracy in modern society, and reveals the historical development of the democratic idea in contemporary social contexts. It also explores the historical evolution, transformation, and outcomes of the concept of democracy in the present day, as well as identifies the impact of these developments and transformations on social and cultural processes. Based on the findings, proposals and recommendations have been developed to enhance understanding of the historical development and transformation of the idea of democracy in modern society and its influence on contemporary social and cultural dynamics.

This article analyzes the scientific and cultural potential of medieval archaeological collections preserved in the фондs of the Samarkand State Museum-Reserve. The research is based on a комплекс of artifacts dating from the 5th to the 15th centuries, covering three historical stages: the Early Middle Ages, the High Middle Ages, and the Timurid period. The collections include ceramic, metal, glass, and bone objects, as well as architectural elements, which are classified according to chronological and functional criteria. The results of the analysis demonstrate that the development of urban culture, craftsmanship, trade relations, religious beliefs, and architecture in the territory of Uzbekistan occurred as a continuous evolutionary process. The findings also show that Central Asia functioned as a unified cultural and economic space within the framework of the Great Silk Road.

From a museological perspective, the potential of these collections for creating thematic exhibitions and specialized museums is substantiated.

This article examines the interrelation between human health and aesthetic culture from a socio-philosophical perspective. The factors influencing the formation of health aesthetics, as well as its spiritual, moral, and cultural foundations, are analyzed. The importance of aesthetic consciousness in establishing a healthy lifestyle in modern society is revealed. The study employs axiological, anthropological, and socio-cultural approaches. The research findings substantiate that the development of health aesthetics is one of the significant factors in human perfection and social development.

This article analyzes the factors and prospects for the development of military social work, as well as the conceptual, theoretical, political, and legal activities of state and civil institutions in this field. It examines the fundamental principles of military social work, its key areas of activity, and the prospects and directions for the further development of the military social work system under contemporary conditions.

This article analyzes the philosophical and practical foundations of improving service culture standards in the activities of civil servants. The ontological, epistemological, axiological, and sociocultural dimensions of service culture are examined through a comparative analysis of Eastern and Western philosophical traditions. The study also highlights international experiences in developing service culture, ongoing reforms in Uzbekistan, and their significance in enhancing the moral character of civil servants. As a result of the research, a model for evaluating service culture based on

This article analyzes the legal force and nature of the decisions made by the Plenum of the Supreme Court. The decisions of the Plenum play a crucial role in ensuring the uniform interpretation and application of legal norms in judicial practice. The study examines the position of Plenum decisions within the system of regulatory legal acts, their impact on the activities of courts, and their role in ensuring the correct application of laws. Their legal force is analyzed based on regulatory frameworks, and the experience of other countries in this field is highlighted through the study of foreign expertise. The article emphasizes the importance of the Supreme Court Plenum decisions in developing judicial practice in a unified direction, eliminating contradictions in law enforcement, and effectively protecting the rights and freedoms of citizens.

This article analyzes the legal mechanisms for protecting the rights of persons with disabilities based on international and national legal standards. The study examines the theoretical and legal foundations for ensuring the rights and freedoms of persons with disabilities, international standards, ongoing reforms in the Republic of Uzbekistan, and the effectiveness of existing legal mechanisms. It also highlights key issues related to building an inclusive society, improving the social protection system, and ensuring the active participation of persons with disabilities in public life. The findings contribute to the development of scientific conclusions and practical recommendations for further improvement of legal mechanisms for protecting the rights of persons with disabilities.

This article provides a comprehensive theoretical and practical analysis of the transformation of civil law objects in the context of the digital economy. The study examines how the traditional system of civil law objects is evolving under the influence of digital technologies, leading to the emergence of new legal objects, including crypto-assets, tokens, non-fungible tokens (NFTs), digital rights, data sets, and smart contracts. It also analyzes scholarly approaches to the legal nature of digital objects, the experience of foreign countries, and the existing gaps in national legislation. The findings demonstrate that the system of civil law objects is transitioning from a traditional model to a hybrid model that incorporates both tangible and digital objects. Based on these findings, proposals are developed for improving the national legal system.

