This article examines the emergence of the Jadid movement, which developed in Turkestan in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, its main goals and ideas, as well as the legal and democratic views of the Jadids. The article analyzes the Jadids’ views on enlightenment, education, freedom of speech and thought, human dignity, equality, justice, and the rule of law. It also examines the views of such representatives of the Jadid movement as Mahmudkhoja Behbudi, Abdulla Avloni, Abdurauf Fitrat, and Munavvarkori Abdurashidkhanov on society and state governance. Particular attention is paid to the historical significance of the Jadid movement in the development of educational, socio-political, and legal thought in Turkestan and to the substantive connections between certain Jadid ideas and contemporary legal and democratic values.

This article examines the priority directions and prospects of strengthening cybersecurity in New Uzbekistan from a socio-philosophical perspective. The study aims to provide scientific grounding for cybersecurity within the context of harmonizing the interests of the state, society, and the individual. The methodological framework relies on systemic-structural and comparative-historical methods together with content analysis of normative-legal documents and theoretical sources. The results reveal the legal, socio-philosophical, cultural, and institutional dimensions of cybersecurity. The conclusion assesses strengthening cybersecurity as a strategic task requiring harmonious cooperation among the state, society, and the individual.

This article provides a philosophical analysis of the axiological foundations for developing harmony between historical thinking and spiritual ideals among young people. Particular attention is paid to the role of historical memory, national self-awareness, spiritual heritage, value systems, and ideals in shaping the worldview of the younger generation. Historical thinking is interpreted as an important means of understanding the continuity and interrelationship between the past, present, and future, while spiritual ideals are regarded as axiological determinants of moral orientation, life position, and social responsibility. The study also examines philosophical mechanisms for strengthening historical memory and harmonizing national and universal human values in the context of globalization and the transformation of contemporary value systems. The integration of historical thinking and spiritual ideals is substantiated as an essential condition for developing a value-oriented worldview, civic responsibility, moral maturity, and spiritual resilience among young people.

The article analyzes the scholarly and educational interpretation of the family institution, mother’s literacy and generational upbringing in the activities of Turkestan Jadid intellectuals in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The Jadids regarded the family as a significant social institution that ensured the moral and spiritual stability of society. In their views, female literacy, marital relations, child upbringing, girls’ education, family responsibility and national progress appeared as interconnected processes. The article examines the views of Abdurauf Fitrat, Abdulla Avloni, Mahmudkhoja Behbudi, Munavvarqori Abdurashidkhanov, Hamza, Cholpon and Abdulla Qodiri on the basis of the Jadid press and educational heritage.

The article analyses the state policy on building an inclusive society in Uzbekistan in its legal and social dimensions. Inclusiveness is interpreted not as charity but as a principle of securing equal opportunities. The 2023 Constitution, legislation on the rights of persons with disabilities, gender equality and education are compared with the requirements of the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. Practice in inclusive education, employment and physical accessibility is summarised. Four systemic problems are identified — fragmented statistics, non-compliance with accessibility standards, staff training, and unchanged social attitudes — and corresponding measures are proposed.

This article analyzes the development trends of electronic public services and their significance in modern public administration. It examines the emergence of new forms of interaction between the state and citizens resulting from the development of electronic public services, as well as the processes of remote public service delivery, the use of mobile technologies, service integration, and the introduction of proactive services. In addition, artificial intelligence, digital identification, open data, and data-driven governance are analyzed as promising areas for the further development of electronic public services. The article also examines the development of electronic public services in Uzbekistan and the existing challenges in this field and proposes measures to improve the efficiency, accessibility, and user-friendliness of public services.

This article examines the theoretical and legal foundations of legal characterization (qualification) in private international law, and its major doctrinal approaches. A comparative evaluation between the traditional four-stage model and the functional two-stage model is conducted. Key doctrinal theories — lex fori, lex causae, and autonomous qualification — are analyzed through seminal judicial precedents and international instruments. In conclusion, concrete recommendations are proposed to amend Article 1159 of the Civil Code of Uzbekistan and incorporate functional qualification mechanisms.

This article examines the main theoretical and methodological approaches applied in the historical study of national rites. It substantiates the need to move away from the view of a rite solely as an immutable element of traditional culture. It is proposed to view the national rite as a historically evolving sociocultural practice that simultaneously reflects collective memory, ethnic identity, religious beliefs, family relations, social norms, and specific historical conditions. The article analyzes the potential of historical-genetic, comparative-historical, structural-functional, historical-anthropological, symbolic-interpretative, and memorial approaches. Particular attention is paid to the methodological potential of concepts developed by A. van Gennep, V. Turner, C. Geertz, C. Bell, E. Hobsbawm, P. Connerton, and J. Assmann. It is demonstrated that, regarding the national rites of the peoples of Uzbekistan, a comprehensive approach is most productive; this allows for the study of not only the stability of tradition but also the mechanisms of its adaptation, reinterpretation, and transformation amidst political, socioeconomic, and cultural changes. Drawing on material from Uzbek ritual culture, the article outlines the possibilities of using this approach to study the regional specifics of the Fergana Valley.

This article analyzes the formation and development of the administrative-territorial structure and governing apparatus of the Fergana Oblast between 1876 and 1917. Particular attention is paid to the division of the oblast into uyezds, volosts, and lower administrative units, their functional role within the governance system, and the powers of the military governor, uyezd chiefs, volost administrators, and local administrative representatives. The significance of the 1886 “Regulations on the Administration of the Turkestan Region” in the legal and institutional organization of the Fergana Oblast is examined. Using the historical-systemic method, the study identifies the relationship between administrative-territorial changes and the structural and functional development of the governing apparatus.

