The article examines the issues of criminal liability for crimes committed for the purpose of trafficking narcotic drugs in the Russian Federation, the methods of studying such crimes, as well as the theoretical and legal aspects of this category of criminal offences. A comparative legal analysis of the legislation of the Russian Federation and the Republic of Uzbekistan in the field of combating illicit trafficking of narcotic drugs is conducted.

This article presents the results of archaeological excavations carried out in 2025 at the Boshmontepa site in the Oqdaryo district of the Samarkand region. A complex brick kiln was discovered and studied. The structure, internal chamber system, stratigraphy, and technological features of the kiln were analyzed. The findings indicate a highly developed craft production. The site is dated to the 19th–20th centuries.

This article examines the impact of regional dialogue formats on the political, security, economic, and humanitarian stability of Afghanistan. The study analyzes the Moscow Format, the Heart of Asia–Istanbul Process, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization Contact Group on Afghanistan, the mechanism of foreign ministers of Afghanistan’s neighboring countries, the UN-led Doha meetings, the China–Afghanistan–Pakistan Trilateral Dialogue, the consultative initiatives of Central Asian states, and the Termez Dialogue. Historical, systematic, comparative, content-analysis, and SWOT methods were employed to assess their institutional capabilities, practical significance, and limitations. The findings demonstrate that these platforms facilitate political communication with the Afghan authorities, coordinate regional responses to terrorism, extremism, drug trafficking, migration, and border insecurity, and support trade, transport, energy, humanitarian assistance, and economic connectivity. At the same time, their effectiveness is constrained by geopolitical rivalry, differing approaches toward the Taliban government, weak implementation mechanisms, insufficient funding, and the non-binding nature of adopted decisions. The article concludes that sustainable stability in Afghanistan requires stronger coordination among existing dialogue formats, a clear division of institutional responsibilities, practical monitoring mechanisms, inclusive diplomacy, and the integration of security cooperation with long-term economic development.

This article analyzes Mirza Ghalib’s religious-philosophical views, Sufi thought, and the ontological and epistemological ideas reflected in his poetry. The poet’s views on unbelief and faith, existence and non-existence, divine truth, and human cognition are examined on the basis of his ghazals and letters. During the study, Ghalib’s ideas concerning wahdat al-wujud (the unity of being), Sufi contemplation, absolute reality, and human existence are explored, and it is demonstrated how his religious and philosophical thinking is harmonized with artistic and aesthetic interpretation. Furthermore, the relationship between word and meaning, multilayered semantics, and the distinctive features of creative thinking in Ghalib’s poetry are revealed.

This article provides a scholarly analysis of the *Avesta* and ancient Turkic written monuments as sources of ethical values formed during the pre-Islamic era. The study elucidates the essence of ethical principles reflected in these sources, such as goodness, truthfulness, justice, patriotism, industriousness, courage, humanism, and respect for nature. Furthermore, it presents a comparative analysis highlighting both the similarities and distinctive features of the Zoroastrian teachings found in the *Avesta* and the spiritual-ethical views expressed in ancient Turkic inscriptions. The findings demonstrate that the ethical values embodied in these sources significantly influenced the development of the spiritual heritage and ethical thought of the peoples of Central Asia in subsequent periods.

This article examines occupational safety and labor protection issues affecting women employed in the textile industry of the Fergana Valley between 1946 and 1960. The study analyzes state labor protection policies, working conditions, occupational hazards, the activities of trade unions, and the system of medical services provided to women workers. It also evaluates the achievements and shortcomings in the implementation of labor protection legislation during the post-war period.

This article examines how, in the contemporary era of globalization and rapid developments in information and communication, every nation strives to preserve its unique way of life, ethnographic traditions, and material and spiritual cultural heritage. In particular, it analyzes the distinctive linguistic features that serve as one of the principal factors in the ethnocultural identity (ethnic self-awareness) of the Arabs of Central Asia.

This article analyzes the theoretical, legislative, and practical challenges of applying the institution of reconciliation in the digital space amidst digitalization and the shift of criminality into the virtual environment, and advances proposals and recommendations aimed at adapting national legislation to the demands of the digital era.

