employee of the internal affairs bodies, political system, criterion of political culture, political trends, nationality, mass media.

This article highlights youth policy and their role in the social, economic, political, and cultural life of the world and Uzbekistan using the example of the Zarafshan oasis regions, as well as current problems in youth life and alternative solutions offered by youth organizations in solving these problems. The Samarkand, Bukhara and Navoi regions are compared in the implementation of complex tasks related to the implementation of youth policy.

This article investigates important information related to interethnic relations and reflects on the essence and content of the ongoing reforms in this area. Additionally, it provides a detailed overview of the state committee responsible for the relevant sector operating in the country.

This article discusses the role and significance of the concept of morality in shaping a well-rounded individual, explores the problems of educating youth in the spirit of high moral values, and suggests possible solutions. Morality is presented as a broad concept reflecting intellectual, spiritual, and practical human activity. The article analyzes its origins, characteristics, functions, and importance in life. It also outlines the universal, national, regional, and personal dimensions of morality and their dialectical interrelations. The role and significance of morality in education and upbringing are also emphasized.

This scientific article is devoted to the analysis of the influence of tribal chieftains operating within the Kokand Khanate in the first half of the 19th century on the khanate's politics. The introduction justifies the topic from the point of view of historical necessity, and highlights the political relations between the khanate's governance system and tribal chieftains during this period. Through the analysis of the literature, existing historical sources and modern research are studied, and it is determined that this topic is a scientific direction that has not yet been fully explored. The political activities of tribal chieftains, their positions in the khanate, and their role in the military and administrative system are examined in detail. The results section highlights how representatives of large clans such as the Ming, Kipchak, and Kangli participated in khanate politics, and their intermediary role in decision-making. In the discussion, the influence of the presence of tribal chieftains on the process of centralization in the khanate, their movement towards political independence, and their role in the balance of power within the khanate are analyzed.  This study serves to provide a deeper understanding of political processes in the Kokand Khanate and aims to shed light on the interplay between tribal and state governance.

This scientific article analyzes the fundamental changes and development trends in the activities of the internal affairs bodies in the first years of the independence of the Republic of Uzbekistan. The work highlights the responsible tasks assigned to the internal affairs bodies in the country after independence in order to form a law and order system, ensure national security, strengthen social stability and the rule of law in society. It also comprehensively analyzes the reforms implemented in the field of internal affairs, the creation of a regulatory and legal framework, and the measures taken to train qualified personnel.

This article explores the processes of ensuring population employment and reforming the vocational education system in Uzbekistan from a socio-philosophical perspective. The author highlights that these reforms are not merely economic, but also deeply cultural, moral, and social. Labor is interpreted as a means of self-realization, social integration, and personal development. Innovative approaches such as the “vocational voucher” system, digital employment platforms, and employer collaboration are analyzed. The findings emphasize the need to strengthen the social dimension of employment policy.

In this article, the author scientifically examines the current state of the institution of involvement in a crime in the existing criminal legislation, its forms, various interpretations of its legal characteristics, and the need for their improvement. In particular, the article investigates the inclusion of this institution as separate norms in the Criminal Code, the clear definition of the grounds for liability, and the possibilities for individualizing criminal responsibility. Additionally, foreign experience is analyzed, and practical suggestions and recommendations are put forward for improving national legislation.

In today's world, social media influencers have a significant impact on the youth. This article scientifically analyzes the positive and negative effects of influencers' activities on the spiritual development of young people. Based on various studies and examples, factors affecting the moral upbringing of youth are examined.  

The article discusses the role and importance of archives as a social institution in the modern information society. The archival system needs new technologies and modern processes of modernization in the field of social management. In the article, the author focuses on these issues. In the article, the author reveals the importance of archives in preserving social memory through the functions of archives.

This article is dedicated to examining the cultural policy of the Republic of Uzbekistan from a political science perspective. It comprehensively analyzes the role of cultural policy in fostering political stability and social cohesion within society. The core principles of the cultural policy being implemented in the country are thoroughly investigated, revealing their impact on civil society institutions and their functions in political socialization. Furthermore, the article explores the mechanisms by which the state achieves social consensus through a “soft power” strategy.