This article analyzes the implementation of employment policy in Bukhara Region in 2005–2007 based on documents from Fund No. 1459 of the Bukhara Regional State Archives. The study examines the dynamics of new job creation, the development of the home-based work (home labor) system, the employment process for graduates of vocational education institutions, regional disparities, and measures aimed at providing employment opportunities for socially vulnerable groups. The analysis shows that, during the period under review, employment programs generally exceeded their planned targets; however, significant disparities between regions and economic sectors remained.

This article examines the conservation of one of the most vulnerable categories of archaeological heritage—monumental wall paintings executed on clay plaster—through the case studies of Varakhsha and Panjikent. It comparatively analyses the reasons, methodology, and scholarly implications of the mid-twentieth-century practice of detaching wall paintings from their original setting and transferring them to museum collections. The study demonstrates that while this approach ensured the physical preservation of the paintings, it also resulted in the partial loss of their architectural and archaeological context. The article argues that in situ conservation should remain the preferred approach, with removal undertaken only when no viable alternative exists, and that comprehensive digital documentation should be an essential requirement in all cases.

This article examines the historical evolution of legal norms establishing criminal liability for offences committed for the purpose of distributing narcotic drugs, using historical-legal, comparative-legal and criminological methods of analysis. Three stages in the development of this institution are identified: initial regulation formed during the Soviet period; the formation of national criminal legislation during the years of independence; and contemporary improvement of the norms based on international standards. Particular attention is paid to the amendments introduced by the Laws of the Republic of Uzbekistan No. ZRU-971 (2024) and No. ZRU-1151 (2026), including the introduction of new elements of crime. Based on official statistical data, the criminological aspects of the problem are analysed, the scholarly views of national and foreign researchers are compared, and promising directions for improving liability norms under digital-environment conditions are substantiated.

This article provides a historical and legal analysis of legal relations, public administration, and the main features of legal regulation in the Karakhanid state. It examines the role and significance of Islamic law (Sharia) in state and social life during the Karakhanid period, its interaction with local customary practices, the judicial and legal system, and the functioning of the institution of qadi. The article also considers land and property relations, waqf, taxation issues, and the principles governing property and family relations. Particular attention is paid to the significance of Islamic jurisprudence and the Hanafi legal tradition in the development of legal thought during the Karakhanid era. The study highlights the historical role of the legal system of this period in the development of statehood and legal culture in Transoxiana.

The article analyzes the assessment of the quality of public services, the process of their delivery, and the conditions under which they are accessed and used. It substantiates the need to integrate assessments based on the technical performance of electronic services with traditional service delivery practices. Five areas of assessment criteria are proposed, covering the stages from a citizen’s initial application to the receipt of the final result. The article demonstrates the relevance of examining users’ opinions alongside organizational and legal indicators, linking monitoring results to specific management measures, and establishing common requirements within a unified methodology.

The article provides a socio-philosophical analysis of how labor-market transformation affects youth consciousness. Transformation is interpreted as the unity of objective changes in technology, employment forms, occupations and competencies, and subjective changes in labor values, professional motivation, identity and expectations about the future. The paper argues that artificial intelligence, automation, platform work and the accelerated renewal of skills create new requirements for young people’s professional agency.

The article analyses the religious and philosophical foundations of bioethical culture through comparative and hermeneutic approaches. Although bioethics emerged as a modern academic field, ethical ideas concerning the preservation of life, non-maleficence, assistance to the sick, the inviolability of the human body, and responsibility toward living nature were already articulated in ancient religious sources. The concepts of life, dignity, compassion, trusteeship, moderation, and moral responsibility in Zoroastrianism, Indian religious thought, Buddhism, Judaism, Christianity, and Islam are comparatively examined. The study demonstrates that it is methodologically incorrect to interpret religious texts as a ready-made model of contemporary bioethics; rather, they constitute the axiological and motivational dimensions of the genesis of bioethical culture. Alongside the strengths of religious approaches, the problems of communal boundaries, paternalism, consent, and equality are critically assessed. The article concludes that reinterpreting religious heritage in accordance with contemporary principles of human dignity, autonomy, justice, and scientific responsibility is essential for the sustainable development of bioethical culture.

This article compares the legal regulation of child maintenance after divorce in the People’s Republic of China and the Republic of Uzbekistan. The study focuses on the continuity of parental obligations after divorce, methods for determining the amount of child support, contractual arrangements, judicial modification, additional expenses, duration, and enforcement. A doctrinal comparative method is applied to the Uzbek Constitution, Family Code and Supreme Court guidance, and to the Chinese Civil Code and the Supreme People’s Court judicial interpretations, including the 2025 Interpretation (II). The results show a shared child-centred principle but different techniques of quantification. Uzbekistan relies on statutory income fractions combined with a minimum threshold and the possibility of fixed-sum awards, whereas China gives courts broader discretion within a structured percentage guideline linked to the child’s actual needs, parental ability and local living standards. The article argues that both systems would benefit from stronger periodic review mechanisms, clearer treatment of irregular and digital-platform income, and practical cross-border enforcement tools.

The article examines the morphological and structural classification of verb forms (abwāb al-afʿāl) in Maḥmūd al-Zamakhsharī’s dictionary Asās al-balāgha. Its focus lies on the lexical and semantic shifts produced by form alternation within a single root, that is, by the transition from the bare triliteral pattern to the augmented ones. Drawing on the entries ṭ-l-b, d-r-s, n-f-kh and ḍ-r-b, the study shows that al-Zamakhsharī presents verb forms not as a grammatical paradigm but as a lexicographical device for differentiating meaning: he records only those patterns that were firmly established in actual usage and had acquired a distinct lexical sense. Six semantic types of form alternation specific to Asās al-balāgha are identified and compared with the traditions of al-Khalīl ibn Aḥmad and Ibn Fāris. The findings indicate that verbal morphology constitutes one of the principal sources of figurative meaning in the work.

