This article analyzes the historical images of prominent female rulers-Zenobia of Palmyra, Cleopatra VII of Egypt, Goharshād Begum of the Timurid era, and Joan of Arc of France. It highlights their courage, political sagacity and state leadership abilities, placing them within their respective contexts of crisis and transformation. The text underlines how these women challenged patriarchal norms, exercised real power and became enduring symbols of female agency and national heroism.

Zenobia, Cleopatra VII, Goharshād Begum, Joan of Arc, female rulers, historical heroines, state leadership, Third century crisis, Timurid era, Hundred Years’ War.

Zosimus. Historia Nova. – London: Green and Chaplin, 1814. Book IV, pp. 44-60.

Southern, P. Empress Zenobia: Palmyra’s Rebel Queen. London: Continuum, 2008, p. 24–26.

Fayziyev T. Temuriy malikalar. – Toshkent: Abdulla Qodiriy nomidagi Xalq merosi nashriyoti, 1994. – B. 12–15.

Christine de Pizan. Ditié de Jehanne d’Arc

Southern P. Empress Zenobia: Palmyra’s Rebel Queen. – London: Continuum, 2008. pp. 1-6.

Al-Tabari. Tarikh al-Rusul wa al-Muluk. – Leiden: Brill, 1879. Volume I, pp. 819-822

Galen. De compositione medicamentorum, Book XII, p. 210–212.

Jackson, R. Doctors and Diseases in the Roman Empire. London: British Museum Press, 1988, p. 87.

Totelin, L. Hippocratic Recipes. Leiden: Brill, 2009, p. 143–145.

Principe, L. The Secrets of Alchemy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2013, p. 58.

Roller, D. Cleopatra: A Biography. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010, p. 132.

Grant, M. Cleopatra. London: Phoenix Press, 2004, p. 90–92.

Schiff, S. Cleopatra: A Life. New York: Little, Brown and Company, 2010, p. 270–275.

Abd al-Razzaq Samarqandi. Matla' us-Sa'dayn va Majma' ul-Bahrayn. – Tehran, 1973. – II jild, 115–118-betlar.

Mirkhwand. Rawzat al-Safa. – Tehran, 1959. – VII jild, 240–243-betlar.

Fasih Ahmad Khwafi. Mujmal-i Fasihi. – Mashhad, 1963. – 221–223-betlar.

Beatrice Forbes Manz. The Rise and Rule of Tamerlane. – Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989. – 201–205-betlar.

Thomas W. Lentz, Glenn D. Lowry. Timur and the Princely Vision. – Washington, 1989. – 150–155-betlar.

Lisa Golombek. The Timurid Renaissance. – Los Angeles, 1988. – 88–92-betlar.

Sharaf ad-Din Ali Yazdi. Zafarnama. – Tehran, 1957. – 415–418-betlar.

Khwandamir. Habib al-Siyar. – III jild, 140–145-betlar.

Potter D. The Roman Empire at Bay: AD 180–395. – London: Routledge, 2004.

Southern P. Empress Zenobia: Palmyra’s Rebel Queen. – London: Continuum, 2008.

Jean Gerson asarlaridagi fikrlar asosida.

Christine de Pizan. Ditié de Jehanne d’Arc

Joan of Arc trial records (1431) materiallari asosida.