The article provides detailed information that genetic manipulation and modification is one of the important areas of modern biotechnology, improving human health and treating hereditary diseases. However, this process also raises ethical issues and social consequences, the long-term effects of genetic modification are unknown, and the disruption of the ecological balance, loss of biodiversity and threats to human rights are based on the personal considerations of the researcher. It has also been shown that genetic modification can increase social inequality and give certain groups an advantage. The author's comments are presented that scientific research, legal regulation, and the definition of ethical standards in this area are one of the urgent tasks facing society.

This article reflects on the development of the out-of-school education system in the Republic of Uzbekistan. The stages of development of this education system are distinguished and researched according to a chronological overview. The article also provides information about the various forms or types of out-of-school education present in Uzbekistan.

East Turkestan was one the main trade routes between Central Asia and China in the 19^th century and was considered an important part of the Great Silk Road. The Russian Empire, realizing the strategic importance of this region, sought to explore trade routes and expand its economic activities there. This article analyzes the economic and geopolitical importance of East Turkestan based on the diplomatic trips of Mikhail Butin in 1870-1871 and the Kashgar expedition of Nikolai Kuleshov in 1875. Comparative analysis-Kuleshov`s information is compared with sources about Butin`s embassy. East Turkestan played an important role as one of the trading centers of Central Asia in the second half of the 19^th century. Trade routes between China, Russia and India passed through this area. In particular, the strategic location of Kashgar made it a major trade hub. This article analyzes the trade routes of East Turkestan in the second half of the 19^th century, their economic significance, and the dynamics of change. The main source is Butin`s embassy of 1871 and his reports. Cartographic analysis –the strategic importance of the routes is shown by analyzing 19^th century maps and the changes in trade routes. Economic Analysis –The impact of trade routes on the economy and the dynamics of Russian and Chinese trade through Kashkar are examined.

In this article, a systematic analysis of the dynamics of development in the field of protection of women's and children's health and the effectiveness of medical services is carried out in our country. During the study, an anthropological analysis of issues related to women’s reproductive health is carried out, in particular, pathological conditions occurring during pregnancy, infectious complications and their negative impact on the socio-economic stability of society. In the case of Fergana, the quality of medical services and their territorial characteristics are assessed based on statistical indicators of the perinatal period, such as the birth rate, neonatal mortality, as well as monitoring of adverse events associated with pregnancy. The results of the analysis show that preventive and therapeutic measures aimed at ensuring reproductive health are being consistently implemented, as well as special attention is paid to women's health in the healthcare system. This identifies positive trends in regional health indicators in the context of the state of medical services and their social significance.

The article examines the main problems and shortcomings of the legal regulation of liability for corruption-related crimes in the CIS countries. It analyzes the national anti-corruption legislation of certain CIS states, their compliance with international standards, and the effectiveness of their implementation. Special attention is given to identifying gaps and contradictions in legal norms, as well as their impact on anti-corruption practices.

The study reviews the recommendations of international organizations and provides a legal analysis of the OECD monitoring group's report within the framework of the 5th monitoring round of the Istanbul Anti-Corruption Action Plan (IAP). The conclusion emphasizes the need to improve legislation and develop more effective mechanisms for combating corruption.

This article explores the role of the International Organization of Turkic Culture (TURKSOY) in promoting cultural diplomacy and enhancing Uzbekistan's international standing. With Uzbekistan’s full membership in TURKSOY since 2022, the country has significantly deepened its involvement in regional cultural projects, including festivals, literary forums, and academic conferences. These activities aim to preserve and popularize the shared heritage of Turkic-speaking peoples. Special attention is given to the symbolic and practical importance of events held in historical cities such as Khiva, Navoi, and Kokand. The article underscores how cultural diplomacy serves as a vital tool in strengthening Uzbekistan's identity, international partnerships, and tourism sector. The initiatives reflect Uzbekistan’s strategic commitment to celebrating and transmitting the cultural and spiritual legacy of its ancestors on a global scale.

This article examines the relations of the Western Turkic Khaganate with local rulers based on written and archaeological sources, and provides a scientific analysis of information about changes in the local governance system of the Khaganate based on the conclusions of foreign and local scholars.

