The article presents a historical and philosophical analysis of the influence of geographical and climatic factors on the development of civilizations. It examines the main theories that emphasize the role of natural conditions in the formation of social structures and cultural paradigms. The ideas of philosophers and scholars such as Ibn Khaldun, Montesquieu, L.Mechnikov and J.Diamond are explored, who in their works link the development of societies with the geographical and climatic features of their environment. The author also highlights how geography and ecology have influenced the stability, evolution, and interaction of various civilizations throughout history. The article analyzes geographical determinism, as well as ecological factors such as resource availability, climatic conditions, and territorial characteristics, in the context of their impact on social processes. The study aims to identify the interconnection between the physical characteristics of the environment and social transformations, as well as assess the significance of the geographical approach for contemporary understanding of the processes of civilizational development.

Ibn Khaldun, paradigm, civilizations, geographical determinism, Central Asia, interdisciplinarity.

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