This article shows that social tension has appeared in various societies after the trials that have befallen humanity since the beginning of the 21st century, as well as the crises that await humanity in the future are described by international expert organizations.

This article contains information about the role of instrumental art in the spiritual rise of society and its Achaemenid nature. The opinions and research of instrumental scientists and thinkers on the instrument have been analyzed.

:       In criminal legislation, apart from punishing an offender, it is also possible to exempt a person from liability on the basis of the principle of humanism, in accordance with the requirements established by criminal law. A person who has committed a minor or less serious crime for the first time may be released from liability if he or she has confessed, sincerely repented, actively assisted in uncovering the crime, and compensated for the damage caused. This article analyzes the procedure for exemption from liability due to genuine remorse in national legislation, evaluates the effectiveness of this legal institution, reviews the mechanisms applied in advanced foreign countries, and develops proposals for improving national legislation on this basis.

The article examines the legal mechanisms ensuring control over the living conditions of a child after international adoption. A comparative analysis of the legislation and practices of Germany, France, and several CIS countries, including Uzbekistan, is conducted. The study identifies key issues in post-adoption monitoring and proposes recommendations for improving national and international control mechanisms.

This article examines food culture from an ethnological perspective, analyzing dining practices, their social, religious, and symbolic significance, as well as food-related traditions across various peoples and societies. The article explores key concepts of food culture, such as food preparation, consumption rituals, the role of food in social integration, and its impact on ethnic identification. Additionally, it compares dietary habits across different regions, highlighting their historical development, the influence of globalization, and transformations in modern society through an ethnological approach. The article views food culture as a crucial factor linking the worldview and social structure of peoples and outlines directions for future research in this field.

This article analyzes the role of the family and education system in ensuring youth social mobility based on modern theoretical concepts. The theoretical framework draws on P. Sorokin’s Social Mobility concept and A. Giddens’ Structuration Theory, as well as the ideas of British and German scholars such as J. Goldthorpe, A. Heath, U. Beck, and R. Dahrendorf on stratification and equality of opportunity. In addition, studies by A. Yunusov, B. Tojiboyev, T. Norboyeva, and M. Kukhterina are examined in the context of family resources—economic, cultural, and social capital—and their interaction with educational institutions (early childhood education, general secondary, higher, and vocational education).

:       This article analyzes the philosophical essence of the relationship between the Creator, man and the universe. Based on religious and philosophical sources, examples of Eastern and Western thought, the idea of creation, the role and responsibility of man in existence, as well as the spiritual and enlightening aspects of the universe are highlighted. The author philosophically analyzes the role of the Creator in existence and the tasks facing humanity through the criteria of harmony between man and the universe, thought, spirituality and purposefulness. The article may be useful for researchers conducting scientific research at the intersection of modern philosophy, religious studies and anthropology.

This article analyzes the role of modern media space and digital information systems in the formation and promotion of political thinking in society. The impact of information technologies on political processes, their role in the development of civic consciousness, as well as effective methods that can be used to increase political activity are highlighted.

            The author shows ways to develop political thinking through media literacy, e-government, social networks and online educational platforms. The article is devoted to the current aspects of increasing political culture and civic responsibility in the modern information society.

This article analyzes the directions and mechanisms of cooperation between the state and civil society institutions in improving citizens’ political participation, as well as the factors that enhance their effectiveness. The study examines the theoretical foundations of political participation, the institutional relations between the state and society, and provides a comparative analysis of Uzbekistan’s experience with that of foreign countries (the United States, South Korea, the European Union, and Taiwan).

On this basis, the significance of openness, accountability, and digital democracy mechanisms in expanding political participation is highlighted. The article concludes with practical proposals and recommendations aimed at establishing effective cooperation between the state and civil society institutions, strengthening the legal and regulatory framework, and ensuring the direct involvement of citizens in political decision-making.

This scholarly article analyzes the influence of neoconservative think tanks on the formation of U.S. national security strategies at the end of the 20th and the beginning of the 21st centuries. Think tanks such as the American Enterprise Institute (AEI), The Heritage Foundation, Project for the New American Century (PNAC) and the Hudson Institute played a crucial role in promoting military supremacy, the spread of global democratic values, the doctrine of preemptive strike and aggressive foreign policy in U.S. foreign affairs. The national security strategies shaped by their analyses exhibit skepticism towards arms control treaties, emphasize counterterrorism, energy security, domestic security, and international security with novel approaches. The article highlights the philosophical and strategic ideas of neoconservative think tanks and their integration into practical policies, illustrating their impact on maintaining U.S. global leadership and ensuring national security.

This article analyzes the system of state administration in the Bukhara Emirate and examines the socio-political, economic, and administrative significance of ranks and positions within its governance structure. The study explores the organizational hierarchy of the Emirate, the activities of representatives of central and local authorities, as well as the role of court officials, provincial governors, and religious figures in state affairs. Based on historical sources and archival documents, the research investigates the stages of formation of the administrative system, the functional responsibilities of officials, and their role in the social stratification of society.

The article examines the role of information technologies in expanding young people's opportunities for acquiring knowledge, the necessity of guiding youth through virtual networks toward scientific, legal, and cultural literacy, and the issues related to enhancing information culture. Furthermore, it analyzes the development of virtual and online communities, their impact on traditional social structures, the transformation of interpersonal communication culture, and the process of forming ethical and normative values in the digital environment.