The article is devoted to the historical analysis of the Turkestan Autonomy, proclaimed on November 26–28, 1917, at the IV All-Turkestan Congress of Muslims in Kokand. It examines the circumstances of its establishment, the structure of its government, main objectives (democratization of governance, interethnic equality, reforms in the judicial, financial, and educational systems), as well as the reasons for its suppression after only 72 days by Red Army forces in February 1918. The Autonomy is evaluated as a significant milestone in the national awakening of the Turkestan peoples and their first serious attempt to establish a national state, despite its tragic end.

This article discusses the role and significance of the middle class in terms of income differentiation and social stability. By analyzing the middle class from an economic, sociological, political, and pedagogical perspective, this study demonstrates the mechanisms by which this stratum mitigates systemic crises, supports domestic consumption demand, finances important social goods, and accelerates the accumulation of human capital.

This article analyses the historical transformation of the Aral Sea crisis and water policy in Uzbekistan between 1960 and 2025. It argues that the Aral Sea crisis should be examined not only as an environmental catastrophe, but also as a long-term governance challenge involving irrigation economics, cotton-centred planning, transboundary water cooperation, human security and climate adaptation. The article identifies three major stages of transformation: the Soviet hydraulic-production model, the post-independence crisis-management model, and the recent water-security and efficiency-oriented reform model.

In existential philosophy, human existence and its study are of paramount importance, and this doctrine requires an analysis of existence as a unique process defined by responsibility, anxiety, and perspectives on life. This article analyzes the socio-philosophical aspects of a person's ability to create their own essence, that is, to achieve true existence, the meaning of human life, the purpose of life, self-awareness, freedom, and a good reputation in society and life.

The article explores the reflection of the scholarly heritage of Tirmidh scientists in the famous work "Fasl ul-Khitab bi-Wusuli-l-Ahbab" by Khoja Muhammad Porso (1349–1420), a prominent theorist and leading figure of the Naqshbandiyya Sufi order. From a source-critical perspective, the study analyzes how the author utilized the works and Hadiths of the great scholars of Tirmidh – Imam al-Tirmidhi, Hakim al-Tirmidhi, and Muhammad ibn Hamid al-Tirmidhi – to resolve complex theological (aqidah) and Sufi issues. Specifically, the paper examines the high esteem given to the personalities of Hakim al-Tirmidhi and Muhammad ibn Hamid al-Tirmidhi in "Fasl ul-Khitab", clarifying the substance of the narrated Hadiths, spiritual insights, and aphorisms attributed to them. The article is of significant academic value for understanding the profound interconnectedness among the scholarly schools of Mawarannahr and the monumental contribution of Central Asian sages to the evolution of Islamic thought.

Trаnsbоundаry envirоnmentаl hаrm cоntinues tо test the limits оf stаte sоvereignty аnd cоllective respоnsibility in internаtiоnаl lаw. The "nо hаrm" rule - estаblished in the Trаil Smelter аrbitrаtiоn аnd cоdified in the Stоckhоlm (1972) аnd Riо (1992) Declаrаtiоns - requires stаtes tо ensure thаt аctivities within their territоry dо nоt cаuse envirоnmentаl dаmаge tо оther stаtes. Despite the prоliferаtiоn оf multilаterаl аgreements, disputes оver liаbility, cоmpensаtiоn, аnd enfоrcement persist. This аrticle аnаlyzes the dоctrinаl fоundаtiоns оf stаte respоnsibility fоr trаnsbоundаry envirоnmentаl hаrm, key judiciаl decisiоns, аnd emerging develоpments within custоmаry, treаty, аnd sоft lаw frаmewоrks. The cоnclusiоn is cleаr: in аn erа оf climаte chаnge, internаtiоnаl lаw must develоp а cоherent system thаt recоnciles sоvereignty with the cоllective оbligаtiоn tо prоtect glоbаl cоmmоns, underpinned by cleаrer stаndаrds аnd strоnger enfоrcement mechаnisms.

