This article examines the artistic representation of the Eastern pedagogical model in Gafur Gulyam’s masterpiece "Shum Bola" and its perception by Western audiences through English translation. The research focuses on the linguacultural distance between the Uzbek collective upbringing system - characterized by the “usta-shogird” (master-apprentice) tradition, community oversight (mahalla), and moral didacticism - and Western individualistic social norms. Using comparative-typological and receptive analysis, the study identifies the specific challenges faced by translators in conveying national values to foreign readers. The findings suggest that while the narrative remains engaging, certain pedagogical nuances, such as strict discipline and spiritual blessings (duo), may undergo conceptual shifts in the target culture. The article concludes that successful translation requires a balance between domestication and foreignization to preserve the original didactic spirit for the Western audience.

The rapid development of artificial intelligence, natural language processing, and multilingual machine translation technologies has significantly increased the importance of parallel corpora in translation modeling and translation education. Modern intelligent translation systems increasingly rely on semantically adapted multilingual corpora for contextual interpretation, semantic image learning, and adaptive translation generation. This study examines the linguistic, semantic, technological, and pedagogical requirements for parallel corpora in teaching translation modeling in a multilingual computing environment.

The relevance of this article  consists in an integrated approach to the study of  cultural code  of different nations in the process of multilingual communication. Language does not exist in isolation from culture; rather, it functions as the fundamental mechanism through which all other manifestations of culture become possible. No element of a cultural system can emerge or be meaningfully understood by members of a community unless it has first been verbalized, designated, and incorporated into the space of discursive exchange.Under these conditions, intercultural communication gradually develops its own conceptual and terminological apparatus, formulates a system of key concepts, and establishes its methodological foundations. This makes it possible to regard it not as a peripheral field within the structure of the humanities, but as a self-sufficient and mature scholarly discipline with its own objects, methods, and research objectives.

This article explores the role of terms and terminology as a source of research in modern linguistics, highlighting their specific characteristics and historical development stages. The author delineates the differences between terminology and a standard dictionary, emphasizing its significance in science, technology, information technology, and translation studies. The paper analyzes the primary sources for terminological research, including dictionaries, regulatory documents, and computational linguistics tools (Sketch Engine, TerMine). Furthermore, it examines the impact of Eugen Wüster’s "General Theory of Terminology" and the views of the Prague Linguistic School on terminological evolution. Semantic, syntactic, and morphological classifications of terms are discussed through practical lenses, such as the UK Supreme Court judgments.

This article explores the multifaceted challenges associated with online education in contemporary contexts, focusing on cultural, infrastructural, and gender-related barriers that affect students’ learning experiences. It examines how cultural differences influence students’ approaches to online learning, highlighting disparities in educational expectations and communication styles. The study also addresses technical difficulties, such as unstable internet connectivity and frequent electricity outages, which disrupt the continuity of remote education. Furthermore, the article brings attention to gender-based challenges, particularly the disproportionate burden on female students who are often expected to fulfill domestic responsibilities, limiting their ability to fully engage in online learning. By analyzing these interconnected issues, the article advocates for more inclusive, culturally sensitive, and equitable approaches to the design and delivery of online education.

This article explоres the linguоpragmatic features оf presuppоsitiоnal and implicative interrоgative sentences based оn the nоvels “Sarоb” by Abdulla Qahhоr and “An American Tragedy” by Theоdоre Dreiser. The study demоnstrates that presuppоsitiоnal interrоgatives express implicit backgrоund knоwledge, while implicative interrоgatives cоnvey indirect meanings and the inner psychоlоgical states оf characters. The cоmparative analysis highlights differences in authоrial style and the use оf pragmatic devices. The findings emphasize the impоrtance оf pragmatic analysis in literary texts.

This study focuses on reducing interference in English oral speech and optimizing the dynamics of interlanguage development. Interference arises from the interaction between the native language and the target language systems, leading to phonetic, grammatical, and lexical errors in spoken communication. The research was conducted within cognitive-communicative, psycholinguistic, and interlanguage frameworks. These approaches explain language acquisition not only as a linguistic process but also as a cognitive and communicative one. Based on these theoretical perspectives, interactive methods such as debates, problem-solving situations, and competition-based activities were employed to enhance learners’ active verbal participation and promote spontaneous speech production. The findings indicate that these interactive methods significantly improve students’ speech accuracy, fluency, and pragmatic adaptability while reducing interference-related errors in oral communication.

