This scientific article investigates the regularities of the formation of toponyms within the context of geopolitical space civilization and the historical memory of society based on an interdisciplinary synthesis. The socio-economic, linguo-cultural, landscape, and ethnic determinism (factors) in the emergence of place names are systematically analyzed. Using the example of stratigraphic layers (Sogdian, Ancient Turkic, Persian, and Arabic elements) in the sub-toponymic system of Central Asia, the functional roles of toponyms as "silent and documentary witnesses" are demonstrated. Furthermore, the article explores the transformation of cultural memory resulting from toponymic politics (renaming), the ideological deconstruction of historical space, and its consequences on the socio-cultural identification of society.

Toponymics, social semantics of space, geolinguistics, cultural memory, ethnotoponym, hydronym, linguistic archaeology, historical justice.

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