This article examines the final phase of the Soviet Republic’s repressive policies — the so-called “Cotton Case.” The event, known as the “Cotton Case” or the “Uzbek Case,” is discussed in detail. While economic crimes such as overreporting and bribery were observed across many republics of the collapsing USSR, Uzbekistan was singled out as a “testing ground” for punishment. These anti-human actions led to public discontent and growing distrust in the state. The situation played a significant role in shaping the Uzbek people’s aspirations for independence.

The article analyzes the socio-philosophical aspects of the attractiveness of social networks in the information space and their impact on young people. The article also examines the factors influencing the worldview, culture and activity of youth through social networks in the context of the digital transformation of civil society, freedom of information and virtual relationships.   

The article examines issues related to the representation of civil society institutions within anti-corruption entities, using the example of territorial anti-corruption councils. As a measurement tool, the article proposes a coefficient of representation of civil society institutions.

The novelty of the article lies in substantiating the necessity of conducting regular monitoring of the representation of civil society institutions. For the first time, the study addresses regional disparities and proposes the normative consolidation of a requirement regarding the minimum threshold for the representation of civil society institutions in the relevant anti-corruption bodies.

The results of the study established that the average value of the coefficient amounted to 0.322, which is equivalent to 32.2% representation of civil society institutions in territorial councils.

The formulated conclusions and developed proposals can be used to improve anti-corruption policy and update the regulatory and legal framework in the field of combating corruption. The implementation of the proposed measures will help strengthen and further develop cooperation between the state and civil society as one of the key principles of anti-corruption efforts.

This article analyzes the results of Uzbekistan’s higher education institutions in entering prestigious international ranking systems such as the Quacquarelli Symonds World University Rankings, Times Higher Education, or the Academic Ranking of World Universities. In recent years, two universities from Uzbekistan have been included in the Top 1000 list, and the potential for improving this indicator in the coming year is highlighted as a significant achievement.

This article analyzes how the regional geopolitical problems of the Islamic Republic of Iran — security, migration, water resources, international sanctions, and economic isolation — are being mitigated through the Afghan factor. Iran’s strategic approaches to transmigration, Shiite groups, water crisis, drug trafficking, and international mediation policies in Afghanistan are covered based on statistical and factual data. The article provides an in-depth scientific assessment of the current state and prospects of Iranian-Afghan relations.

This article reveals the concept of information security, modern technological threats and their consequences. Also, methods of data protection, international experience and measures taken in Uzbekistan on information security are considered. At the same time, information security threats that have arisen in the context of the rapid development of the global information space and globalization are analyzed from a socio-philosophical perspective. In addition, the article considers ethical and social measures.

This article analyzes the issues related to the coverage of science and jurisprudence (Islamic law) in the work “Fatavai ahli Bukhara”. The methodology used by Amir Shahmurad in issuing jurisprudential fatwas, the method of presenting evidence, as well as the socio-religious environment formed among the Bukhara scholars are highlighted. During the study, the work analyzes the attitude towards science, the status of scholars, the detailed approach to jurisprudential issues, and the main jurisprudential sources used in making rulings (the Quran, hadith, ijma’, qiyas). In particular, the issues in the work are described in connection with the historical and civil rights, financial relations, personal life, inheritance, marriage, crime, and punishment aspects that took place in the land of Bukhara. The work “Fatavai ahli Bukhara” is considered an important document that regulates not only religious, but also social and legal relations. This study aims to reveal the historical and jurisprudential significance of this work, to show the specific aspects of the Bukhara school of jurisprudence, and to study the approaches of scholars in issuing practical fatwas.

The article describes 34 copper coins minted in Andijan, belonging to the Timurid and Shaybanid periods, found in the “Yangi Sanganak” neighborhood of Parkent district, Tashkent region, and currently preserved in the State Museum of Timurid History as part of the “Yangi Sanganak” treasure. The coins are classified into 6 types. On the obverse side of the coins, the inscription “zarb Andijon” or “zarb Andigan” is written in Arabic script, while on the reverse side, the year of minting is indicated in words also in Arabic script. It is noted that these coins were minted during the reign of the Timurid prince and governor of the Fergana region, Umar Shaykh Mirza. A portion of these coins was re-minted during the Shaybanid monetary reform and put into circulation for trade and commercial purposes.

