The article examines the artistic representation of social identity and the conflict between the lyrical protagonist and society in the works of young Uzbek poets who came of age during the years of independence. The main principles of social identity theory are applied to the analysis of literary texts. Particular attention is paid to the poetic function of the opposition between the pronouns “we” and “I,” the individual’s position under the gaze of society, the need for differentiation and its social evaluation, as well as situations in which the search for belonging to a particular social environment remains unresolved. Based on specific poetic texts, the article identifies the principal forms of social identity and its crisis. It concludes that in the poetry of the younger generation, social identity becomes most apparent at the point of crisis, when an individual is unable to find a stable place within the community and is compelled to redefine the self.

This article explores the theoretical and practical foundations of a technology for improving the cognitive mechanisms of a digital immersive multisensory teaching environment in higher education. It substantiates the potential for developing students' cognitive activity, critical thinking, reflective activity, and professional competence through the integration of digital, immersive, and multisensory learning tools. The effectiveness of the proposed technology is confirmed by the results of a pedagogical experiment.

This article examines the ethnocultural codes through which national identity is constructed in the prose of the American Kiowa writer N. Scott Momaday (House Made of Dawn, The Way to Rainy Mountain) and the Karakalpak writer T. Kayipbergenov (The Legend of Maman-biy). Applying a comparative-typological method, the study identifies six recurrent code types shared by both authors — ritual and sacred space, naming and genealogy, landscape and toponymy, orally transmitted narrative embedded within the written text, material culture and dress, and religious syncretism — and shows how each writer transforms these codes according to the individual or collective nature of the identity being represented. The results suggest that ethnocultural coding functions in Momaday primarily to reconstruct an individual consciousness fractured by colonial displacement, while in Kayipbergenov it functions to construct a continuous collective memory of a small nation caught between two empires.

The article examines the verbalisation of the concept “benefit/profit” (“foyda”) in Uzbek and English advertising texts and its manipulative-pragmatic potential from comparative-typological and linguocultural perspectives. Advertising discourse is treated as a special type of manipulative influence in which this concept functions as the core motivational nucleus. Drawing on more than 240 advertising texts, the study identifies manipulative mechanisms such as presupposition, implicature, quantitative framing, urgency (time limitation) and evaluative lexis. The findings reveal a prevalence of an individual-rational construal of benefit in English advertising and a collective-ethical one in Uzbek advertising. The results may serve as a theoretical basis for the comparative study, translation and localisation of advertising texts.

The article considers current trends in the development of students' emotional empathy and value-semantic reflection in the modern conditions of school education. Special attention is paid to the pedagogical potential of literature lessons in developing students' ability to understand the emotional states of other people, empathize, and comprehend the moral aspects of human behavior. The article reveals the potential of using literary works as a means of forming students' empathy and value orientations. It emphasizes the role of discussing literary texts, analyzing characters' actions, and interpreting life situations in the development of the personal qualities of students in general education schools.

The article analyses, with reference to English, the impact of digital learning tools on translation quality and on the professional competence of trainee translators. The relevance of the study stems from the rapid entry of computer-assisted translation systems, neural machine translation and AI-based assistive tools into the educational process, while it remains insufficiently described how exactly these tools affect translation quality and which components of competence they develop or weaken. The aim of the research is to classify types of digital tools, to determine the effect of each on translation quality, and to relate them to the components of established competence models. The material comprises a corpus of scholarly sources on translation competence theory, the didactics of translation technology and machine translation post-editing. Descriptive, comparative-analytical and structural-functional methods were applied, together with content analysis of the sources. Five types of digital tools were identified, and for each a quality effect and a risk zone are described. Three principal risks were established: the flattening of style, over-reliance on the tool, and the false confidence produced by fluent machine output. On this basis a three-stage methodological model and assessment criteria are proposed. The practical value of the study lies in the applicability of the model to the design of translation curricula and teaching materials.

This article provides a comparative-typological study of color semantics, specifically focusing on the artistic and psychological functions of red and yellow in Uzbek classical poetry and German Romanticism. Drawing upon the poetic works of Nodira, Uvaysiy, Annette von Droste-Hülshoff, and Karoline von Günderrode, the study highlights the aesthetic role of colors in depicting human psychology, passionate love, the sorrow of separation, death, and existential anxiety. By juxtaposing Eastern mystical symbolism with Western Romantic perceptions, the article demonstrates how poetic color imagery serves as a bridge for universal human emotions across cultures.

