This article presents a comparative-historical study of the institution of citizen appeals, tracing its evolution from the earliest written legal monuments of the ancient East to the digital governance platforms of New Uzbekistan. Applying the functional method of comparative law, the author examines seven legal traditions Babylonian, Indian, Chinese, Islamic, Timurid, Jadid, and contemporary Uzbekistani and identifies three principles reproduced independently in each: procedural accessibility, the binding obligation of state response, and the personal accountability of the official. It is argued that the Eurocentric thesis positioning administrative accountability as an exclusive product of Western constitutionalism (Zweigert, Kötz) requires qualification in light of chronologically earlier and functionally comparable institutions of the East. Uzbekistan's three-tier appeals system (Virtual Reception, Public Reception Offices, Mahallabay) is interpreted not as a reception of Western standards but as the institutional development of an endogenous legal code under conditions of digital transformation. Within the limits of the sample examined, the article proposes the concept of 'predictive statehood' - a transition from reactive complaint processing to proactive management of social risks through big-data analytics.

Coulson N.J. A History of Islamic Law. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1964; Hallaq W.B. The Origins and Evolution of Islamic Law. Cambridge: CUP, 2005; Schacht J. An Introduction to Islamic Law. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1964.

O'Hara G. Parties, People, and Parliament: Britain's "Ombudsman" and the Politics of the 1960s // Journal of British Studies. 2011. Vol. 50, No. 3. P. 690–714, где эволюция института последовательно прослеживается именно от шведской модели 1809 года как признанной отправной точки последующего распространения идеи омбудсмена в англоязычном мире.

Zweigert K., Kötz H. Introduction to Comparative Law. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1998.

Zweigert K., Kötz H. Introduction to Comparative Law. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1998.

Coulson N.J. Op. cit.; Hallaq W.B. Op. cit.; Schacht J. Op. cit.

Bukhari S.M.H. Institutional Analysis of Ombudsman: A Comparative Study of Pakistan, India, UK and USA // Interdisciplinary Journal of Contemporary Research in Business. 2013. Vol. 5, No. 2. P. 709–713.

Schacht J. An Introduction to Islamic Law. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1964; Coulson N.J. A History of Islamic Law. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1964; Hallaq W.B. The Origins and Evolution of Islamic Law. Cambridge: CUP, 2005.

Khalid A. The Politics of Muslim Cultural Reform: Jadidism in Central Asia. Berkeley: UC Press, 1998.

Семёнов А.А. Очерки устройства центрального административного управления Бухарского ханства позднейшего времени. Ташкент: АН УзССР, 1954; Набиев Р.Н. Из истории Кокандского ханства. Ташкент: Фан, 1973.

North D.C. Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic Performance. Cambridge: CUP, 1990.

Veale M., Brass I. Administration by Algorithm? Public Management meets Public Sector Machine Learning // Algorithmic Regulation / Ed. by K. Yeung, M. Lodge. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2019. P. 121–149.

Coglianese C., Lehr D. Transparency and Algorithmic Governance // Administrative Law Review. 2019. Vol. 71. P. 1–56.

Ameen K.S., Towfiq T.A., Mousa K.M., Pooyanmehr M. Judicial review of algorithmic administrative systems: legality, evidence and remedies in the smart city state // Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence. 2026. Vol. 9. Art. 1802986. DOI: 10.3389/frai.2026.1802986.

Yukhno A. Digital Transformation: Exploring Big Data Governance in Public Administration // Public Organization Review. 2024. Vol. 24, No. 1. P. 335–349; Hossin M.A., Du J., Mu L., Asante I.O. Big Data-Driven Public Policy Decisions: Transformation Toward Smart Governance // SAGE Open. 2023. Vol. 13, No. 4.

Zweigert K., Kötz H. Introduction to Comparative Law. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1998.

North D.C. Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic Performance. Cambridge: CUP, 1990.

Семёнов А.А. Указ. соч.; Набиев Р.Н. Указ. соч.

Glenn H.P. Legal Traditions of the World. 5th ed. Oxford: OUP, 2014.

Roth M.T. Law Collections from Mesopotamia and Asia Minor. Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1997.

Nikam N.A., McKeon R. (eds.) The Edicts of Asoka. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1959.

Olivelle P. (transl.) Kautilya: The Arthashastra. London: Penguin, 2013.

Hucker C.O. A Dictionary of Official Titles in Imperial China. Stanford: SUP, 1985.

Hucker C.O. Op. cit.

Hucker C.O. Op. cit.

Coulson N.J. A History of Islamic Law. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1964.

Al-Mawardi. Al-Ahkam as-Sultaniyya. Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyya, 2006.

Zweigert K., Kötz H. Op. cit.

Hallaq W.B. The Origins and Evolution of Islamic Law. Cambridge: CUP, 2005.

Al-Marghinani B. Al-Hidaya. Lahore: Islamic Book Trust, 2000.

Schacht J. Op. cit.

Nizam ul-Mulk. Siyasatname / Пер. Б.Н. Заходера. М.: Изд-во АН СССР, 1949.

Темур тузуклари (Уложения Тимура) / Пер. Х. Каримова. Ташкент: Шарк, 1999.

Семёнов А.А. Очерки устройства центрального административного управления Бухарского ханства позднейшего времени. Ташкент: АН УзССР, 1954.

Набиев Р.Н. Из истории Кокандского ханства. Ташкент: Фан, 1973.

North D.C. Op. cit.

Бехбуди М. Мы и наши права // Самарканд. 1913. Цит. по: Khalid A. The Politics of Muslim Cultural Reform. Berkeley: UC Press, 1998.

Фитрат А. Рассказы индийского путешественника / Пер. с узб. А. Арипов. Ташкент: Ёш гвардия, 1999.

Khalid A. The Politics of Muslim Cultural Reform: Jadidism in Central Asia. Berkeley: UC Press, 1998.

Конституция Республики Узбекистан (ред. 2023 г.). Ташкент, 2023.

Конституция Республики Узбекистан (ред. 2023 г.). Ташкент, 2023.

Закон Республики Узбекистан «Об обращениях физических и юридических лиц» (ЎРҚ-378-сон; новая редакция ЎРҚ-445-сон, 2017). Ташкент, 2017.

Nizam ul-Mulk. Op. cit.

Темур тузуклари. Указ. изд.

UN E-Government Survey 2024. United Nations, New York, 2024.

UN E-Government Survey 2024. United Nations, New York, 2024.

Yukhno A. Op. cit.; Hossin M.A., Du J., Mu L., Asante I.O. Op. cit.

Coglianese C., Lehr D. Op. cit.; Judicial review of algorithmic administrative systems... Op. cit.

Veale M., Brass I. Op. cit.

Al-Marghinani B. Op. cit.

Judicial review of algorithmic administrative systems... Op. cit.