In the post-war period, Uzbek newspapers paid great attention not only to the propaganda of communist "initiatives" of the population engaged in production, but also to the popularization of the experience of party organizations in strengthening ideological work. The main news that was constantly covered in the press was related to agriculture, with special attention paid to news from the cotton fields. Not a single piece of news related to seasonal work from sowing to harvesting cotton in each region, as well as to the SMT, which played a key role in the implementation of this work, was left without attention. The article examines the processes covered in the press of Uzbekistan after the Second World War, the influence of political and economic events on the press, the efforts of newspapers to organize joint issues, as well as the content of these issues, which were of key importance at the level of state importance.

This article presents the main aspects of the national policy on interethnic relations in Uzbekistan, both historically and in modern terms. It describes the participation of civil society institutions in the implementation of the national policy on the issue since 1991.

The sacred places of Samarkand have played a decisive role in the formation of the urban environment since ancient times. The article analyzes information about the administrative-territorial changes in the relief of the city of Samarkand and the role of sacred places in the formation of new guzars.

This article provides a historical and economic analysis of the trade system and its operations in Uzbekistan from the second half of the 20th century onward. The study covers the impact of Soviet economic policy on society as well as the transition to a market economy following independence. The article scientifically examines the stages of development of the trade system and its social significance. The findings contribute to the analysis of economic life and transformations in Uzbekistan.

Elections are one of the important features of the democratic process. They ensure that citizens have the opportunity to choose their representatives. The election process also reflects the competition between political parties and movements. This article discusses these issues.

This article analyzes the military campaigns of Amir Temur based on historical sources. The introduction provides general information about the fact that Temur's campaigns were carried out not only for military, but also for political, religious, and economic purposes, and their impact on the history of Central Asia and the Middle East. The analysis of the literature includes a comparative study of important sources about Temur - "Zafarnama" (Sharafiddin Ali Yazdi), the works of Ibn Arabshah and Ruy de Clavijo, as well as the studies of modern scholars (B. F. Manz, M. E. Subtelny, T. Allsen). The differences in assessments in various sources are explained on a scientific basis. The results section analyzes the expansion of the territory, economic wealth, political centralization, and the strengthening of Islamic ideology through Temur's military campaigns. The discussion section discusses the differences in historical sources, the ideological and political foundations of the movements, and their impact on the long-term cultural and historical heritage.

This article examines the importance and necessity of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies in modernizing the activities of prosecutorial authorities in accordance with contemporary requirements and ensuring the effective performance of their official duties. In particular, it explores the specific features of applying AI in the collection, analysis, and centralized management of digital evidence. The study also provides a comparative overview of the practical use of AI in prosecutorial systems in the United Kingdom, the United States, and China, highlighting its practical capabilities. Furthermore, the article addresses the potential risks associated with the integration of AI, the need to uphold international legal and ethical regulations to ensure human rights, social justice, fundamental values, and public safety. Based on in-depth analysis, the article puts forward concrete proposals and recommendations tailored to the national legal framework.

Language is an argument for expressing identity, especially if it is the language of one's own nation. Its disappearance leads to the multipolarity of that nation. As a result, the number of ethnically majority units living in a given country increases. This article analyzes the results of a survey conducted within the framework of our scientific work and covers the implementation of the Law "On Advertising" in the Khorezm region.

This article provides a systematic analysis of the legal nature of the employment contract and the civil law contract, their structure, the rights and obligations of the parties, the content of the contract, and the legal consequences. The employment contract is examined as the main legal instrument for establishing labor relations, while the civil law contract is studied in terms of its role in regulating relations related to the supply of goods, the provision of services, and the performance of specific works. Based on legislative norms and judicial practice, the article conducts a comparative analysis of the similarities and differences between these two types of contracts and highlights the legal problems that may arise from their incorrect application. The article also offers proposals and recommendations for improving the legislation of Uzbekistan and eliminating existing contradictions in practice.

