This article provides an in-depth analysis of one of the key grammatical categories of the Arabic language — the topic of “Exclusion” (Istisna). It details various types of exclusions, the tools used to express them, and their grammatical rules.

exclusion, exclusion particle, إِلَّا, غَيْرٌ, سُوًى, خَلَا, عَدَا, وَحَاشَا, سِوًى, affirmative sentence, negative sentence.

Abdulaziz, R. (2024). A Comparative Analysis of English and Arabic Prepositions: Syntax, Semantics, and Usage Patterns. Excellencia: International Multi-Disciplinary Journal of Education (2994-9521), 2(5), 112-114. https://doi.org/10.5281/ (in English)

Al-Dahdah, Antoine. (1992) Dictionary of Arabic Grammar in Tables and Charts. Mu’jam qava’id al-lug‘a al-arabiyya. – Bayrut: Maktabat Lubnan. – 352 p. (in Arabic)

Al-Jarim, Ali; Amin, Mustafa. Clear Grammar. Part Two. (1983). An-Nahv al-vadih. Al-juz’ as-saniy. – Misr, al-Qohira: Dar al-ma’arif. – 152 p. (in Arabic)

Begmatova, B. M., Mutalova, G. S., & Kasimova, S. S. (2023). The Direct Object And Its Use In Arabic Language. Boletin de Literatura Oral-The Literary Journal, 10(1), 3601-3609.

Grande, B.M. (1998). Course of Arabic grammar in comparative-historical light. Kurs arabskoy grammatiki v sravnitel'no-istoricheskom osveshenii. – Moscow: RAN. – 592 p. (in Russian)

Hassan, Abbas (1975). Comprehensive Grammar. Part Four. An-Nahv al-vafi. Al-Juz’ar-rabi’. – al-Qohira: Dar al-ma’arif. – 835 p. (in Arabic)

Nasif, Khifni et al. Grammar lessons (2006). ad-Durus an-nahviyya. – Misr, al-Iskandariyya: Dar al-Aqida. – 415 p. (in Arabic)

Nemah, Fouad. Summary of Arabic Grammar Rules. (1998). Mulaxxas qava’id al-lug‘a al-arabiyya. – Misr: Nahdat Misra. – 855 p. (in Arabic)

Rustamov, A. (2020). Syntactic properties of conditional prepositions (hurufu-sh-shart). Shart yuklamalari (hurufu-sh-shart)ning sintaktik xususiyatlari. Sharq mash’ali, 1(1), 108-116. Retrieved from https://inlibrary.uz/index.php/eastern-torch/article/view/13273 (in Uzbek)

Sheikh Al-Ghalayni, M. (2007). Collection of Arabic Lessons. Ash-Shayx al-G‘alayiyniy, Mustafa. Jami’ ad-durus al-arabiyya. – al-Qahira: Dar al-g‘ad al-jadid. – 590 р. (in Arabic)