 This article discusses the role and significance of Uzbek folk instruments in the spiritual upliftment of society. Uzbek folk instruments enhance human spirituality, enhance our attitude to, respect for, and pursuit of our national values, and ensure greater knowledge of our national traditions.

This article discusses the development of the language and culture of all nations and ethnic groups living in the Republic of Uzbekistan. Social units of people and their aspects - material, spiritual and political-legal culture - are the main areas of cultural existence. The main links that determine the level of binding and consensuality of social relations between legal subjects, such as equality, justice and freedom, and their guarantee.

This article analyzes the issue of preventing gender discrimination in public administration from a socio-historical perspective. It highlights the formation of the principles of human rights, equality, and justice, as well as their influence on the system of public administration. The study analyzes the change in social roles between women and men in historical processes, the evolution of gender equality policy, and the related legal and regulatory framework. Also considered are the directions for improving gender policy in Uzbekistan during the period of independence, its harmonization with international experience, and factors for increasing women's participation in the management system. The article substantiates the role of social consciousness, culture, and upbringing in ensuring gender equality, as well as the need to develop effective mechanisms against discrimination.

This article examines prestige and significance of the renowned hadith collection Sunan at-Tirmidhi by the eminent muhaddith Abu Isa Muhammad ibn Isa at-Tirmidhi within the science of hadith. It explores the author’s distinctive methodology in compiling and organizing hadiths, his application of the principles of aj-jarh va at-tadil, his approach to determining the level of authenticity of narrations as well as his treatment of jurisprudential issues. Furthermore, the article analyzes the position of Sunan at-Tirmidhi among other canonical hadith collections, scholarly evaluations of the work, and the outcomes of research conducted by scholars on this compilation. The study highlights the contribution of this source to the development of hadith scholarship and underscores its relevance for contemporary academic research.

This article analyzes the sociological characteristics of interethnic relations, integration processes, and forms of cooperation between Uzbek and Kyrgyz ethnic groups in the Namangan region. Through expert surveys, the study examines how different social groups integrate culturally, economically, and communicatively, the factors that shape mutual understanding and cooperation, as well as the stereotypes and social barriers influencing these processes.

This article analyzes the significance of the “Central Asia–China” format as a new framework for regional cooperation encompassing political, economic, and cultural dimensions. The study highlights its pivotal role in accelerating regional integration, developing transport and logistics infrastructure, and strengthening mutual trust and stability. Closely aligned with China’s “Belt and Road Initiative,” this platform provides Central Asian countries with expanded opportunities for economic growth, investment inflows, and innovative collaboration.

This article examines the essence of tax and financial policy implemented during the Second World War in the Soviet Union, particularly in the Uzbek SSR, and its manifestation in the agrarian sector. It highlights the management of the agricultural economy under wartime conditions, the increase in tax rates, the introduction of new forms of taxation, and the strict enforcement of state procurement. The study also analyzes the impact of labor shortages, the decline in rural incomes, and food scarcity in relation to fiscal policy.

The article highlights the judicial and legal reforms carried out by the Russian Empire in the Turkestan region, as well as the establishment of notary offices in the region and their work. In the second half of the 19th-early 20th centuries, a notary's office was established in the Turkestan General Government and its regulatory framework was introduced.

This article analyzes the theoretical foundations of the concept of legal culture, its place and significance in the life of society, as well as its structural features. The relationship between the main components of legal culture — legal consciousness, legal activity, legal values and the legal environment-is scientifically substantiated. Also covered are social factors affecting the formation and development of legal culture, including the role of legal education, civil society institutions, public

The article on this topic is fully and comprehensively covered by the author. The main place is given to information on strengthening society and family. Returning to our identity, honoring our national traditions is revealed as an ancient value. The role of family and society in the life path of young people building their spiritual life and future, as well as opinions on improving their living conditions are covered. It was also emphasized that the family plays a major role in the failure to achieve the expected level of development of society under the influence of negative evils, in the creation of forces that slow down its development and lead to a crisis. Because an unhealthy family, incompetent and conflict families, an increase in the number of divorces cause various economic and social damage to society. It is analyzed based on the results of statistics on aggression, violence, discrimination and violation of women's rights, early marriages and early births.

This article analyzes the role of human capital in the economic, social, and cultural development of individuals and society. The article also shows the practical results of human capital development using the experience of countries such as Finland, Singapore, and South Korea.

This article covers the socio-philosophical views of Allama Abdurauf Fitrat on marriage. The analyses of Fitrat's work "Family Management Procedures" on the concept of marriage, the procedure for concluding a marriage, its conditions, and the religious necessity were studied. The fact that the problems presented in the work were a hundred years ago and are still problems of today calls for improving the concepts of marriage. This means that it is necessary to study the conditions of concluding a marriage in more depth. Comparative analytical methodology plays a key role in studying Firtat's socio-philosophical views on marriage. It was noted that concluding a marriage as a social phenomenon is a necessity for society. The conclusions and comparative analyses of 100 years ago were analyzed from a civilizational perspective.