The article examines ellipsis from the standpoint of structural-descriptive linguistics. It shows that in the works of L.Bloomfield, Z.S.Harris, Ch.C.Fries, Ch.F.Hockett and R.S.Wells, ellipsis is not treated as a separate phenomenon but is approached through the notions of minor sentences, substitution, distribution and immediate constituent analysis. The study applies distributional analysis, substitution and expansion tests, immediate constituent analysis and the comparative method. Three structural criteria for identifying ellipsis are proposed: recoverability, distributional equivalence and the source of dependence. On this basis, contextual, situational and constructional ellipsis are distinguished. Using German and Uzbek material, the article shows how ellipsis differs from the zero morpheme and from Uzbek subject omission marked by a personal suffix. It finds that German subject omission occurs in independent clauses mainly in colloquial speech, in the initial position (Vorfeld), and is true ellipsis. It also shows that in German main clauses the verb is omitted from the second conjunct, whereas in verb-final subordinate clauses, as in Uzbek, it is omitted from the first conjunct and used only once at the end.

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