This article analyzes the strategies of political parties in engaging the youth electorate and their ideological transformation amid democratic reforms and the transition to a mixed (proportional-majoritary) electoral system in New Uzbekistan. The relevance of the study is determined by the high share of youth in the country’s demographic structure and the shift of traditional campaigning methods into the virtual environment. The systemic impact of digital branding and visual communication tools in the digital space — specifically targeted infographics, short-form videos (Reels, Shorts), and social media platforms (Telegram, Instagram, YouTube) — on the political culture and electoral activity of young people is examined from both theoretical-scientific and empirical perspectives. In the course of the research, a comparative and sociological content analysis of the digital platform assets of active political parties in Uzbekistan was conducted, uncovering the characteristics of subconscious and emotional (neuropolitical) perception among the younger generation. The article explores the ethical and legal criteria for utilizing information and communication technologies in an environment of inter-party competition. Furthermore, it develops practical recommendations for protecting voters from manipulative influences, fostering a culture of healthy political marketing in cyberspace, and enhancing the electoral attractiveness of party brands.

This article provides a theoretical and practical analysis of the functional balance and mutual integration mechanisms between strategic and operational planning within the public administration system. Synthesizing key insights from global management paradigms, the author examines the operational distinctions and systemic linkages between policy formulation and execution. The institutional factors characterizing the transition from directive to indicative planning in post-Soviet governance models are thoroughly assessed. Drawing on public administration reforms in Uzbekistan, particularly the “Uzbekistan – 2030” Strategy, the paper articulates actionable scientific recommendations for cascading objectives, key performance indicators (KPIs), medium-term budgetary alignment, and strategic feedback loops.

This article presents a comparative-historical study of the institution of citizen appeals, tracing its evolution from the earliest written legal monuments of the ancient East to the digital governance platforms of New Uzbekistan. Applying the functional method of comparative law, the author examines seven legal traditions Babylonian, Indian, Chinese, Islamic, Timurid, Jadid, and contemporary Uzbekistani and identifies three principles reproduced independently in each: procedural accessibility, the binding obligation of state response, and the personal accountability of the official. It is argued that the Eurocentric thesis positioning administrative accountability as an exclusive product of Western constitutionalism (Zweigert, Kötz) requires qualification in light of chronologically earlier and functionally comparable institutions of the East. Uzbekistan's three-tier appeals system (Virtual Reception, Public Reception Offices, Mahallabay) is interpreted not as a reception of Western standards but as the institutional development of an endogenous legal code under conditions of digital transformation. Within the limits of the sample examined, the article proposes the concept of 'predictive statehood' - a transition from reactive complaint processing to proactive management of social risks through big-data analytics.

The article examines changes in Uzbek–Saudi relations in 2025–2026, treating them as a shift from summit-level agreements to a partnership sustained by a set of intergovernmental mechanisms. For Uzbekistan, cooperation with Saudi Arabia is a means of diversifying external economic ties; for Riyadh, it forms part of Vision 2030 and of its growing engagement with Central Asia. The study considers the institutional, economic and humanitarian aspects of the process. Realized Saudi investment in Uzbekistan doubled in 2025 to USD 2.8 billion, while bilateral trade remained at USD 178 million. The author concludes that the partnership is driven mainly by investment rather than trade.

This article analyzes two important functions of the Ombudsman institution within the context of legal reforms being implemented in New Uzbekistan — the exercise of parliamentary oversight and its contribution to ensuring openness and transparency in the activities of public administration bodies. Using the method of analyzing regulatory legal acts and official sources, the study examines the stage-by-stage development of the Ombudsman institution since 1995, as well as the additional powers granted to it by the new 2024 law, including the right of legislative initiative. The results show that the Ombudsman, through reviewing citizens' complaints, conducting investigations, and applying measures of influence, is becoming an independent constitutional-legal institution that exposes and helps eliminate a lack of openness in the activities of state bodies. The author has developed recommendations for further improving the institution's activities.

The article is devoted to the stay of Polish children in Uzbekistan during the Second World War. There were 22 Polish orphanages, 26 Polish shelters, and several Polish schools and kindergartens in the republic. Both local authorities and Polish organizations, such as Kompoldet and the Union of Polish Patriots, provided assistance in organizing education and food supplies.

This article provides a systematic analysis of the problems associated with the distribution of powers between central (republican) and local government authorities in the Republic of Uzbekistan. The legal framework is examined through the 2023 revised Constitution, the Laws “On Local State Authorities” and “On the Civil Service,” as well as reform documents adopted in 2024–2026, including Presidential Decree No. PF-186 of October 21, 2025, which initiated the transfer of district (city) divisions of republican executive authorities into the structure of local khokimiyats. Excessive centralization, duplication of functions, fiscal dependence, and the lack of normative consolidation of the principle of subsidiarity are identified as the key problems. Based on a comparative analysis of international experience, including the European Charter of Local Self-Government and the practices of Poland and Georgia, specific and evidence-based proposals are developed in five areas: fiscal optimization, decentralization across all sectors, staffing optimization, the transfer of powers and responsibilities to lower levels of government, and accountability of the lowest-level implementing officials.

This article analyzes the theoretical views of Soviet ideology on the individual, society, and the state from the perspective of contemporary philosophical approaches. Throughout the twentieth century, the Marxist-Leninist ideology that prevailed in the former Soviet Union shaped not only the political system but also the spiritual life of society, social consciousness, education, culture, and concepts of individual development. This ideology promoted the subordination of individual interests to the interests of society, emphasized the absolute supremacy of the state, and advanced the idea of building a communist society. The article examines the philosophical foundations of Soviet ideology, highlighting its reliance on the principles of dialectical and historical materialism, as well as its interpretation of human freedom, rights, and values. Furthermore, it presents a comparative analysis of Soviet ideological principles alongside the concepts of modern democracy, civil society, and human rights, identifying both the strengths and limitations of the Soviet ideological framework. The findings indicate that, in the context of globalization, it is essential to critically and objectively evaluate historical ideological experiences, draw appropriate lessons from them, and further develop philosophical approaches that recognize human dignity as the highest social value.