The article analyzes the poetic interaction between reality and wonder in the prose of Khudoyberdi Tokhtabayev, using the fairy-tale novella Riding the Yellow Div as an example. It examines the combination of realistic depictions of life and supernatural phenomena within a single artistic space, as well as the role of the magical object as a device that drives the plot and performs an educational and aesthetic function. The article also reveals the relationship between folklore traditions and the author’s principles of artistic renewal. Special attention is given to the interpretation of theoretical concepts of magical realism in the context of Uzbek children’s literature, the Soviet literary environment, and Eastern fairy-tale traditions.

This article examines the artistic language features of Walking Under the Thunderstorm, a novel by Erkin A’zam, one of the prominent representatives of Uzbek literature. The analysis focuses on the artistic expressive devices employed in the work, the use of lexical units closely related to folk speech, dialogues, phraseological expressions, irony and humor, as well as the distinctive features of the novel’s syntactic structure. Particular attention is paid to the harmony between the author’s narrative voice and the speech of the characters. The occasional words (names) used in the novel are also explained. As a result, the study demonstrates that the writer’s individual style and mastery of artistic language constitute a unique and significant phenomenon in Uzbek prose.

This article examines the interconnection between language and culture from linguistic, sociocultural, and communicative perspectives. The study analyzes the role of language as a carrier of cultural values and national identity, as well as the influence of culture on vocabulary, communication styles, and discourse.

 The article also explores the importance of intercultural communication in the era of globalization and digital technologies. Scientific approaches proposed by Edward Sapir, Benjamin Lee Whorf, Claire Kramsch, and David Crystal are discussed in relation to language and cultural interaction. The research concludes that language and culture are inseparable phenomena that mutually influence human cognition, communication, and social development.

This article explores methods for designing speaking activities based on fairy tales for primary school students. Fairy tales are a valuable tool in language learning as they assist students in expanding their vocabulary, improving their ability to express themselves fluently, and stimulating creative thinking. The study found that fairy tale-based speaking activities significantly enhance student engagement, improve pronunciation, and build confidence in speaking. This paper is dedicated to the development of effective speaking tasks that utilize fairy tales to promote language skills.

This article analyzes the artistic interpretation of Eastern civilization, cultural space, and the scientific-educational environment in Noah Gordon’s novel The Physician. The journey of the protagonist, Rob Cole, to the Eastern world is interpreted not merely as a geographic relocation, but as a process of spiritual and intellectual transformation. The study provides an extensive analysis of Eastern scientific centers, medical traditions, Sufi perspectives, and the cultural landscape of medieval Muslim society. In the work, Eastern civilization is presented in sharp contrast to the West: while England is depicted as a place of darkness, disease, and ignorance—where medical knowledge remains limited to folk remedies and barber-surgery—the East, particularly Isfahan, is portrayed as a hub of science, medicine, philosophy, culture, and religious tolerance.

This article examines the riddle genre as literary forms like lugz and chiston, emphasizing their authorial and artistic nature. It traces the genre’s ancient roots from M.Kashgari's “Devonu lugotit-turk” (tabzug) and its philosophical-moral content in classical poets such as Navoi, Uvaysiy, and Mashrab. Through analyses of Navoi's "Tanga" and Uvaysiy’s “Yongoq” chistons, the study reveals artistic devices like personification, metaphor, and symbolism, alongside their deep socio-philosophical meaning. It highlights the genre's continuation into the 20th century by poets like G. Gulom and Q. Muhammadiy, including its place in children’s literature, noting its poetic form. The article underscores the literary, philosophical, and pedagogical significance of riddles.

This article studies the folklore motifs in Sa’dulla Siyoyev’s Ahmad Yassaviy, focusing mainly on the motif of overcoming the nafs. The research analyzes how folklore traditions, symbolic images, and Sufi ideas are combined in the artistic structure of the novel. Special attention is given to the spiritual and moral development of the main character, Ahmad Yassaviy, who is portrayed as a symbol of purity, patience, modesty, and spiritual perfection.

