This article analyzes the semantic and conceptual features of the concept of “friendship” in Uzbek and German languages. Theoretical foundations of semantic annotation are discussed, and it is shown how the concept of friendship is expressed through different semantic components in diverse cultural contexts. In Uzbek, friendship is associated with collectivism, social values, and frequent use in official discourse, while in German it emphasizes individuality, personal ties, and long-term emotional bonds. The study highlights issues of cross-linguistic equivalence and cultural-semantic differences.

friendship, Freundschaft, semantic annotation, conceptual analysis, comparative linguistics, intercultural communication.

Evans, V., & Green, M. (2006). Cognitive Linguistics: An Introduction. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.

Fillmore, C. J. (1982). Frame Semantics. In Linguistic Society of Korea (Ed.), Linguistics in the Morning Calm (pp. 111-137). Seoul: Hanshin.

Wierzbicka, A. (1997). Understanding Cultures through their Key Words. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

O‘zbek tili izohli lug‘ati (2008). 6 jildlik. Toshkent: O‘zbekiston Milliy ensiklopediyasi.

Digitales Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache (DWDS). Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften.

Geeraerts D. Theories of Lexical Semantics. – Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010. – 341 p.

Miller G.A. WordNet: A Lexical Database for English. Communications of the ACM, vol. 38, 2019. – P. 39 – 41.

Kluge F. Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache. – Berlin: De Gruyter, 1999.

Lyons J. Linguistic Semantics: An Introduction. – Cambridge University Press, 2020.

Cruse D.A. Lexical Semantics. – Cambridge University Press, 2019.