The article analyzes the ontological nature of the phenomena of digital society and digital existence from a socio-philosophical perspective. In the modern social state, the phenomena of digitized society and digitized existence are becoming a central component of the human factor. Based on an analysis of regulatory legal sources, practical experience, and scientific literature, the study examines the philosophical foundations, social consequences, advantages, and limitations of integrating digital technologies into education, and develops proposals for addressing associated challenges.

Drawing on issues of the journal "Qishloq xo'jaligi Uzbekistana" ("Agriculture of Uzbekistan") published in 1957-1958, on specialised literature devoted to cotton breeding, and on the materials of a monograph concerned with the industrial history of Uzbekistan, the article examines the agrotechnical, irrigational, breeding-related and organisational transformations that occurred in the cotton sector of the Fergana, Andijan and Namangan regions. The quantitative data contained in these sources are systematised in chronological sequence.

Based on an analysis of the civil legislation of the Republic of Uzbekistan, doctrinal sources, and judicial practice, the article examines the concept of alienation of immovable property and its relationship with related legal categories such as “disposition of property” and “transfer of ownership.” Particular attention is paid to the legal characteristics of immovable property as the subject matter of alienation, the formal legal requirements applicable to relevant transactions, as well as the role of state registration in the mechanism for the transfer of rights in rem. A comparative legal analysis of the regulation of this institution in France, the United States, and the Republic of Kazakhstan is conducted. Based on the findings of the study, a number of proposals aimed at improving the civil legislation of Uzbekistan are formulated.Annotatsiya: Maqolada O‘zbekiston Respublikasi fuqarolik qonunchiligi, doktrinal manbalar va sud amaliyoti materiallarini tahlil qilish asosida ko‘chmas mulkni begonalashtirish tushunchasi, uning “mulkni tasarruf etish” va “mulk huquqining o‘tishi” kabi turdosh huquqiy kategoriyalar bilan o‘zaro nisbati ko‘rib chiqiladi. Ko‘chmas mulkning begonalashtirish predmeti sifatidagi yuridik belgilariga, tegishli bitimlarga qo‘yiladigan formal-yuridik talablarga, shuningdek, ashyoviy huquqlarning o‘tishi mexanizmida davlat ro‘yxatidan o‘tkazishning o‘rniga alohida e’tibor qaratilgan. Mazkur institutning Fransiya, AQSh va Qozog‘iston Respublikasidagi huquqiy tartibga solinishi qiyosiy-huquqiy jihatdan tahlil qilingan. Tadqiqot yakunlari asosida O‘zbekiston fuqarolik qonunchiligini takomillashtirishga qaratilgan qator takliflar ishlab chiqilgan.

This article examines Julius Caesar’s political strategy under the conditions of the Roman Republic’s crisis in the middle of the first century BCE. Caesar’s political activity is interpreted not as a series of isolated decisions, but as a coherent strategy combining popular support, elite bargaining, military resources, legal legitimacy and the conversion of personal prestige into political capital. The study focuses on Caesar’s use of the Marian political legacy, the alliance with Pompey and Crassus, his agrarian measures during the consulship, the transformation of military success in Gaul into political leverage, his attempts to negotiate a compromise before the civil war, and the decision to cross the Rubicon. The article argues that Caesar’s strategic advantage lay not only in his ability to acquire power but also in his capacity to connect the interests of different social and political groups around a single political centre. At the same time, his strategy did not resolve the institutional causes of the republican crisis. Instead, the concentration of authority in one political actor accelerated the erosion of republican constraints and contributed to the transition toward a new political order.

The article analyzes the content of victimization, victimization and revictimization in situations of family (domestic) violence and the factors influencing them from a criminological-victimological point of view. Based on the ecological model, individual, family-relational, economic, socio-cultural, situational, institutional and post-victimization factors are systematized. Instead of a static interpretation leading to victim blaming, a dynamic approach based on the changing ratio of risk and protection resources is used. National legislation, recommendations of WHO and UN structures, and modern research are studied comparatively.

The article examines the legal nature of working time recording under the Labour Code of the Republic of Uzbekistan. Working time standards, working time arrangements and working time recording are distinguished as separate legal categories. The significance of daily, weekly and aggregated recording for determining overtime work is explained. The employer's obligation to organise working time records and the moments at which recorded time begins and ends are examined separately. The article addresses contested issues concerning the legal status of time spent changing clothes, the use of electronic and biometric time-recording systems, and the allocation of the burden of proof where proper records have not been kept. These issues are analysed comparatively with reference to the standards of the International Labour Organization, European Union law and the case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union. The author's definition of working time recording is proposed, and recommendations for improving labour legislation are developed.

This article analyzes the role and significance of prosecutorial checks in ensuring the rule of law, as well as preventing and eliminating violations in the banking and credit sector. The author highlights the primary forms of legal violations occurring in this sphere and emphasizes that the absence of a unified, specialized methodology for organizing and conducting prosecutorial checks adversely affects operational efficiency.

The article outlines the stages of preparing for checks, alongside the collection and analysis of requisite information from the Central Bank, the Ministry of Economy and Finance, commercial banks, and other competent authorities. Furthermore, it explicitly defines the main subjects of checks conducted within the Central Bank and commercial banks, addressing issues related to prudential supervision, non-performing loans, and collateral assets. Finally, the study substantiates the importance of maintaining the confidentiality of check materials and prosecutorial response acts to preserve the stability of the banking system.

