This article explores the formation and role of political actors in the era of globalization through a comparative analysis of Germany, China, and Uzbekistan. The study highlights three distinct models of political systems: the open and pluralistic system of Germany, where multiple actors such as parties, NGOs, civil society, and media actively shape decision-making; the centralized and closed system of China, dominated exclusively by the Communist Party, where alternative actors and initiatives are highly restricted; and the transitional model of Uzbekistan, where the state remains the central actor but the influence of bloggers, analysts, NGOs, and public opinion has been steadily increasing in recent years. The findings demonstrate that the effectiveness of political systems depends not solely on state power and centralized governance, but also on the balance and cooperation among diverse actors. In the context of globalization, openness, inclusiveness, and adaptability of political systems emerge as key factors for sustainable development and resilience in addressing global challenges such as climate change, migration, and pandemics.

Political actors, globalization, political system, Germany, China, Uzbekistan, civil society, NGOs, bloggers, international organizations.

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