This article thoroughly explores the theoretical foundations of the concept of family values and their role in social life. The study analyzes the formation of the value system, its transformation across generations, the balance between traditional and modern values, and the impact of these values on family stability and social integration. Based on statistical data, survey results, and international experience, the state of family values in Uzbek society is deeply examined, revealing both challenges and opportunities. In particular, the article discusses divorce rates, generational differences in values among youth, and the role of state policy in supporting families. The article concludes with recommendations for strengthening family values.

This article discusses in detail the concept of the dialectic of stability and variability of the system of socio-philosophical ideas in New Uzbekistan and the features of its manifestation, and the need to look at the renewal of social society with a new perspective and the factors serving this need are described in detail. The article also discusses the developmental reforms of today's Uzbekistan.

This article analyzes the key criteria for introducing the institution of collective complaints into administrative court proceedings, as well as the international experience with such models. The author examines the legal foundations of collective complaints, their requirements, and various models based on examples from countries such as France, Germany, Spain, Brazil, the European Union, and others. The article also discusses who may file collective complaints, the procedures for their formation (entry or exit models), and the methods and conditions for protecting rights. Furthermore, the article addresses challenges in implementing the collective complaint institution and offers recommendations. Based on the analysis, the paper presents reflections on the role and impact of these models within legal systems and explores effective ways of applying them.

This report outlines the notion of “urban environment”, its effect on surrounding areas as well as on a human – being. It contains recent changes has been made in the town since independence declared. Its researcher’s self-identification of Uzbek National Art in an urban area and realization of historical and cultural heritage is also observed.

Studying the complex and meaningful life of Muhammad Shaybani Khan, a figure of great importance in the history of Uzbek statehood, holds significant value. This article portrays Shaybani Khan as both a brave military commander and prominent political leader, and at the same time as a creative and enlightened personality. Special attention is given to his poetic legacy, his attitude toward Sufism and literature, and the philosophical views expressed in his Divan. Moreover, the article is created through a synthesis of historical accuracy and artistic interpretation, revealing the multifaceted nature of historical figures through the image of Shaybani Khan.

This article explores the concept of lifestyle, its genesis, and its influence on ethnocultural life, as well as the essence and content of lifestyle. It is well known that in the lifestyle of any ethnic community, one can find the reflection of the spiritual and material wealth created over centuries, the surrounding environment, visions and perceptions of the future, national-ethnic characteristics, mentality, customs, traditions, and ways of life. Lifestyle represents the totality of lived experiences shaped in the course of the socio-historical development of a people, nation, or ethnic group. Furthermore, the article discusses the scholarly approaches of Eastern and Western researchers to the study of lifestyle, analyzes the essence and content of the national lifestyle, and examines the transformations currently taking place within it.  

This article develops a theoretical typology of public (people-to-people) diplomacy by classifying its initiatives based on directionality (bottom-up and top-down) and their relationship to state policies (complementary, supplementary, adversarial). The study explores the vectors of communication and their potential to influence foreign policy. A two-dimensional model is presented to explain the complexity of P2P diplomatic interactions and to provide a theoretical framework for analyzing their roles in contemporary international relations. The research offers valuable insights into the positioning and strategic implications of non-state diplomacy.

The family is a unit of society, the well-being of which directly affects the development of society and the state as a whole. An indispensable member of the family is a woman who is both a wife and a mother, and takes on other household responsibilities. However, she is not always granted all the rights set out in international and national legislation. In this regard, the issue of protecting the rights and legitimate interests of women has become an issue at both the international and national levels. In this article, the author attempted to analyze the opinions of scientists on the selected topic, international acts that are aimed at ensuring all constitutional rights and legitimate interests of women, also considered substantive and procedural norms of law of foreign countries to protect women from domestic violence.

This article discusses the problem of terrorism and extremism, focusing on its impact on global and regional security, particularly the security of Afghanistan and Pakistan. The activities of terrorist-extremist groups settled in the "Durand Line" region are described in detail. Additionally, the article covers Deobandism and its origins, the formation of the "Taliban" movement, as well as the role and position of major actors such as the USA and China in the regional fight against terrorism.