This article examines theoretical and functional approaches to classifying ḥurūf al-maʿānī in Arabic. The relevance of this study stems from the various approaches to classifying auxiliary elements, which is related to their semantic polyfunctionality, contextual variability, and dependence on syntactic position. The main approaches to classifying ḥurūf al-maʿānī are also analyzed, including morphological, grammatical (based on ʿāmil theory), and functional-semantic approaches. It is noted that traditional classifications, focused primarily on formal features and grammatical control, do not fully reflect the semantic nature of ḥurūf al-maʿānī. Therefore, a modern functional-semantic approach is substantiated, allowing for the relational nature of ḥurūf meanings, their polyvalence, and discursive determinacy. A conclusion is drawn regarding the need for a comprehensive classification that integrates formal-grammatical and functional-semantic parameters, thereby contributing to a more adequate description of the system of Arabic auxiliary elements..

ḥurūf al-maʿānī, classification, functional-semantic approach, ʿāmil theory, function words, polysemy, polyvalence, contextual variability, relational meaning.

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