This article provides a comprehensive socio-philosophical analysis of the fundamental laws and patterns of social development. It examines the objective and subjective factors influencing the processes of social formation, transformation, and development. Particular attention is paid to the historical characteristics, internal contradictions, and dialectical nature of social development. The article substantiates the continuous and stage-by-stage character of social development and emphasizes the close relationship between the transformation of social relations and economic, political, spiritual, and cultural processes. It also analyzes the role of the human factor, social needs, interests, and values in the development of society. The influence of innovation, digitalization, and globalization on social life under contemporary conditions of social transformation is highlighted. The study reveals the interrelationship between tradition and innovation, continuity and renewal in the process of social development. Based on the analysis, it is concluded that the objective laws of social development manifest themselves through their interaction with conscious human activity and social institutions.

This article systematically analyzes the socio-philosophical factors influencing the transformation of spiritual culture in the context of globalization. The study employs axiological, comparative, and dialectical approaches to examine the interaction between national and universal human values, the impact of digital culture on young people’s consciousness, and the conceptual foundations for ensuring spiritual security. The author argues that maintaining a balanced relationship between national values and contemporary information culture is essential for ensuring the sustainability of spiritual culture. The article concludes with practical recommendations aimed at strengthening spiritual and axiological security in the context of globalization.

This article analyzes information concerning the Samanid state presented in Ibn Kathir’s Al-Bidaya wa al-Nihaya. It examines accounts of the political history of the Samanid state, its rulers, system of governance, military and political relations, as well as events that took place in the regions of Transoxiana and Khorasan. The article also analyzes Ibn Kathir’s approach to presenting the history of the Samanids, the narratives and historical reports he used, and the historical significance of the information contained in his work.

This article analyzes the scholarly ranks of jurists (fuqaha) within the Hanafi school of Islamic law and their role in the development of Islamic jurisprudence. The study examines the classifications of Hanafi scholars, particularly the system of juristic ranks proposed by Ibn Kamal Pasha. In addition, the classifications suggested by Shah Waliullah Dehlawi and Muhammad Abu Zahra are comparatively analyzed. The research concludes that the classification of jurists should be based on their level of ijtihad, their ability to derive legal rulings, and their competence in evaluating different legal narrations. This study is significant for understanding the intellectual development of the Hanafi school of law.

This article analyzes the socio-philosophical mechanisms of the interaction between values and social consciousness. Furthermore, the article provides a scientific and theoretical justification for the fact that the relationship between values and social consciousness is one of the main factors determining the spiritual development of society.

This article examines the procedural interrelationship between arbitration tribunals and competent courts and explores its legal nature within the framework of alternative dispute resolution. Particular attention is given to the procedural mechanisms through which competent courts provide assistance to arbitration tribunals, including the granting of interim measures and the securing of evidence. The study further analyzes the interaction between international legal instruments and national legislation governing arbitration proceedings. It identifies key procedural and legal challenges arising from the exercise of judicial assistance and control in arbitration. The article also examines the balance between the autonomy of arbitration tribunals and the supervisory and supportive functions of competent courts. Based on the findings, proposals are developed to improve the legal framework governing the procedural interrelationship between arbitration tribunals and competent courts and to enhance the effectiveness of arbitration proceedings.

This article analyzes the unique scientific and spiritual environment formed in Mavarannahr during the 9th-12th centuries, as well as the coverage of the activities of thinkers from this period based on Arabic biographical sources (tabaqat and mu'jam) and local encyclopedic works. Utilizing historical, comparative-analytical, and statistical methods, the study examines the contribution of Mavarannahr scholars to the development of Islamic sciences particularly Hadith and Fiqh – through the lens of famous biographical work  Abu Hafs an-Nasafi. The research results demonstrate that the scholarly activities and teacher-student traditions of figures such as Abu Hafs an-Nasafi highlight an integral connection and high academic mobility among the scientific centers of Nasaf, Samarkand, and Bukhara. Furthermore, drawing on primary sources, the article concludes that institutions such as the "Dar al-Juzjaniyya" madrasa and the caliph-supervised "Masjid al-Manora" in Samarkand served as major academic hubs within the region's educational system, making a significant overall contribution to Islamic civilization."

This article examines the legal foundations for using artificial intelligence technologies in the legal activities of public authorities, particularly customs authorities. It analyzes the use of AI in drafting and legal review of business contracts, assessing counterparties, identifying legal risks, and supporting legal decision-making in public procurement. Particular attention is given to the principles of AI use, protection of human rights and data, human oversight, reliability of algorithmic decisions, and the liability of public authorities. The study argues that AI should not replace legal professionals or act as an independent decision-maker, but rather serve as a technological tool for automating and accelerating legal analysis and identifying legal risks.

This article provides a comparative analysis of the development characteristics of preschool education systems in Uzbekistan, Japan, and Finland. The study focuses particularly on the conditions of education and upbringing in preschool education institutions, the age-related and individual characteristics of children, the content of the pedagogical process, teacher-child relationships, the importance of play-based activities, and cooperation with parents. In Uzbekistan, large-scale reforms are being implemented to modernize the preschool education system, increase the coverage of children with preschool education, and create a modern educational environment. In Japan, particular emphasis is placed on developing children’s independence, collectivism, discipline, self-care skills, and social responsibility. In Finland’s preschool education system, the key principles include respect for children’s rights, ensuring their well-being, individual development, learning through play, and supporting children’s personal interests. The findings of the study demonstrate the potential for applying the best practices of these countries to further improve the preschool education system in Uzbekistan.