This article analyzes the philosophical role of intellectuals' ideology in the development of modern Uzbek society. The research reveals the intellectual, spiritual, cultural, and political functions of intellectuals in society. The author highlights the main directions of intellectuals' ideology, their importance in the development of society, and their role in building a new Uzbekistan. The article analyzes such issues as the scientific and educational activities of intellectuals, their role in preserving and developing national values, and their influence on renewing the thinking of youth. The research results show the philosophical aspects of intellectuals' ideology, its importance in shaping the national development strategy, and future prospects.

The article analyzes the political activity of the Jadid movement that emerged in the Turkestan region in the early 20th century and its representation in the press. In particular, it explores the educational and ideological ideas, political positions, and contributions to the national awakening movement made by the Jadids through the newspapers Hurriyat, Taraqqiy, and Sadoi Turkiston. The article examines the editorial composition, policy orientation, content directions of these publications, and their impact on the socio-political life of the period, based on historical sources.

This article analyzes the description and characteristics of crimes committed through electronic means of payment. In addition, the analysis of crimes committed by stealing bank cards, payment details, passwords, spreading viruses, breaking into computer systems in the field of information technology is also described.

It is known that the worldview is calculated from phenomena of a social nature. In this respect, each era, each generation, each social group has its own worldview. On these grounds, it can be said that a worldview allows people to creatively approach new problems on the agenda, relying on certain beliefs, anticipating the prospects of Science and society.

This article explores the reasons behind the establishment of national cultural centers in Ushba, the creation of settlement and production complexes, as well as the mechanisms for preserving cultural diversity and accelerating social integration within ethnic communities. The material is based on an analysis of current academic literature, reports by non-governmental organizations, thematic research, and the practical experience of multinational organizations operating in this field.

The study aims to identify the prerequisites for the creation of these institutions, examine their organizational structures, and analyze their social roles. Through thematic and comparative analysis, the article identifies key factors contributing to the successful functioning of ethnic cultural centers. These include the production of goods that reflect the cultural heritage of various ethnic groups, the compact settlement of diaspora communities, and the incorporation of diverse cultural initiatives into the activities of these institutions.

Special attention is given to issues of national identity, the emergence of related problems, material representation, and mechanisms for strengthening interethnic solidarity. The article also analyzes potential challenges that cultural centers may face in the course of their work.

Additionally, the functional mechanisms of such institutions are examined, particularly their roles in expanding employment opportunities, fostering intercultural solidarity, reducing ethnic conflicts, and strengthening intercultural cooperation.

This article analyzes the historical and social roots of gender inequality and traditional gender roles. It highlights that the formation of inequality between men and women is influenced by social, cultural, and economic factors. The development of gender roles in ancient philosophy, religious views, and medieval societies is examined, along with discussions on the challenges and achievements of ensuring gender equality in modern society.

This article analyzes the importance of spiritual factors in ensuring public safety. It highlights how spirituality affects the human personality and social relations in society, its role in preventing crime and crime. At the same time, the participation of the family, educational institutions, neighborhood and mass media in spiritual education is explained with examples. Based on scientific and theoretical sources and practical experience, proposals are put forward to strengthen the spiritual environment in ensuring public safety.

This article examines the threats posed by the ideologies of reformism, pan-Islamism, and pan-Turkism to the Russian Empire in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, as well as the measures taken against them. In addition, the article analyzes the history of the ideologies of pan-Islamism and pan-Turkism, which are closely related to modern terrorism and the use of religion for political purposes. A philosophical analysis is conducted of the influence of the transformed teachings of pan-Islamism and pan-Turkism of the past period on the relations between different individuals and states at the present time.

This article analyzes the theoretical foundations of the constructivist approach to the study of international transport corridors. The author emphasizes that the development of transport infrastructure requires consideration not only of economic interests, but also of social, ecological, and geopolitical factors. While classical neorealist and neoliberal theories interpret transport corridors merely as tools of economic integration, the constructivist view perceives them as complex social constructions shaped by national identity, global discourse, and ideological frameworks. The study highlights how modern transport initiatives are influenced by global competition, technological shifts, and political rivalries. The article uses China’s "Belt and Road Initiative" and Western counterprojects such as "Global Gateway" to illustrate the geopolitical interpretations of transport corridors.

