The article examines the phenomenon of digital gender-based violence in the context of the rapid digitalization of social processes. It analyzes the main forms of online violence against women, including threats, harassment, dissemination of confidential information, publication of intimate materials without consent, and the use of deepfake content, as well as their impact on the enjoyment of women’s fundamental rights. Special attention is paid to international legal standards of protection developed within the framework of CEDAW, the activities of UN special mechanisms, and regional instruments, as well as to the challenges of their implementation, particularly in Central Asian countries. The purpose of the study is to systematize the forms of digital violence, assess their consequences for women’s rights, and determine the international legal obligations of states to prevent and combat such violations in the digital environment.

gender discrimination; online harassment; privacy protection; due diligence; deepfake content; cyberbullying.

Chesney, R., & Citron, D. (2019). Deep fakes and the new disinformation war. California Law Review.

Citron, D. K. (2014). Hate crimes in cyberspace. Harvard University Press.

De Vido, S. (2020). Violence against women's rights in international law. Brill Publishers.

Henry, N., & Powell, A. (2015). Technology-facilitated sexual violence and harassment. Routledge.

Jane, E. (2017). Misogyny online: A short (and brutish) history. Palgrave Macmillan.

Mantilla, K. (2013). Gendertrolling: Misogyny adapts to new media. Feminist Media Studies, 15(2), 1–17.

Международные правовые документы

CEDAW Committee. (1992). General Recommendation No. 19: Violence against women. United Nations.

CEDAW Committee. (2017). General Recommendation No. 35 on gender-based violence against women. United Nations.

Council of Europe. (2011). Council of Europe Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence (Istanbul Convention).

Council of Europe. (2001). Convention on Cybercrime (Budapest Convention).

UN Human Rights Committee. (2011). General Comment No. 34: Freedoms of opinion and expression. United Nations.

EIGE — European Institute for Gender Equality. (2020). Cyber violence against women and girls. European Union Publications.

FRA — European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights. (2021). Violence against women: EU-wide survey. FRA Publications.

Pew Research Center. (2021). The state of online harassment. Pew Research Trust.

UNESCO & ICFJ. (2021). The chilling: Global report on online violence against women journalists. UNESCO.

UN Women. (2022). Measuring digital violence against women. United Nations.

Flynn, A. (2020). The gendered architecture of online violence. Journal of Gender Studies, 29(4), 1–15.

Sosa, L. (2017). Intersectionality in international law: Theories and methodologies. Cambridge University Press.