This article examines the civil law aspects of corruption risks arising in pledge, suretyship, bank guarantees and other methods of securing obligations. The study applies comparative legal and analytical methods to examine the legislation of Uzbekistan, Germany, the United States, Singapore and Kazakhstan, together with judicial practice. The research identifies collateral valuation manipulation, conflicts of interest, affiliated relationships, weak internal control mechanisms and insufficient digital monitoring as the principal sources of corruption risks. Based on the findings, legislative proposals are developed to introduce mandatory corruption risk assessment, strengthen compliance mechanisms, improve disclosure of affiliated relationships and enhance electronic collateral registration systems.

This article provides a criminal law analysis of cases involving smuggling and other criminal activities committed through the use of illegally constructed underground facilities and tunnels crossing the State border. The relevance of the study is determined by the increasing number of smuggling cases carried out through unlawfully constructed underground tunnels across the State border.

The author examines the proposed amendments to Articles 182 and 223 of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Uzbekistan, explains the legal nature of the newly proposed Article 223¹ establishing an independent corpus delicti, analyzes the distinctions between its three parts, discusses the application of the active repentance exemption, and considers the rules governing the legal qualification of cumulative offences. The article also includes a brief comparative analysis of the legislation of several foreign countries. Finally, conclusions and recommendations are presented regarding the significance of these legislative innovations for strengthening State border security and improving the effectiveness of law enforcement agencies.

This article explores the manifestation of the social model of reading in Western thought during the early modern period, specifically in the 17th and 18th centuries. Particular attention is given to how changes in reading culture were closely interconnected with economic, political, and cultural processes in society. Additionally, the study examines how philosophical trends characteristic of that era - such as rationalism and sensualism - shaped attitudes toward reading and text interpretation. This is illustrated through the perspectives of several philosophers, including John Locke, Thomas Hobbes, and René Descartes. Furthermore, the article highlights how transformations in social models of reading influenced subsequent social developments, substantiating these claims with scientific and theoretical conclusions.

This article examines the development of the healthcare system in the Samarkand region during the 1950s and 1960s based on archival documents. The results of the study show that the network of medical institutions in the region expanded, while measures aimed at combating infectious diseases and implementing preventive healthcare programs were carried out. At the same time, the research reveals the persistence of shortages of medical personnel in rural areas, deficiencies in material and technical resources, and disparities in healthcare services between urban and rural communities.

This article analyzes the origin of the name Phoenicia from historical, etymological, and historiographical perspectives. The study examines the use of the term Phoenicia in the sources of the Ancient Near East, Greece, and Rome, as well as its meaning, through a comparative analysis. In addition, scholarly views concerning how the Phoenicians referred to themselves, how they were named by neighboring peoples, and the connection between the term Phoenicia and the Greek word phoinix are discussed. The article also analyzes the existing theories regarding the origin of this term, their scholarly foundations, and their distinguishing features. The study seeks to demonstrate that the formation of the name Phoenicia was the result of a long historical process and that its meaning was closely connected with economic, cultural, and geographical factors. The findings of the research contribute to a deeper understanding of the historical significance of ethnonyms and toponyms in the study of the history of Phoenicia.

The article examines the development features of karakul sheep breeding in the southern regions of the Uzbek SSR during the 1960s-1980s. It analyzes the policy of livestock specialization, organizational changes in state and collective (kolkhoz) farms, and the sector's export value for the USSR. Particular attention is paid to systemic challenges, such as the extensive nature of production, pasture degradation, rigid planning, and the insufficient implementation of scientific research. The study is based on materials from statistical yearbooks and academic literature on the history of agriculture in Uzbekistan.

This article examines the history of the emergence of horse breeding, its economy, traditions and experiences, which have evolved over centuries from natural conditions and economic traditions and have been refined through stages of socio-economic development, based on scientific and field ethnographic records by Russian researchers. The article provides a deeper understanding of the traditions and ethnohistorical processes that have existed in our region since ancient times, based on the analysis of research from the mid-19th to the early 20th centuries.