The article explains the concept of nafs in Sufi philosophy and discusses its role in the process of human self-purification. In the novel, overcoming the nafs is presented as an internal struggle against worldly desires, selfishness, pride, and material attachment. The study examines how Ahmad Yassaviy achieves spiritual maturity through patience, self-control, and devotion to God. This process is reflected through various folklore motifs, symbolic episodes, legends, moral tests, and folk-style narrative elements. The research also investigates the connection between Uzbek folklore and Sufi literature. It highlights that many features of oral folk творчество, such as symbolic journeys, spiritual trials, wise-man images, and moral teachings, are actively used in the novel. These folkloric elements strengthen the national spirit of the work and help the author reveal the inner world of the protagonist more deeply.

Furthermore, the article analyzes the artistic function of folklore motifs in creating the philosophical atmosphere of the novel. The motif of overcoming the nafs is interpreted not only as a religious or mystical idea but also as a universal human value connected with morality, honesty, patience, and spiritual discipline. The study emphasizes that the novel promotes important ethical values that remain relevant in modern society. The findings show that folklore motifs play an essential role in the ideological and artistic structure of the novel. Through the motif of overcoming the nafs, the author presents the idea that true human greatness is achieved through spiritual purification and victory over one’s inner weaknesses. Therefore, the novel can be considered an important example of the harmony between folklore traditions and Sufi philosophy in modern Uzbek literature.

This article examines the challenges of translating the linguocultural units in Gafur Gulom’s work “Shum Bola” into English. The focus is on pragmatic adequacy, ensuring that the translation preserves not only the meaning but also the cultural and communicative context of the original. Examples are provided to illustrate translation difficulties, along with suggested strategies to overcome them, facilitating a more accurate and natural conveyance of the author’s ideas to an international audience.

This article examines the role of digital public relations tools in establishing sustainable, long-term relationships with target audiences under conditions of digital transformation. The efficiency of tools such as trust-building mechanisms, SEO optimization, content marketing, influencer collaborations, and social media marketing in the digital landscape is analyzed. The research provides a comparative study between advanced foreign experiences (USA, UK) and local practices within the digital media environment of Uzbekistan. In conclusion, scientific and practical recommendations are developed for brands and public organizations to enhance audience loyalty.

This article examines the theoretical and methodological foundations, linguvodidactic possibilities and pedagogical effectiveness of using authentic materials in developing English reading competence of logistics students. The research was conducted on the basis of the integration of the competency-based approach, communicative language pedagogy, constructivist educational paradigm and English for Specific Purposes (ESP) methodology. In the process of experimental training, a system of profession-oriented reading tasks was developed based on authentic professional texts related to international logistics activities - multimodal transport documents, customs declaration forms, supply chain analytics reports, warehouse operation manuals and freight forwarding correspondence.

This study is devoted to the development and implementation of an innovative model of Russian language teaching aimed at the effective development of students' speech competences with regard to their future professional activities. The model is based on the application of the technology of «language portfolios», which allows creating an individual learning trajectory for each student. To develop and test the model of Russian language teaching, which will contribute to the formation of students' all necessary speech skills for successful communication in the professional environment. Modern realities require from university graduates not only deep theoretical knowledge, but also developed communicative skills. The use of «language portfolios» technology allows making the process of Russian language teaching more individual, focused on the practical needs of students and contributing to their successful socialization in the professional environment.

This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the institutional development of the public relations (PR) system of political parties in Uzbekistan. It examines theories of political communication, contemporary PR models, and their application within the national political system. Particular attention is paid to the mechanisms of interaction between political parties and the public, information policy, and the enhancement of effectiveness through digital communication tools. Based on a comparative analysis of national and international studies, the article identifies the existing challenges in this field and substantiates the prospects for its further development.

This article examines the artistic interpretation of parent–child relationships in the works of the American writer Mark Twain. The study explores the system of family relationships depicted in the author's major works, including The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, The Prince and the Pauper, and other writings. The moral, psychological, and social dimensions of parent–child relationships are analyzed through the experiences and development of literary characters. The article also investigates issues related to child upbringing, personality formation, family values, and the influence of society on the development of the younger generation as reflected in Twain’s works. The findings demonstrate that parent–child relationships in Mark Twain’s literary heritage represent not only a family-related issue but also a broader social and philosophical phenomenon. Through his realistic portrayal of childhood experiences and family environments, Twain highlights the significant role of family in shaping an individual’s moral character, worldview, and social identity.