The Timurid dynasty was one of the most influential dynasties in the history of Central Asia, making significant contributions to the development of science, architecture, and art. Alongside the palaces, madrasas, and mausoleums constructed by its rulers, gardens occupied a special place in Timurid cultural heritage. The Timurid sovereigns paid great attention to the beauty of nature and commissioned magnificent gardens around major cities. These gardens served not only as places of recreation but also as venues for state ceremonies, scholarly discussions, and cultural events. During the Timurid period, gardens were generally designed according to the traditional Persian-Islamic “Chahar Bagh” (four-part garden) layout. They were typically divided into four sections, intersected by canals, streams, or pools. Fruit trees, colorful flowers, and shaded pathways constituted the main features of these gardens.

This article examines the lifestyle and social life of the Sogdian population during the Kangju period based on historical sources and scholarly research. It analyzes everyday life, social relations, economic activities, and cultural traditions, while assessing the influence of Kangju on the development of Sogdian society.

This article examines the theoretical foundations of the concept of regional security, its role in the contemporary system of international relations, and the current challenges of ensuring security in the Central Asian region. The study analyzes the impact of traditional and non-traditional security threats, geopolitical competition, transnational crime, terrorism, extremism, environmental issues, and water resource-related challenges on regional stability. In addition, the role of regional cooperation institutions and international organizations in strengthening security is assessed from a scientific perspective. The findings demonstrate that an effective model of regional security should be based on interstate trust, political dialogue, economic integration, and the coordinated functioning of collective security mechanisms.

This article analyzes the place and significance of the law of obligations in the system of civil law, its fundamental role, and functions in regulating economic relations under market economy conditions. The author examines the development trends of the institute of the law of obligations and proposes scientific recommendations for improving national legislation.

This article analyzes the concept of social mentality and its role in the development of society from a socio-philosophical perspective. The study examines the main factors influencing the transformation of social mentality, including socio-economic, political-legal, spiritual-educational, information-communication, and historical-cultural factors. It is argued that the harmonious combination of national values, historical memory, and modern reforms plays an important role in the renewal of social mentality.

This article explores the transformations in education and enlightenment among the peoples of Central Asia during the 19th and 20th centuries, as well as their impact on cross-cultural development from a philosophical and cultural perspective. The study analyzes the process of interaction and synthesis between European science, culture, and enlightenment ideas and local national culture, traditions, and values in the works of enlightening thinkers like Ahmad Donish.

This article examines the impact of artificial intelligence and globalization on the contemporary system of international relations, as well as their role in the transformation of geopolitical power. The study highlights how the rapid development of artificial intelligence technologies is creating new forms of competition among states, turning technological superiority into an important instrument of geopolitical influence, and increasing the strategic significance of digital sovereignty. In addition, the approaches of the United States, China, and the European Union in the field of artificial intelligence are comparatively analyzed, and their impact on the global balance of power is explored. The findings indicate that artificial intelligence is emerging as a new determinant of geopolitical power in the twenty-first century. The article also analyzes the opportunities and prospects of Uzbekistan in the process of digital transformation and provides scientific technology.

This article examines the role of women in the diplomatic system of the Republic of Korea, their participation in the implementation of foreign policy, and their level of representation within the diplomatic corps. It also explores the state policies aimed at ensuring gender equality in South Korea, the increasing share of women within the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and their activities in the international arena. The study reveals the contribution of female diplomats to the development of the Republic of Korea’s modern diplomacy, the strengthening of the country’s international image, and the expansion of multilateral cooperation.

O‘zbekistonda oila va mahalla institutining tarixi va rivojlanish bosqichlari ijtimoiy-falsafiy, madaniy va huquqiy jarayonlar bilan uzviy bog‘liq holda shakllangan bo‘lib, ular milliy davlat qurilishi va ijtimoiy taraqqiyotning barqarorligini ta’minlashda tarixiy jihatdan doimo muhim ahamiyat kasb etib kelgan. Bu institutlar jamiyatda qadimdan mavjud bo‘lib, ular orqali ijtimoiy intizom, axloqiy nazorat, jamoaviy birdamlik va huquqiy madaniyat avloddan-avlodga uzatilgan. Ularning shakllanishi va transformatsiyasi O‘zbekiston tarixining turli bosqichlarida jamiyatning siyosiy, iqtisodiy va madaniy holatiga mos ravishda turlicha tus olgan. Shu jihatdan ularni qadimgi davrlar, islomiy uyg‘onish asri, sovet davri va mustaqillikdan keyingi zamonaviy davr doirasida tizimli tarzda nazariy tahlil etish zaruratga aylangan.

