This study examines taraduf works in Arabic linguistics, namely works devoted to synonymy, with particular attention to their lexical-semantic nature and classificatory features. The research classifies these sources into two groups on the basis of their content and criteria, and elucidates their scholarly significance. The novelty of the study lies in the fact that taraduf works are interpreted not merely as compilations of synonyms, but as systematic sources that reflect semantic differentiation. In addition, the study reveals the denotative, connotative, stylistic, functional, and pragmatic distinctions among the lexical units presented in these works. The analysis demonstrates that the units recorded in taraduf works often denote not absolute synonymy, but rather semantic proximity, gradience of meaning, and differences in usage. Therefore, taraduf works are recognized as an important scholarly source for the study of semantic fields, lexical systematization, and synonymic relations in the Arabic language.

tarāduf works, Arabic linguistics, lexical-semantic features, synonymous units, semantic differentiation, Arabic lexicography, semantic field, thematic lexicons, works on semantic distinctions, synonymous layers.

Abū ʿUbayd, al-Qāsim ibn Sallām. The Classified Rare Lexicon. Al-Gharīb al-muṣannaf. – Tunis, 1989. Vol. 2. – 543 p. (in Arabic)

al-ʿAskarī, Abū Hilāl. Semantic distinctions in language. Al-Furūq fī al-lugha. – Beirut, 1991. – 442 p. (in Arabic)

al-ʿAskarī, Abū Hilāl. The book of summary on knowing the names of things. Kitāb al-talkhīṣ fī maʿrifat asmāʾ al-ashyāʾ. – Beirut, 1993. – 401 p. (in Arabic)

al-Aṣmaʿī, ʿAbd al-Malik ibn Qurayb. Words differing in form and agreeing in meaning. Mā ikhtalafat alfāẓuhu wa-ttafaqat maʿānīhi. – Damascus, 1987. – 278 p. (in Arabic)

al-Hamadhānī, ʿAbd al-Raḥmān ibn ʿĪsā. The book of literary expressions. Kitāb al-alfāẓ al-kitābiyya. – Beirut, 1991. – 319 p. (in Arabic)

al-Iskāfī, Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd Allāh. The compendium of language. Kitāb majmaʿ al-lugha. – Beirut, 1985. – 362 p. (in Arabic)

Ibn Mālik, al-Ṭāʾī. Different expressions in corresponding meanings. Kitāb al-alfāẓ al-mukhtalifa fī al-maʿānī al-muʾtalifa. – Jeddah, 1991. – 337 p. (in Arabic)

al-Kafawī, Ayyūb ibn Mūsā. The universals. Al-Kulliyyāt. – Beirut, 1993. – 1226 p. (in Arabic)

al-Kahīrī, Jamāl al-Dīn Yūsuf ibn ʿAbd Allāh. The gift of the eloquent in language system. Tuḥfat al-bulaghāʾ fī niẓām al-lugha. – Beirut, 2000. – 321 p. (in Arabic)

al-Rābiʿī, ʿĪsā ibn Ibrāhīm al-Ḥimyarī. The system of rare expressions in language. Niẓām al-gharīb fī al-lugha. – Damascus, 1980. – 344 p. (in Arabic)

al-Rummānī, ʿAlī ibn ʿĪsā. Synonymous and closely related expressions in meaning. Al-alfāẓ al-mutarādifa al-mutaqāriba al-maʿānī. – Mansoura, 1987. – 299 p. (in Arabic)

al-Saʿālibī, Abū Manṣūr. Philology and the secrets of the Arabic language. Fiqh al-lugha wa-asrār al-ʿArabiyya. – Beirut, 1999. – 482 p. (in Arabic)

al-Suyūṭī, Jalāl al-Dīn. The flourishing work on the sciences of language and its literature. Al-Muzhir fī ʿulūm al-lugha wa-adabihā. – Beirut, 1987. – 961 p. (in Arabic)

Bursevī, Ismāʿīl Ḥaqqī. The semantic distinctions of Ḥaqqī. Furūq-i Ḥaqqī. – Istanbul, 1892. – 258 p. (in Arabic)

Ibn Ajdabī, Ibrāhīm ibn Ismāʿīl. The sufficiency of the memorizer in language. Kifāyat al-mutaḥaffiẓ fī al-lugha. – Tripoli, 1978. – 323 p. (in Arabic)

Ibn Qutayba, ʿAbd Allāh ibn Muslim. The writer’s manual. Adab al-kātib. – Beirut, 1988. – 384 p. (in Arabic)

Ibn Qutayba, ʿAbd Allāh ibn Muslim. The book of al-jarāthīm. Kitāb al-jarāthīm. – Damascus, 1997. – 281 p. (in Arabic)

Ibn Sīda, ʿAlī ibn Ismāʿīl. The specialized lexicon. Al-Muḥassas. – Tunis, 1956. – 782 p. (in Arabic)

Ibn al-Sikkīt, Yaʿqūb ibn Isḥāq. The book of expressions. Kitāb al-alfāẓ. – Beirut, 1998. – 317 p. (in Arabic)

Kamāl al-Naml. Selections from the rare speech of the Arabs. Al-Muntakhab min gharīb kalām al-ʿArab. – Mecca, 1989. – 386 p. (in Arabic)

Labbābīdī, Aḥmad ibn Muṣṭafā. Subtleties of language. Laṭāʾif al-lugha. – Beirut, 1878. – 239 p. (in Arabic)

Lammens, Y. H. The unique pearls of language in semantic distinctions. Farāʾid al-lugha fī al-furūq. – Beirut, 1889. – 262 p. (in Arabic)

Najafī, ʿAlī Akbar. The Niẓāmiyya gift on terminological distinctions. Al-tuḥfa al-niẓāmiyya fī al-furūq al-iṣṭilāḥiyya. – Hyderabad-Deccan, 1921. – 301 p. (in Arabic)

Rāghib al-Iṣfahānī. The vocabulary of rare words in the Qurʾān. Al-Mufradāt fī gharīb al-Qurʾān. – Istanbul, 1987. – 523 p. (in Arabic)

Rāghib al-Iṣfahānī. The compendium of eloquence. Majmaʿ al-balāgha. – Amman, 1987. – 318 p. (in Arabic)

Samīn al-Ḥalabī, Shihāb al-Dīn Aḥmad ibn Yūsuf. The mainstay of memorizers in interpreting rare expressions. ʿUmdat al-ḥuffāẓ fī tafsīr gharīb al-iʿjāz. – Istanbul, 1987. – 681 p. (in Arabic)