This article analyzes the social, spiritual and legal role of women in ensuring social stability. The novelty of the work is to study the phenomenon of oppression and violence against women in the context of social stability based on a comprehensive approach. As a result of the analysis of the literature, the socio-economic, legal and educational factors of violence were identified and the main directions for the formation of an intolerant environment were proposed. In conclusion, strengthening the legal protection of women and changing public consciousness are one of the important conditions for social stability.

This article analyzes the politicization of the religious factor in the French Republic, the practical application of the principle of secularism (laïcité), and the manifestations of xenophobic attitudes associated with religious and cultural differences. The main objective of the study is to reveal the interaction between migration processes, postcolonial legacies, religious identity, and security discourse from the mid-twentieth century to the first quarter of the twenty-first century. The research employs historical-comparative, institutional-legal, systemic, and discourse analysis methods.

This article presents philosophical and theoretical considerations on the Institute of Mahalla Civility and its activities. The author also analyzes the views of scientists on the mahalla. The issue of the development of the mahalla throughout historical development is analyzed. The fact that self-government in Uzbekistan is not local self-government, but self-government of citizens corresponds to the true essence of the issue and shows that self-government is independent of state administration. The role of the mahalla institution in social governance is discussed in this article.

This article analyzes interethnic relations in Uzbekistan from the second half of the 20th century to the 2000s, the formation and activities of national-cultural centers, their role in preserving national values, customs and traditions. It also covers the establishment of national-cultural centers operating in the Bukhara region, their cultural and educational activities, and their contribution to ensuring interethnic harmony. The study pays special attention to the importance of national-cultural centers in preserving cultural diversity in society and strengthening friendly relations between representatives of different nationalities.

This article examines the formation and meaning of justice, law and social order in the socio-political thought of the Karakhanid period. Yusuf Khas Hajib’s “Kutadgu Bilig” and Mahmud al-Kashgari’s “Diwan Lughat al-Turk” are used as the principal historical sources. Contemporary studies by Uzbek scholars are also examined comparatively. The article also discusses the historical and philosophical significance of these ideas for contemporary legal and civic culture in Uzbekistan.

This article analyzes the changes in the spiritual and cultural life of youth in the Andijan region. The research focuses on the role of state youth policy, the education system, mass media, and cultural institutions in shaping the spiritual values of young people. The study also examines the social activity of youth, their participation in cultural events, and their attitude toward national traditions. The results show that the spiritual outlook and cultural engagement of young people in the region have significantly developed in recent years.

This article analyzes the historical, socio-cultural, and political factors influencing the formation and development of national and religious identity in Malaysia. It examines the distinctive features of national identity formation within a multiethnic society composed of Malays, Chinese, Indians, and other ethnic groups, the role of Islam in shaping Malay ethnic identity, and the influence of interreligious relations on social stability. The article also considers the impact of the colonial period, post-independence nation-building, language and education policies, modernization, and globalization on the transformation of national and religious identity. Drawing on the Malaysian experience, the study explores the interrelationship between ethnic, religious, and civic identities and highlights the distinctive features of constructing a shared national identity in a multicultural society.

This article examines the establishment, organizational structure, principal areas of activity, and the role of the Nachrichtenstelle fur den Orient (News Bureau for the East), founded under the German Foreign Office during the First World War, within the framework of Germany's Eastern policy. It analyzes the Bureau's propaganda activities based on Pan-Islamic ideas and its efforts to influence the Ottoman Empire, the Muslims of the Russian Empire, Turkestan, and the Emirate of Bukhara. Particular attention is paid to the methods of information warfare employed by the Bureau, as well as the mechanisms of political influence implemented through multilingual publications, newspapers, journals, and other propaganda materials. The study also evaluates the Bureau's contribution to Germany's strategic objectives in the East and its role in shaping political and ideological influence during the First World War.

This article analyzes the institutional-level international cooperation of history faculties and departments at higher education institutions of Uzbekistan — formal agreements, international grant programs, the organization of joint scientific expeditions, and curricular reforms. The study examines the agreements of Mirzo Ulugbek National University of Uzbekistan and the state universities of Andijan, Fergana, Bukhara, Termez, Namangan, and Karshi with foreign institutions and international organizations, as well as projects under TEMPUS and TACIS programs.

The article analyzes the legal nature of digital sovereignty and digital jurisdiction based on Uzbekistan’s legislation and the experience of the European Union, Singapore, and China. Digital sovereignty is viewed as a comprehensive system covering data, infrastructure, digital platforms, algorithmic governance, and effective legal enforcement, rather than mere data localization. The study examines cross-border data flows, equivalent protection, platform accountability, and judicial oversight, and proposes a risk-based and proportionate regulatory model for Uzbekistan.

This article highlights the dialectical relationship between the concepts of “beauty” and “life,” their philosophical and aesthetic roots, and their interpretation from the perspective of modern science and civilization. Furthermore, it analyzes the issues of ecological aesthetics between nature and humanity, the aesthetic significance of national cultural heritage, human spiritual perfection, and the preservation of harmony between the inner and outer worlds in the digital age from a scientific and practical perspective.

Based on archival documents and published sources, the article examines the formation of the institutional network of health care in the territory of Surkhandarya in 1930–1941. It analyzes the relationship between the directives of the central bodies (the People's Commissariats of Health of the USSR and the Uzbek SSR), the real capacities of local executive structures and the staffing of medical institutions. It is shown that the network of hospitals, outpatient clinics, feldsher posts, sanitary and anti-malaria institutions was formed under conditions of a chronic gap between planned targets and their material support, while the shortage of personnel, especially among the indigenous population, remained the key constraint. It is concluded that the creation of the Surkhandarya region in 1941 was the logical completion of the stage of institutional construction.

