The construction of the Central Asian and Tashkent–Orenburg railways stimulated the influx of Russian and foreign entrepreneurs, which contributed to the growth of industrial enterprises and the intensification of trade. In Turkestan, a significant portion of land and the means of production became concentrated in the hands of large proprietors, forcing landless peasants to seek employment in factories and plants located in the major cities of the Fergana, Syrdarya and Samarkand regions. Their ranks were further supplemented by migrants from the Bukhara Emirate, the Khiva Khanate, Iran, Afghanistan and Kashgar. As a result, market relations expanded, social stratification accelerated, and society became divided: on one side stood the commercial-usurious bourgeoisie, major landowners and industrialists, and on the other – poor peasants, farmhands, hired laborers and industrial workers.

This scientific article focuses on the role of national values in the upbringing of young people in Uzbekistan, analyzing their significance in the context of globalization, digitalization, and socio-cultural transformations. The article explores the essence of national values as the spiritual and moral foundation of Uzbek society, their impact on the formation of personal qualities, social responsibility, civic engagement, and cultural identity among the younger generation. The article examines the main institutions involved in the transmission and strengthening of national values, including the family, educational institutions, cultural and religious organizations, mass media, and government policies. The article presents mechanisms for integrating national values into educational processes, identifies contemporary problems and challenges, and suggests ways to improve educational work. The article is based on an analysis of scientific sources, regulatory documents in Uzbekistan, strategies for developing youth policy, and modern pedagogical research.

This article discusses the latest reforms being carried out in Uzbekistan to ensure family well-being, social support for low-income families, and some aspects of improving their well-being. The family is the main link in society, and the sustainable development of the family is one of the main tasks of the state. The article presents analytical conclusions based on the strategic approaches of state policy aimed at supporting the family, recent changes in legislation, and their expression in practical life. It shows the importance of an institutional approach to improving family well-being, and highlights the importance of developing the institution of the family in the future, and the importance of supporting the family as one of the most important issues for the state and society, and the content and results of the large-scale reforms being implemented.

The article analyzes the new reforms being implemented in the Republic of Uzbekistan to strengthen the family institution, raise the standard of living of the population, and improve the social protection system, support for low-income families in need of improved housing conditions, and the system of providing loans to women with disabilities to purchase affordable housing on the basis of mortgage loans. It describes measures being taken to support pensioners and women, reduce family poverty, and ensure employment.

This article analyzes the essence of collectivism and individuality, as well as their relationship with the social sciences, using examples from Western and Eastern societies. It is explained that collectivism and individuality are essential characteristics of social relations and human spirituality, and that under the influence of objective and subjective factors they may take on different proportions.

This article examines the concept of citizens’ economic freedom, its essence, forms, and its significance for the stable and sustainable development of society. Economic freedom is defined as the individual’s right to own property, engage in labor activities, pursue entrepreneurship, and make independent decisions within market relations. The article analyzes the principles that ensure economic freedom as reflected in the Constitution of the Republic of Uzbekistan, relevant legislative acts, and key political documents such as the “Development Strategy for 2022–2026.” It also reviews Uzbekistan’s achievements in the sphere of economic freedom according to international rankings. Furthermore, the study highlights the role of economic freedom in promoting entrepreneurship, fostering competitive market conditions, ensuring social justice, and supporting long-term economic growth. The findings demonstrate that expanding the economic freedom of citizens is a fundamental precondition not only for building a robust economy but also for developing a democratic and lawful society.

The article analyzes the main sources on the history of the chemical industry in Uzbekistan based on archival documents. Using materials from collections R-837, R-2600, R-2742, R-90, R-9, and R-368 which include government decrees, reports, industrial plans, and education-related documents the development of the republic’s chemical industry as well as its organizational and technological stages is presented. The article also briefly describes the ancient roots of chemical knowledge in Central Asia and the emergence of industrial centers in the twentieth century. The study emphasizes that the history of the chemical industry in Uzbekistan is not only an industrial or economic process, but is also closely connected with the formation of national science, scientific schools, and a system of personnel training. Archival documents make it possible to comprehensively illuminate the organizational, technological, modernization, and environmental aspects of the sector’s development.

This article analyzes the current state of energy policy in the Central Asian region and the initiatives of the Republic of Uzbekistan in this field. The economic and geopolitical significance of Uzbekistan’s energy reforms based on market economy principles, the processes of implementing renewable energy sources, and the policy of international cooperation and regional integration are highlighted. Additionally, the article examines projects being implemented within the framework of the country’s “green economy” concept, solar and wind power plants being constructed based on the public-private partnership model, and initiatives aimed at forming a regional energy system. The study scientifically assesses the role of Uzbekistan’s energy policy in ensuring regional stability, economic growth, and environmental security.

This scholarly article provides a comprehensive analysis of the history of administrative-territorial changes in the Kashkadarya District (Region), focusing specifically on the complex stages during the years of Soviet rule. The article outlines the chronology of changes, from the division into uyezds in 1925 to the introduction of the regionalization (rayonization) system in 1926, as well as the subsequent establishment, merger, and reorganization of various districts (rayons).