This article discusses the prevention of violence and abuse against women and children. Violence and abuse against women and children is one of the most serious structural problems of our time, undermining social cohesion, human rights, and public health systems worldwide. Using an integrated socio-ecological model, the article examines how macro-social structures, institutional gaps, and cultural paradigms reinforce the vulnerability of vulnerable groups.

This article provides a scientific and legal analysis of the historical formation of the prosecutor’s office and the stages of its development in independent Uzbekistan. First, the emergence of prosecutorial bodies, the evolution of their functions, and their role in the system of public administration are examined. On this basis, the legal foundations of the prosecutor’s office in the period of independence are revealed, particularly the changes in its powers and responsibilities as defined by the Constitution and relevant laws. Building on this analysis, the article conducts a comparative study of historical and modern prosecutorial systems, summarizing their key differences and development trends.

This article provides a socio-philosophical analysis of the processes of restructuring labor values and the social motivation system in the context of digital transformation. It examines the changes in the nature of work, attitudes toward labor, and motivational factors resulting from the development of digital technologies, remote work, the platform economy, and artificial intelligence. The study also analyzes the emergence of a new work culture, the transformation of professional identity, and the significance of human capital in the digital environment. The findings demonstrate that the digital environment contributes to a new interpretation of labor values, expands opportunities for individual self-realization, and promotes the modernization of social motivation mechanisms.

This article provides a comparative analysis of the effectiveness of bicameral parliamentary systems operating in Central Asian states – particularly Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, and Kyrgyzstan – in the process of political decision-making. The study examines the theoretical foundations of bicameralism, regional practices, and modern democratic transformation processes. The findings indicate that while bicameral systems may in many cases complicate and slow down the legislative process, they play a significant role in protecting regional interests, ensuring the balance of powers, and strengthening democratic oversight mechanisms.

The article examines the evolution of the theory and practice of children’s rights protection in the context of digitalization. It analyzes the development of international legal standards for the protection of children’s rights, начиная with the Geneva Declaration of the Rights of the Child of 1924 and ending with contemporary international instruments regulating the digital environment. Particular attention is paid to the impact of information and communication technologies and the Internet on the realization of children’s rights, as well as to new risks associated with the digital environment, including cyberviolence, online exploitation, violations of personal data privacy, and digital inequality. The article considers the transformation of the classical theory of children’s rights and the emergence of the concept of children’s digital rights. It also explores the role of international organizations in shaping modern international standards for the protection of children’s rights in the digital era. The study concludes that international practice is shifting from a reactive model of protection toward a proactive and comprehensive approach based on the principle of “child rights by design.”

In the post–World War II years, the development of agriculture in Uzbekistan and the implementation of government measures in this sphere were carried out with significant difficulties. Although tasks were set to provide agriculture with machinery, activities such as land leveling, canal cleaning, crop topping, and the mechanization of cotton harvesting were conducted at a very low level. At the same time, the irresponsibility of local personnel in performing their duties, as well as their involvement in the misappropriation of state property, aggravated existing problems and further intensified them. The article analyzes the responsibility of local leaders based on primary sources.

The article presents the situation of youth in the early years of independence.The study of youth employment has been important in all periods of human history. Since the first years of independence, creating jobs for young people and ensuring their employment has been one of the main directions of our state policy. Any research that deals with youth issues is multifaceted. The solution of these problems requires the interaction of practitioners and theoretical specialists in the field of local and state administration, sociology, social work, pedagogy.This article focuses on the processes of youth employment, their origin, and the work done.

This article examines in detail the natural and geographical location, climate, and soil conditions of the Fergana Valley in ancient times. It also provides a comprehensive analysis of the settlement patterns of sedentary agricultural communities and pastoral populations during the Bronze Age and the Early Iron Age. Furthermore, the economic activities of these communities are investigated using archaeo-ethnological and comparative analytical methods.