This research report presents a comprehensive philological analysis of the mechanisms of metaphorization and the specific characteristics of Tatyana Tolstaya's individual authorial style in the genre of short prose. The paper explores the phenomenon of "metaphorical style," where tropes serve not only as a means of artistic expression but also as the primary principle of organizing the fictional world at the character, spatial, and temporal levels. The focus of attention is on the convergence of speech techniques, lexico-semantic syncretism, and the formation of the metabole-image as the foundation of the poetics of "dense" writing. The study covers both early short stories and the "new prose" of the 2010s, revealing an evolution from Baroque redundancy to a documentary "ego-text." The analysis confirms that the individuality of Tolstaya's language is based on the anthropomorphic animism of the material world and complex intertextual play, which allows for the classification of her work as a unique synthesis of modernist traditions and a postmodern worldview.

Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL) has become an important approach in modern education, as it allows students to learn subject content and a foreign language at the same time. Despite its benefits, CLIL implementation might be difficult, particularly for inexperienced teachers with little training and experience. The purpose of this study is to investigate the primary challenges encountered by novice CLIL teachers and to pinpoint useful tactics that can aid in their professional growth. The study employs a qualitative methodology, utilizing classroom observations and interviews to gain a deeper understanding of instructors' perspectives. The results show that obtaining suitable teaching resources, managing classroom interaction in a foreign language, and striking a balance between topic and language objectives are common challenges for new teachers. Additionally, their teaching ability may be adversely affected by a lack of confidence and inadequate methodological preparation. Overall, the study highlights how crucial ongoing assistance and hands-on training are to the effective application of CLIL.

This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the phenomenon of the “Southern Renaissance,” an unprecedented rise in the literature of the southern states of the United States during the first half of the twentieth century. The study employs comparative-historical, comparative-typological, descriptive-analytical, and cultural-historical methods. Through the comparative-historical method, the stages of the formation of the “Southern Renaissance” and the socio-political factors influencing its development are examined. The comparative-typological method is used to identify the similarities and differences between the “Southern Renaissance” and other literary movements, particularly European modernism and the “Harlem Renaissance.” Based on the descriptive-analytical method, the works and literary heritage of the leading representatives are analyzed. The cultural-historical method reveals the influence of the “Lost Cause” ideology, the trauma of the Civil War, and modernization processes on the literary movement. The article also pays special attention to the impact of the “Southern Renaissance” on world literature, especially on Latin American magical realism.

This article examines the practical aspects of literary translation as a complex process that requires not only linguistic accuracy but also cultural, stylistic, aesthetic and interpretive competence. The study focuses on the main difficulties that arise in the translation of literary texts, including the rendering of imagery, idioms, metaphors, cultural references, rhythm, tone and authorial style. The article is prepared in the IMRAD format and analyzes literary translation from theoretical and practical perspectives. Special attention is paid to the translator’s role as a mediator between languages and cultures. The findings show that successful literary translation depends on the balance between faithfulness to the source text and naturalness in the target language.

This article analyzes the issues of tradition, innovation, and mastery in Avaz Otar's poetry. It demonstrates that Avaz's poems (qita) are distinguished by a high level of mastery in their themes, ideas, imagery, and poetic figures. The article argues that the poet not only continued but also developed the traditions of Alisher Navoi. Using manuscript sources, it also addresses the shortcomings of Avaz Otar's previously published poems. Based on examples from Avaz's works, substantiated conclusions are drawn.

This article studies the theoretical and methodological foundations, linguodidactic capabilities and experimental effectiveness of task-based learning (TBL) technology in developing English speaking competence of logistics students. The research was conducted on the basis of the integration of the competency-based approach, communicative language pedagogy, constructivist educational paradigm and English for Specific Purposes (ESP) methodology. The experimental work was organized on the basis of a quasi-experimental design, in which 48 students of the logistics department participated. In the process of experimental training, a system of profession-oriented tasks modeling authentic communicative situations of international logistics activities was developed and put into practice.

The study of the relationships between language and society, society and language, various dialectical forms of speech, communicative interactions characteristic of representatives of different professional fields, as well as speech relations connected with age and gender as distinct types of discourse, encourages the investigation of medical discourse as a separate object of study. Medical discourse consists of the complex communicative processes between doctors and patients, medical consultations, and the communication practices of employees working in medical higher educational institutions and healthcare systems.