The article examines the system of parts of speech in modern Russian and argues for its refinement on the basis of a multi-criterion approach. The relevance of the study stems from the continuing controversy surrounding the issue: despite the stability of the classification used in schools and universities, the composition and boundaries of individual word classes remain disputed, and the number of parts of speech identified varies across descriptions. The aim of the research is to determine the criteria for classifying parts of speech in Russian, to identify the zones in which classes overlap, and to characterise the dynamic processes that alter the composition of word classes. The material comprises a corpus of scholarly and reference literature: classical works on Russian morphology, academic grammars, and contemporary studies in the theory of parts of speech and the typology of word classes. Descriptive, structural-semantic, distributional and contrastive-typological methods were applied, together with content analysis of scholarly sources. The findings show that parts of speech in Russian do not constitute a discrete partition of the lexicon: classes are linked by relations of prototypicality, and between them lie transitional zones filled by hybrid units. Four types of transitional phenomena are identified and described, and the status of the most disputed classes — predicatives, participles, gerunds, pronouns and modal words — is substantiated. The practical value of the study lies in the applicability of its conclusions to the teaching of Russian morphology, including in classrooms where Russian is not the students' first language.

The article examines the function of modernist-compatible narrative techniques within the realist artistic system of Odil Yakubov’s novellas. Rather than reclassifying the writer as a canonical modernist, the study investigates how interior monologue, retrospective composition, subjective time, symbolic detail, subtext, and dialogic ambiguity deepen psychological representation. “Muqaddas,” “Qanot Juft Bo‘ladi,” and “Matluba” are used as the principal texts. Historical-literary, comparative-typological, structural, close-reading, and psychological-hermeneutic methods are applied to trace the transformation of external social events into ethical problems inside the character’s consciousness. The author’s textual analysis demonstrates that the modernist-compatible features in Yakubov’s prose operate as functional resources within realism rather than as an independent aesthetic system. Retrospection supports the reassessment of responsibility, subjective time represents unresolved moral memory, while dialogue, silence, and gesture reveal subtext and competing perspectives. The findings show that Yakubov modernizes the realist novella from within by increasing its psychological density without abandoning social causality. His authorial individuality is therefore defined by a synthesis of social concreteness and analytic psychology, through which ordinary choices become tests of conscience, dignity, and human responsibility.

The article provides a comparative-typological analysis of the mythopoetic nature of eschatological (doomsday) motifs in world mythology and of the dominant mythological images activated within these motifs. The source base comprises the Ragnarök plot of Scandinavian-English mythology, Sumerian-Akkadian and scriptural accounts of the universal flood, Turkic (Altai-Khakas) narratives connected with Ülgen and Erlik, and the layer of Uzbek folklore enriched by Islamic notions of the hereafter. The analysis identifies a four-stage mythopoetic model of the eschatological motif: violation of the norm – catastrophe – purification – rebirth; the dominant images are classified into the groups of demiurge, eschatological antagonist, seer, salvific vessel and the surviving restorative pair. It is argued that in English mythology the destruction of the world is cyclical and cosmological, whereas in Uzbek mythology it is linear and morally accountable in character.

This article provides a comparative analysis of the representation of gender stereotypes related to female and male behavior in Uzbek and English proverbs. Since proverbs are linguistic units that preserve the behavioral norms of a people in the most concise form, they make it possible to identify the types of behavior that society expects from men and women. In the study, proverbs in both languages were classified into four categories: speech behavior, behavioral patterns related to work and activity, emotional behavior, and moral behavior. The analysis revealed that in both paremiological systems, women are expected to demonstrate “reserved speech, patience, and propriety,” while men are expected to display “keeping one’s word, composure, and determination.” At the same time, female behavior is regulated in considerably greater detail than male behavior, which constitutes one of the main manifestations of gender asymmetry in paremiology. The findings of the study are of theoretical and practical significance for comparative linguistics, linguocultural studies, and language teaching methodology.

This article examines how similes in literary text are interpreted by artificial intelligence versus human translators, using Abdulla Qodiriy’s novel “O‘tkan kunlar” (“Bygone Days”) as material. The article addresses the linguistic nature of the simile, its structural components (subject, object of comparison, basis, and marker), and its stylistic functions.

