This article provides an in-depth analysis of the contractual-legal and institutional foundations of the Republic of Uzbekistan's transport diplomacy. The research examines the interrelationship between the national legislative base, international conventions, bilateral and multilateral agreements, and institutional structures. Results demonstrate that since 2016, Uzbekistan has implemented comprehensive legal reforms in the transport sector, including the establishment of the Ministry of Transport in 2019, adoption of the Law «On Transport» in 2021, and accession to more than 30 international conventions.

The article analyzes the history of the formation of the concept of sustainable development, its adoption at the global level and integration into national strategies. The ideological sources of the concept and the process of transformation of environmental consciousness that emerged in the second half of the 20th century into a paradigm of global cooperation are shown. The UN Sustainable Development Goals until 2030 are examined in the context of Uzbekistan's national strategic plans. The article substantiates the need to maintain a balance of economic, social and environmental aspects to achieve sustainable development.

This article examines the main spiritual and intellectual sources that shaped the philosophical worldview of Zahiriddin Muhammad Babur, the influence of Eastern and Islamic philosophical traditions on his thinking, as well as the intrinsic connection between his artistic-aesthetic perspective and his socio-ethical views. The study explores the harmony between the spiritual heritage of Farabi, Ibn Sina (Avicenna), Nizami, Jami, and Navoi and Babur’s inner world, as well as the philosophical criteria formed under the political and legal traditions of the Timurid era. The conceptual foundations of Babur’s reflections on human nature, justice, homeland, love, and enlightenment are revealed through an analysis of the Baburnama and his ghazals. The article evaluates the phenomenon of Babur’s personality within the framework of Eastern humanism, Sufi thought, moral philosophy, and the culture of governance, emphasizing the contemporary relevance of his worldview as an important theoretical source for modern educational and spiritual development processes.

This article analyzes the role of culture in shaping human behavior and economic activity from the perspective of interpreting culture not as a rational choice, but as an inherited moral skill. The author demonstrates the relativity of the traditional dichotomy between culture and social structure and substantiates how ethical norms, religious roots, and historical traditions directly influence economic efficiency. The article examines the complex relationship between cultural skills and rationality, the process of religious-moral systems transforming into trust institutions, and the role of culture in the evolution of political and economic systems. The influence of cultural differences in different societies on economic behavior, the effectiveness of institutions, and the formation of political decisions is revealed through examples. The study refutes the one-sided assessment of culture as an "irrational phenomenon" and demonstrates its profound rational essence in societal development.

One of the key features of modern international relations and international law is the significant increase in the role of international organizations. International organizations play a crucial role not only in regulating cooperation between states but also in ensuring global peace, security, socio-economic development, and the protection of human rights. Their number and diversity, especially after World War II, have grown sharply: by the beginning of the 21st century, there are over 4,000 international organizations, of which approximately 300 are intergovernmental.

The emergence of international organizations is associated with the ongoing needs of humanity and the desire of nations and states for integration. Additionally, they play an essential role in addressing global economic, social, and political issues, preventing armed conflicts, and ensuring effective use of regional resources.

This article examines the origin and development stages of international organizations, their classification, the differences between intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations, as well as the role and significance of the United Nations in contemporary international relations. This approach highlights the distinctive characteristics of international organizations as an institution of modern international law.

From a philosophical point of view, the article reveals the essence and importance of physical culture in educating the social life of young people.

This research article provides a systematic analysis of certain issues related to the inadmissibility of evidence collected by defense counsel. Beyond a general analysis of the mechanisms for declaring evidence inadmissible, it highlights the insufficient number of academic studies specifically devoted to the risks of attorney abuse of power, which, one way or another, leads to the "inadmissibility" of evidence. This, too, must be identified and subjected to careful legal assessment. Therefore, the relevance of this topic is obvious, since in practice, despite the relative vulnerability of the defense in criminal proceedings, there are other aspects to the same process. The research will result in proposals aimed at addressing the identified problems, which allow defense attorneys, exploiting certain loopholes in criminal procedure legislation, to dishonestly construct evidence in ways not provided for by law, or to deliberately file motions to exclude evidence that is admissible in content but contains minor formal errors.