The article discusses the role of museums in the development of human capital, their significance in regional development, and the formation of the intellectual infrastructure of society. It analyzes the unique mediating role of museums in transmitting the experience of the older generation, historical memory, and cultural knowledge to the younger generation, their function as an important cultural and educational center in developing regional human capital, and the overall impact of museums on human capital.

This аrticle аnаlyzes one of the importаnt problems of criminology — the phenomenon of lаtent (hidden) crime аnd its correlаtion with officiаlly registered crime indicаtors. The аuthor scientificаlly exаmines the nаturаl аnd аrtificiаl forms of lаtency аnd the cаuses of its occurrence, аnd, using the exаmple of uzbekistаn's officiаl criminаl stаtistics for 2019–2024, considers the extent to which registered indicаtors reflect the аctuаl stаte of crime. Аreаs with а high level of lаtency, such аs cybercrime, economic crime, аnd domestic violence, аre аnаlyzed sepаrаtely. The reseаrch findings indicаte thаt аn increаse in stаtisticаl indicаtors often reflects not so much а growth in аctuаl crime аs аn improvement in the system of its detection аnd recording, which requires а criticаl аpproаch to stаtisticаl dаtа when shаping criminаl lаw policy.

This article provides a comprehensive analysis of modern mechanisms for protecting the rights of women and children in Uzbekistan, with particular attention to their legal, institutional, and social foundations. The study examines the key priorities of state policy aimed at ensuring the rights and legitimate interests of women and children and protecting them from pressure, violence, discrimination, exploitation, and other unlawful acts. Particular attention is paid to the development of national legislation and the role of public administration bodies, law enforcement agencies, educational and social protection institutions, and civil society organizations in safeguarding the rights of women and children.

This article provides a theoretical analysis of two major paradigms in teaching Arabic grammar: the traditional grammar-analytical methodology developed in Eastern madrasas and modern interactive-communicative methods widely used in contemporary foreign language teaching theory. Particular attention is given to the integration of these two approaches. The author examines the philosophical and pedagogical foundations of both paradigms and the theories of language learning underlying them, including the grammar-translation method, cognitivism, constructivism, and the communicative approach, while identifying their respective strengths and weaknesses. The study argues that rather than opposing the two paradigms, developing a “hybrid” educational strategy that combines the advantages of each represents the most appropriate way to enhance the effectiveness of contemporary Arabic language education.

The article investigates the role of artificial intelligence (AI)-based feedback systems in developing students’ writing competence using a quasi-experimental design. Participants were English-major students at Bukhara State Pedagogical Institute: the experimental group (n=32) used ChatGPT- and Grammarly-based feedback, while the control group (n=30) received traditional teacher feedback. Students receiving AI-based feedback showed significant gains in grammatical accuracy (p<0.01), lexical diversity (p<0.05) and text organization (p<0.05); no difference was found in argumentation quality. An integrated model combining AI and teacher feedback is substantiated.

This article examines the history of the establishment, formation, and development of the L. M. Isaev Research Institute of Medical Parasitology. It analyzes the institute’s scientific and practical activities in studying parasitic diseases and improving methods of their prevention, diagnosis, and treatment in Uzbekistan. Particular attention is paid to research conducted in the field of parasitology, the formation of scientific schools, the training of qualified specialists, and the institute’s contribution to the development of medical science. The main stages of the institute’s historical development, the transformation of its research areas, and its role in the healthcare system of Uzbekistan are examined from a historical perspective.

This article analyzes the evolution of minilateralism in Central Asia and its impact by 2026 on regional cooperation, economic diversification, and strategic autonomy. It examines the transformation of the Consultative Meetings of the Heads of State of Central Asia, initiated in 2018, from an informal political dialogue into a more practical and increasingly institutionalized C5/C6 framework. The study argues that the principal advantage of minilateralism in the region lies in its ability to address shared problems through a limited negotiating format while preserving national sovereignty. Particular attention is given to the Trans-Caspian International Transport Route, the Middle Corridor, C5+1 formats, and expanding engagement with the South Caucasus as factors that broaden the economic and diplomatic options of Central Asian states. The findings indicate that minilateralism does not create economic self-sufficiency. Rather, it contributes to the diversification of external dependencies, the development of alternative transport routes, and stronger collective bargaining capacity in relations with external partners. At the same time, economic asymmetry, infrastructure constraints, water-resource pressures, implementation gaps, and geopolitical competition among major powers remain important limitations on regional autonomy.

This article examines the legal nature and social significance of the crime of evading customs payments, as well as the criteria for distinguishing it from related administrative offenses and crimes. The criminal legislation of the Republic of Uzbekistan and selected foreign countries concerning liability for evading customs payments is analyzed from a comparative legal perspective. The study examines foreign approaches to treating evasion of customs payments as a separate criminal offense from tax and fee evasion, differentiating criminal liability according to the amount of unpaid payments, and establishing legal consequences for compensation of the damage caused. Based on the findings of the study, proposals are developed to improve Article 184 of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Uzbekistan, including the explicit inclusion of customs duties within the scope of the provision and the determination of the quantitative thresholds for criminal liability through specific basic calculation unit (BCU) amounts.

Turkey's strategic value in NATO is closely linked to geography. This article examines Turkey's proximity to the Black Sea, the Eastern Mediterranean, the Middle East, and the Caucasus. The importance of Inchirlik and other military infrastructure, airspace, sea lanes, intelligence, and logistics capabilities to alliance operations is analyzed. During the Cold War, Turkey defended NATO's southeastern border, and after the Cold War, its role in the Balkans, Afghanistan, Iraq, Syria, the Black Sea, and the Mediterranean crises took on various forms. Therefore, NATO is also not interested in severing relations with Turkey.

