This study examines the ethnic composition of the Bukhara Emirate, particularly in the Zarafshan, Kashkadarya, and Surkhandarya valleys, during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The population included Turkic-speaking groups like Uzbeks, Turkmens, Kazakhs, Kyrgyz, and Karakalpaks, along with Persian-speaking Tajiks and Iranian ethnic groups. The Karakalpaks migrated to the Zarafshan Valley in the 17th-18th centuries, settling in less populated areas. By the 20th century, they integrated into the Uzbek community, reflecting a blend of nomadic and settled lifestyles.

Bukhara Emirate, Ethnic Composition, Zarafshan Valley, Qaraqalpaq, Nomadic Life, Agricultural Settlements, Historical Context, Ethnic Groups, Urban and Rural Life, Cultural Diversity, Migration, Sirdarya, Amu Darya.

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