This article dedicated to the analysis of the conditions created to the analysis of the conditions created in our country for the formation of harmoniously developed generation we consider the achievements of young people in different spheres and directions, as well as anal it analyzes the social relations of these achievements.

This article examines the history of archaeological research in Tashkent and its surroundings from the late 19th century to the early 20th century. The article analyzes the initial archaeological studies in the Tashkent region, the archaeological finds of that period, and their scientific significance. It discusses the interest of Russian Orientalists in Tashkent and the archaeological monuments discovered as a result of these studies. The article also highlights the issues related to the insufficiency of written sources and the challenges during the initial stage of archaeological excavations.

The article discusses the history of the art of oratory, its relevance today, in which areas it is of great importance, in particular, political oratory, the role of oratory in public administration, oratorical leaders in the world, and the methods they used.

The article provides a detailed analysis of the innovations, reforms, and development processes implemented in the education system since our country gained independence, the quality of education and the increase in the number of educational institutions, and the raising of our country's educational structures to the level of world educational standards, as well as the opinions of scholars on education and upbringing.

Bukhara has long been known and famous as one of the centers of science and enlightenment in the ancient East. Bukhara is a land where national urban planning traditions were formed, religious and secular knowledge developed, many encyclopedists, poets, historians, philosophers, jurists lived and worked, and is famous for its enlightened thinkers. Among the thinkers who lived and worked in Bukhara during the Emirate, there are many enlightened, patriotic scholars and scholars who were considered one of the progressive figures of their time with their political and legal views and intellectual intelligence. They made an invaluable contribution to enriching the political, spiritual, and legal thinking of our people in their time. In the study of historical science, in particular, manuscript sources, young researchers are looking at the history of our country, the socio-political life, and culture of the Middle Ages from a new perspective, without denying or diminishing the achievements of scholars. One of the important tasks facing modern historiography is the scientific, historical, and factual basis of research, which is based on the principles of objectivity.

This article examines the formation, development and specific features of the history of folk applied arts in Uzbekistan on the basis of comparative analysis. It analyzes the role of pottery, jewelry, embroidery, woodcarving, ganchkori and other traditional arts in socio-cultural life, their aesthetic value and significance in art history, which have continued from ancient times to the present day. It also examines the historiographical aspects of folk applied arts, methods of approach and the main principles of scientific research based on various historical sources.

this article analyzes the issues of cooperation between state bodies, organizations and institutions and non-governmental non-profit organizations (NGOs) in implementing state youth policy. The article focuses on measures to increase the activity of young people in social life and further improve the effectiveness of youth programs. Finally, the author gives conclusions and recommendations for the development of this institution.

Information security is one of the important factors of the development of modern society, effective use of globalization processes, principles of information security from a philosophical point of view, analysis of information security from an epistemological point of view, ideological and ideological struggle in ensuring information security in the context of globalization, ideological confrontation between the West and the East, democratic values, artificial intelligence and algorithms - managing the flow of information, systematic work on the impact of globalization on the activities of political parties and non-governmental organizations is analyzed.

This article analyzes the political, social, legal aspects of ensuring gender equality and its importance in strengthening the relations of the state and society from a scientific point of view, the policy of the state that defines an important and basic development strategy.

This article examines the change in the role and responsibilities of family relations as a result of the transformation of family relations in a renewing society. This is based on the importance of the formation of socio-legal directions of value and worldview relations of the individual. The transformation of family relations in society is characterized by the formation of new relationships.

Diplomatic relations between the Republic of Uzbekistan and the Republic of Tajikistan were established in 1991, following the independence of both nations. However, the development of diplomatic relations between the two countries has faced several challenges, one of which is the issue of border disputes. This article examines the causes and consequences of the border problems between the two nations. The fragmentation of the Turkistan region, resulting from the national-territorial delimitation policy implemented by the Soviet government, led to the emergence of various ethnic groups and states of different sizes in the region.

In this scientific article, based on the analysis and comprehensive study of a large volume of scientific domestic and foreign literature on the topic, the education system, subjects, and form of education in the madrasahs of Maverannahr in the 9th-12th centuries are studied. Particular attention is paid to the content of training. Conclusions are made about the significance of the first Muslim Renaissance not only for the East, but also for the West as a whole.