This article presents a cognitive-comparative analysis of kinship terms in English, Russian, and Uzbek with the aim of explaining how each language packages family relations into lexical categories. The study is built in IMRAD format and combines componential, contrastive, and cognitive-semantic methods. The working corpus includes core consanguineal and selected affinal terms verified through lexicographic sources and recent scholarly studies. The comparison focuses on seven parameters: generation, sex, lineality, parental side, relative age, affinal specificity, and pragmatic extension to non-relatives. The results show that all three languages reliably lexicalize the nearest lineal relations, but they diverge strongly in the collateral zone. English tends toward semantic compression: aunt, uncle, and cousin cover relatively broad relational classes and require contextual or analytic clarification. Russian occupies an intermediate position: it preserves a rich traditional inventory, especially for in-laws, yet in current usage many specific terms are replaced by descriptive phrases. Uzbek demonstrates the highest degree of lexical differentiation in the sampled material, especially in distinguishing maternal and paternal lines and older versus younger siblings. The discussion argues that these differences should not be interpreted as simple degrees of lexical richness; rather, they reveal distinct cognitive strategies of categorization. English privileges economy and contextual inference, Russian shows partial restructuring under conditions of modern communicative simplification, and Uzbek integrates genealogy, hierarchy, and politeness into a single semantic field. The article concludes that kinship terminology is an especially productive site for studying the relationship between language structure, cultural knowledge, and conceptual organization.

This article analyzes the grammatical and lexical-semantic features of the Uzbek and Arabic languages from a comparative-typological perspective. The study compares the structural differences between agglutinative and inflectional systems, as well as the functional aspects of grammatical gender, number, and definiteness-indefiniteness categories. In addition, the semantic transformation of certain Arabic borrowings in the Uzbek language is examined through examples. The findings of the study help explain some interference-related difficulties encountered in teaching Arabic to Uzbek learners.

The article examines modern approaches to using digital technologies in teaching Russian as a foreign language. Special attention is given to multimedia resources and cloud services (Google Docs, Google Classroom) as tools for implementing differentiated and personalized learning. It is shown that the use of information and communication technologies and computer tools increases learners’ motivation, promotes independent work, develops communicative competence, and ensures effective monitoring of learning outcomes. The article also discusses the possibilities of creating individual learning trajectories and applying interactive methods using digital resources.

This article analyzes the stages of development of Chinese drama and literature in the second half of the 20th century. The author explores the period of stagnation during the "Cultural Revolution," the subsequent revival processes, and the impact of the "Root-Seeking" movement on literature. Additionally, famous dramatic works of the period and the ideological and artistic changes within them are scientifically examined.

This article examines the improvement of methodologies for developing students’ scientific literacy in Grades 7–8 biology classes based on international assessment programs, particularly the approaches of PISA, TIMSS, and PIRLS, as well as OECD competency frameworks. The relevance of the study is determined by the need to enhance students’ ability to apply theoretical biological knowledge in real-life situations, provide scientific explanations, use evidence effectively, analyze data, and solve problems related to everyday life. The research employed pedagogical experiments, classroom observations, questionnaires, diagnostic tests, and statistical analysis methods. The study involved a total of 128 students from Grades 7 and 8, who were divided into experimental and control groups. The results of pre-tests and post-tests demonstrated a significant positive improvement in the scientific literacy indicators of students in the experimental groups. In particular, a methodological model based on problem-based situations, contextual biological tasks, PISA-type questions, inquiry-based learning, STEAM elements, and the integration of digital technologies proved to be effective. The findings indicate that aligning the content and methodology of biology education with international assessment requirements contributes to the development of students’ functional knowledge, scientific thinking, and twenty-first-century skills. The results obtained are compared with international research findings, while the advantages and limitations of the proposed methodology are analyzed, and practical recommendations are provided.

This article examines the role of Chinese rhetoric in world linguistics based on modern scholarly research. The study highlights the distinctive features of Chinese written and spoken discourse and reveals its differences from Western rhetorical traditions.

This article examines the theoretical and practical issues of the art of hyperbole, which has a unique place among the means of artistic expression. The article comprehensively covers the linguistic and stylistic nature of hyperbole, its underlying content and essence, and its role in increasing the power of influencing the reader's emotions.