The analysis results show that Turkey is increasing its military capabilities within NATO through air defense, missile defense, and joint exercises. Alliance standards affect military equipment, command and control, communications, logistics, and training processes. This also indirectly affects the development of Turkey's national defense industry. In recent years, Turkey has been active in the production of drones, armored vehicles, naval platforms, and electronic systems. Alignment with NATO also raises the issue of coordinating these technologies within the alliance. Thus, NATO serves as a platform for military modernization, along with security guarantees for Turkey.

This article analyzes the socio-economic and political transformation of the Banu Sakhr tribe in the territory of Transjordan. The study examines the tribe’s historical position during the Mamluk and Ottoman periods, its traditional economic system based on camel herding in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, and the changes that occurred during the British Mandate period. It analyzes the weakening of the traditional camel-based economy as a result of increased state control, restrictions on mobility, drought, and changes in pastoralism, as well as the development of sheep herding and other forms of labor and the tribe’s integration into the state system.

This thesis provides a socio-philosophical analysis of personal data protection, privacy, and ethical responsibility in the activities of public servants under the conditions of artificial intelligence and digitalization. Although digital governance enables public authorities to collect, process, and analyze large volumes of data rapidly, these capabilities require a reconsideration of the boundaries governing public servants’ use of information about citizens. Particular attention is paid to the need to balance the effectiveness of digital public administration with the protection of citizens’ rights and compliance with ethical principles in the handling of personal data.

The article analyzes the theoretical and methodological foundations for studying the foreign policy of the People’s Republic of China in the Middle East. It substantiates the need to examine China’s foreign policy activities in the region in close connection with bilateral relations, economic interests, geopolitical transformations in the international relations system, processes of multipolarity, strategic partnership diplomacy, energy security, and regional stability. The study demonstrates that China’s policy toward the Middle East is interpreted through such approaches as neorealism, constructivism, and liberalism, as well as within China’s national schools of international relations, particularly the concepts of “moral realism” and “relational theory.” The conceptual foundations of China’s foreign policy, including the Belt and Road Initiative, partnership diplomacy, the principle of non-interference, and multilateral diplomacy, are analyzed in conjunction with the practical dimensions of China’s policy in the Middle East. At the same time, an analysis of China’s relations with Saudi Arabia, Iran, the United Arab Emirates, and other regional states demonstrates that Beijing’s approach to the region is characterized by pragmatism, an interest-based orientation, and relative flexibility. In particular, energy security, trade and economic cooperation, investment, infrastructure projects, regional security, and diplomatic mediation are identified as interconnected dimensions of China’s foreign policy.

This article explores the role and significance of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and crime mapping in combating crime and preventing offenses. The author analyzes the effectiveness of using modern digital technologies to stabilize the situation in neighborhoods with a complex criminogenic environment ("red" category). The article examines in detail the methodologies of spatial crime analysis, the identification of "hot spots," and the geographical profiling of offenders. The study concludes that GIS technologies are a key tool for the rational distribution of law enforcement resources and the proactive forecasting of criminogenic risks.

This article examines the institution of delicts in Roman private law, focusing on its concept, historical evolution, and main types through the method of historical-legal analysis. The transition from private to public liability for delicts, the composition of the principal delicts (furtum, iniuria, damnum iniuria datum), and the institution of quasi-delicts are analyzed. Particular attention is given to the shift from objective (strict) to subjective (fault-based) liability. The article also addresses the influence of the delict institution on the modern theory of civil liability, including fault-based responsibility and full compensation for harm.

This article provides a scholarly analysis of the theoretical and methodological foundations of gender relations, their socio-political essence, and their relationship with democratic principles. Ensuring gender equality is considered one of the key criteria of a modern democratic society. The article examines feminist theories, major methodological approaches to gender analysis, the development of gender policy in Uzbekistan, as well as international legal frameworks, particularly the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW, 1979) and commitments within the United Nations system. The study also explores the interrelationship between democratic transformation and gender equality, demonstrating the importance of equal rights and opportunities in the development of democratic institutions and social relations.

This article provides information about the trip to Bukhara and the impressions of the British diplomat Alexander Burns, who played an important role in the political struggles that took place in Central Asia in the 1930s. His work “Travels of Bukhara”, enriched with historical events and geographical notes, is also analyzed. In particular, the article examines the political and religious activities, state administration, and patronage of science of the Emir of Bukhara Haidar in Burns’s image.

The article provides a comparative legal analysis of the legal and procedural features of reviewing civil cases by higher courts in developed foreign countries. Drawing on the legislation of Spain, the United States, Germany, and Türkiye, it examines the objectives, functions, scope of review, and procedural limits of appellate, cassation, extraordinary review, and reopening proceedings based on newly discovered circumstances. The article explores the allocation of powers among higher courts in reviewing questions of fact and law, the conditions for admitting new evidence, appeal-filtering mechanisms, and mechanisms for ensuring the uniformity of judicial practice and safeguarding the principle of legal certainty. Foreign experience is compared with the civil procedural legislation of the Republic of Uzbekistan. The article puts forward scholarly and practical proposals for clearly distinguishing the functions of the appellate, cassation, and revision instances, establishing criteria for the admission of new evidence, and ensuring the stability of judicial acts that have entered into legal force.

This article analyzes the religious beliefs manifested in the system of wedding ceremonies among the Uzbek and Tajik populations of the Bukhara Oasis from historical-ethnographic and religious-philosophical perspectives. The study focuses on the syncretic coexistence of two layers within a single ritual: official Islamic norms (the marriage khutbah, mahr, and marriage prayer) and pre-Islamic animistic-magical beliefs (the cult of fire and light, protection against the evil eye, fertility magic, and reverence for ancestral spirits). Building on the findings of a previously published study devoted to the chimildiq ritual, this article expands those findings within the framework of religious-philosophical analysis and identifies gaps in the existing scholarly literature.