This article analyzes the evolution of moral thinking in the age of artificial intelligence from philosophical, social, and axiological perspectives. It examines how digital technologies influence decision-making culture, the understanding of responsibility, the criteria of justice and transparency, and the individual’s spiritual and moral self-position. Artificial intelligence is interpreted not merely as a technical instrument but as a civilizational phenomenon that reorganizes humanity’s moral choices. The article highlights issues of algorithmic decision-making, data ethics, human oversight, digital subjectivity, responsibility, and social trust in connection with the historical development of ethical consciousness.

This article analyzes the philosophical and ethical dimensions of the complex relationship between cybersecurity and human dignity in the context of accelerating digital transformation processes. In the 21st century, the widespread integration of information and communication technologies into all spheres of life has generated new interpretations of human freedom, privacy, information security, and human rights. The study examines the philosophical evolution of the concept of human dignity, the ethical foundations of cybersecurity policies, and the impact of digital surveillance on human rights. It also explores the effects of artificial intelligence, Big Data, algorithmic governance, and cyber-surveillance systems on human autonomy and freedom. The findings indicate that maintaining a balance between ensuring cybersecurity and protecting human dignity is one of the central ethical challenges of the digital society. Addressing this challenge requires the development of human-centered technologies, the strengthening of ethical governance principles, and the improvement of legal mechanisms.

This article examines the interpretation of democracy in the history of national thought, analyzes the content of the idea of democracy in modern society, and reveals the historical development of the democratic idea in contemporary social contexts. It also explores the historical evolution, transformation, and outcomes of the concept of democracy in the present day, as well as identifies the impact of these developments and transformations on social and cultural processes. Based on the findings, proposals and recommendations have been developed to enhance understanding of the historical development and transformation of the idea of democracy in modern society and its influence on contemporary social and cultural dynamics.

The article is devoted to the historical analysis of the Turkestan Autonomy, proclaimed on November 26–28, 1917, at the IV All-Turkestan Congress of Muslims in Kokand. It examines the circumstances of its establishment, the structure of its government, main objectives (democratization of governance, interethnic equality, reforms in the judicial, financial, and educational systems), as well as the reasons for its suppression after only 72 days by Red Army forces in February 1918. The Autonomy is evaluated as a significant milestone in the national awakening of the Turkestan peoples and their first serious attempt to establish a national state, despite its tragic end.

The article examines the evolution of the theory and practice of children’s rights protection in the context of digitalization. It analyzes the development of international legal standards for the protection of children’s rights, начиная with the Geneva Declaration of the Rights of the Child of 1924 and ending with contemporary international instruments regulating the digital environment. Particular attention is paid to the impact of information and communication technologies and the Internet on the realization of children’s rights, as well as to new risks associated with the digital environment, including cyberviolence, online exploitation, violations of personal data privacy, and digital inequality. The article considers the transformation of the classical theory of children’s rights and the emergence of the concept of children’s digital rights. It also explores the role of international organizations in shaping modern international standards for the protection of children’s rights in the digital era. The study concludes that international practice is shifting from a reactive model of protection toward a proactive and comprehensive approach based on the principle of “child rights by design.”

This article provides a sociological analysis of the content, objectives, and practical significance of the support system for persons with disabilities. Issues regarding the ensuring of equal participation of persons with disabilities in society, their social protection, employment, education, and healthcare are examined through the lens of various sociological theories. Furthermore, the article analyzes programs developed on the basis of state policy and legislation, social services, and the role of non-governmental organizations in this field. Based on advanced international experiences, recommendations are provided for improving the existing system.