The article examines the thematic structure of English slang through two independent but interrelated dimensions: the communicative domains in which slang units are used and the semantic fields that supply sources for new slang nominations. The material combines historical records from the author’s working files with 86 units drawn from household vocabulary, anthroponyms, toponyms, zoonyms, phytonyms, somatisms, professional terms, brand names, colour terms and numerals. Descriptive, componential, semantic-field, comparative and quantitative methods distinguish highly, moderately and weakly productive sources. The highly active layer accounts for 54.7 percent of the sample, the moderately active layer for 32.6 percent, and the weakly active layer for 12.8 percent. The findings show that thematic activity depends on community needs, historical period, communicative setting and evaluative strategies. Separating a domain of use from a source of nomination is proposed as a methodological principle for semantic classification and slang lexicography. The model also supports double thematic tagging in electronic dictionaries, translation and corpus research.

The article examines the emotional-expressive and aesthetic functions of punctuation in Virginia Woolf’s “Mrs Dalloway”. It focuses on the period, semicolon, dash, parentheses, question and exclamation marks, ellipsis and comma as devices that organize stream of consciousness, free indirect discourse, psychological tension and modernist narrative rhythm. The study argues that punctuation in Vulf is not merely grammatical: it participates in representing shifts of consciousness, temporal layering, voice and affect. The findings also underline the importance of functionally preserving authorial punctuation in Uzbek translation.

The article examines the integration of the cultural analysis of literature with modern digital technologies in the educational process. Particular attention is paid to the study of rituals, anthropological codes, and folkloric motifs in nineteenth-century Russian literature, including the works of Mikhail Lermontov, Alexander Pushkin, and Leo Tolstoy. The use of immersive technologies, such as VR, AR, and interactive platforms, makes it possible to visualise social and cultural practices, reconstruct literary scenes, and gain a deeper understanding of the psychology of literary characters. This approach contributes to the development of students’ meta-subject and critical competencies, enhances analytical and reflective thinking, increases student engagement, and promotes a practical understanding of the text as a cultural and historical artefact. The article demonstrates how innovative teaching methods combine traditional textual analysis with modern educational tools, ensuring the integration of humanities-related and digital competencies.

The article analyses the history of research into the language units expressing the sense of touch in three typologically different languages – English, Russian and Uzbek. The aim of the study is to identify the stages through which this lexical-semantic group has been investigated within the three scholarly traditions and to substantiate the research gap in Uzbek linguistics. More than forty linguistic sources created between the second half of the 20th century and the first quarter of the 21st century were selected as material; descriptive-analytical, historical-comparative (historiographic), contrastive methods and elements of componential analysis were applied. The results show that in all three traditions the visual and auditory modalities have been studied considerably more than the tactile one. The author explains this asymmetry by the mixed – physical-physiological and mental – nature of the semantics of the verbs expressing tactile perception. It is concluded that no monographic linguocognitive and linguocultural study of the units expressing tactile perception has been undertaken in Uzbek linguistics, which makes it a promising field for the contrastive analysis of genetically unrelated languages.

This article examines how the conceptual opposition of good and evil is linguistically constructed through metaphor and imagery in three novels by Khaled Hosseini: The Kite Runner (2003), A Thousand Splendid Suns (2007) and And the Mountains Echoed (2013). The study combines Conceptual Metaphor Theory with a discourse-oriented account of literary metaphor, and applies the Metaphor Identification Procedure to a purposively sampled corpus of evaluative passages in which moral judgement is expressed figuratively rather than named directly. The analysis identifies five recurrent source domains that carry the moral load of the three narratives: light and darkness, vertical space, natural cycles of water and drought, predation and disease, and culturally salient artefacts such as the kite, the wall and the blade. Results show that Hosseini rarely lexicalises moral categories with abstract nouns; instead, goodness and evil are encoded in perceptual imagery, and their evaluative polarity is frequently reversed or suspended within the same image, so that a single source domain serves both poles. The article argues that this internal reversibility, rather than a stable binary scheme, constitutes the distinctive feature of Hosseini’s moral idiom, and that it produces specific problems of equivalence for translators working into typologically and culturally distant languages, including Uzbek. The findings contribute to cognitive stylistics, to the study of Afghan diaspora fiction, and to the description of figurative moral language in literary translation.