This article highlights the types of intangible cultural heritage associated with craftsmanship and tandoori making. It discusses the history of pottery, the intangible cultural heritage associated with clay, and the preservation and transformation processes of values and unique traditions passed down from generation to generation.

This article analyzes the legal features of concluding employment contracts with pedagogical staff in accordance with the current legislation of the Republic of Uzbekistan. The research is based on the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan No. O‘RQ-901 “On the Status of a Teacher” (2024), the Labour Code, and regulatory acts of the Cabinet of Ministers. The article thoroughly examines medical examination requirements, contract forms, job nomenclature, working time and leave regimes, wage conditions, as well as special procedures applicable to the academic and teaching staff. In addition, a comparative analysis is conducted with the practices of Kazakhstan, Germany, and Finland. The results of an empirical study based on observational methodology demonstrate the prevalence of common practical errors. The findings are of practical importance for HR specialists and legal practitioners in educational institutions.

This article provides a socio-philosophical analysis of the dialectical relationship between historical memory and modernization in the process of social transformation of Uzbek society. The study examines the role of historical memory in shaping national identity and social cohesion, as well as the impact of modernization on the development of social institutions and social consciousness. Furthermore, a comparative analysis is conducted of the concepts of historical memory, national development, and New Uzbekistan as reflected in the works of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan, alongside the theoretical perspectives of CIS scholars on modernization processes. The findings demonstrate that historical memory and modernization are not contradictory phenomena but rather interconnected dialectical factors of societal development.

This article examines the legal foundations and practical mechanisms for considering public opinion in the drafting and adoption of normative legal acts. Based on the Constitution of the Republic of Uzbekistan and the Law “On Normative Legal Acts,” the role of public consultations in the law-making process is analyzed. The study also provides a comparative analysis of the experiences of the OECD and Canada and evaluates the effectiveness of the regulation.adliya.uz portal. The findings suggest the introduction of a “Response to Comments” mechanism aimed at increasing transparency in the consideration of public proposals and strengthening public participation in law-making activities.

This article provides a sociological analysis of the content, objectives, and practical significance of the support system for persons with disabilities. Issues regarding the ensuring of equal participation of persons with disabilities in society, their social protection, employment, education, and healthcare are examined through the lens of various sociological theories. Furthermore, the article analyzes programs developed on the basis of state policy and legislation, social services, and the role of non-governmental organizations in this field. Based on advanced international experiences, recommendations are provided for improving the existing system.

This article analyzes the historical formation of Fergana district, the tangible and intangible cultural heritage objects of the region, and their tourism potential based on historical sources, current archival documents, and GIS technologies. During the research, the locations of archaeological, architectural, and pilgrimage sites in Fergana district were mapped using the Kernel Density Estimation (KDE) method. The analysis revealed that historical objects are mainly concentrated around ancient settlements, pilgrimage sites, and trade routes. Furthermore, the territories of Shohimardon, Vodil, Avval, and Log‘on were identified as historical-tourism clusters. The article also highlights the prospects for integrating cultural heritage sites with tourism infrastructure.

This article provides a socio-philosophical analysis of the transformation and crisis manifestations of traditional family values (the phenomenon of “devaluation”) in the context of globalization and the challenges posed by mass culture. It examines the negative representation of family relationships in contemporary mass media and digital content, particularly through the portrayal of daughter-in-law and mother-in-law conflicts in national television series and media products, as well as the ideological influence of foreign think tanks. The study scientifically substantiates the spiritual and moral mechanisms for developing ideological immunity among the younger generations (Generation Z, Alpha, and Beta) against destructive digital ideas and for fostering the concept of national identity.

The article presents the results of an empirical study examining the relationship between coping strategies and hardiness in women with different statuses of experiencing domestic violence. Statistically significant differences were identified in coping behavior and levels of hardiness among women currently experiencing violence, those who maintained relationships after the violence had ceased, and those who terminated their relationships with their partners. Correlational relationships were established between the violence index, coping strategies, and components of hardiness. The findings demonstrate that violence contributes to the development of avoidance-oriented coping patterns and the depletion of personal resources.