The relevance of this topic is determined by the state of the modern system of international relations, economic globalization and the growing interdependence of the world as a whole, and the fact that the situation at any point in it affects the entire globe. Human development is greatly influenced by the situation in the least developed countries of the world, that is, it is impossible to predict the consequences of the instability of the military-political situation in them. Afghanistan, which is currently experiencing the longest armed conflict, is a clear example of this. The civil war led to the disintegration of the Afghan people. One of the important indicators of these processes is the lack of a strong central government and the continuing ethnic division of the country. The fact that the Civil War has been going on for more than 30 years indicates that tensions within ethnic relations are increasing and deepening. The national issue is one of the most difficult problems in the socio-political life of the country. Although the roots of this crisis go back to the long history of Afghan statehood, it was not long before it manifested itself in exactly this way. The study of the ethnic and national composition of the civil war in Afghanistan will help to find the dynamics of its development and its solution. Ethno-political processes have a direct impact on the development of any profession. In this case, an analysis of the ethnic situation of the Afghan state over the last 250 years is crucial.

The article analyzes the social, historical and political aspects of social cooperation and integration between the Central Asian states. Attempts at integration between the countries of the region in the post-independence years, their successes and shortcomings have been studied. Special attention is paid to the resumption and development of regional cooperation.

Based on the latest data from the UN Office on Drugs and Crime, the International Narcotics Control Board, as well as researches of the experts on illicit drug trafficking this article reveals the causes and factors that contribute to the growth of cultivation and production of drugs in Afghanistan. Particular attention is paid to the peculiarities and new trends in illicit drug trafficking from Afghanistan, the negative consequences of the business of drugs and its impact on security in Central Asia.

Public diplomacy plays an important role in the foreign policy of states. This article reveals the significance of public diplomacy in international relations, and importance of public diplomacy related concepts to the coutries’ foreign policy.

The first half of the 21st century was marked by the Covid-19 pandemic, the escalation of regional conflicts, civil unrest in the United States, the brewing war between Russia and Ukraine, as a result of which a new, quite active player Turkey enters the world stage, having influence and a role in the events of a huge part of the planet. Chaotic changes in international relations (in particular, interstate relations), the new world order and the formation of an exceptionally new balance of power stimulate the evolution of the foreign policy vectors of the Republic of Turkey.

The Turkish factor began to play an important role in almost all issues in the international area,, especially in the context of the processes taking place in the Middle East. Until recently, Turkey's role as a global and regional player seemed insignificant due to internal weaknesses, political and historical legacy. Now Ankara is striving to actively shape its foreign policy course, determine its interests on a wide range of issues, and also zealously defend its positions, as it has not done since the time of the Ottoman Empire

In recent years, as the extremely divisive situation in the world deepens and new regimes emerge, new promising opportunities are emerging. In this context, the effective use of modern mechanisms to protect their interests in the emerging international order on the basis of new development trends and tendencies is becoming increasingly important.

Conflicts related to the contradiction between ethnonational interests play an "extremely important" role in our time. The nature of ethnonational conflicts follows from the nature of ethnic groups and nations as state-political, socio-economic and socio-cultural communities of people, complex, multilateral relations between them. This article is devoted to the study of ethnonational conflicts of our time. The article analyzes the types of multinational states, religious, socio-economic and geopolitical factors in ethnic conflicts.

The article is devoted to one of the developed countries of the world - Japan and the development of bilateral relations between our countries. January 2022 marked the 30th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations between Uzbekistan and Japan. The phenomenon of the Japanese economic miracle has been the subject of study by economists, lawyers, and sociologists for several decades. The author of the article expressed his point of view on Japan, the mentality and culture of this amazing people. The article briefly discusses the main stages in the formation of Japanese statehood, the role of legal and moral and ethical norms, the values of Japanese society, the problems of modern Japan, as well as the prospects for strengthening bilateral cooperation.

The article says that the United Nations occupies a great position in the world community, providing versatile assistance to its member states in various spheres of life, as well as practical assistance in various social, humanitarian, economic and political spheres. In particular, the practical efforts of Armenia and Azerbaijan to resolve the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict, which has been an ethno-political problem over the past century, and to reconcile the conflicting parties are analyzed.

Today, Uzbek-Kazakh cooperation has developed in all directions, moving from a strategic partnership to an allied level. At the same time, the trends that have emerged in recent years and have been steadily developing in bilateral and multilateral relations have shaped, developed and redefined people's diplomacy in the areas of economic cooperation, industrial cooperation, parliament and cultural and humanitarian spheres.

The article considers Russian geopolitical interests in the Central Asia. The author analyses a wide range of issues related to the conditions of implementation of the strategic interests of Russia, in particular, the problems of the territorial integrity, labour migration, terrorism, extremism and drug trafficking.

The article highlights the growing importance of the Central Asian region in the international arena, the new phase of the struggle between the interests of the United States and other powerful powers in the region's geopolitics. analyzed.

The great Chinese philosopher Confucius, who left his mark on the history of mankind with his political and social views and enlightenment teachings, emphasized an important point two and a half thousand years ago: “There is no need to be afraid of change. They usually happen because of necessity”.

This article analyzes the essence, history and the growing importance of Public Relations in Uzbekistan, and the role of specialized services of state agencies in this respect on the path of prosperity of the country.

Uzbekistan is one of the first countries to recognize the independence of Uzbekistan and to open an embassy in our country.

This scientific article discusses the Trans-Afghan transport corridor, its strategic importance for Central Asia, including Uzbekistan, and the problems in the implementation of railway projects in Afghanistan.

The relevance of this topic is determined by the state of the modern system of international relations, economic globalism and the growing interdependence of the world as a whole and the fact that the situation at any point in it affects the entire globe. The development of mankind is greatly influenced by the situation in the underdeveloped countries of the world, that is, it is impossible to say before what consequences the instability of the military-political situation in them will lead to. The economic and social rights of people on both sides of the border have already been adversely affected. Rising prices for basic food and commodities, including medical supplies, affect people's right to health care and an adequate standard of living in Ukraine. This is especially felt by the very old, the very young and the poor. The right to education has also been affected by intermittent school closures over the past two weeks due to security concerns. In Russia, the national currency is rapidly depreciating, and prices are rising. This conflict brings with it the activation of mercenary military companies that arrive in Ukraine from different parts of the globe, ranging from specially trained mercenaries from Western countries to militants from Syria and Afghanistan.

This article describes in detail the coverage of "inter-Afghan negotiations" in foreign studies. The author bases foreign research works on regional, institutional approaches based on the analysis of various political and historical sources, and tries to cover each of them consistently. In particular, from the point of view of regional principles, the different aspects of research objects (human rights, the future of national statehood, the source of extremism and terrorism, regional security) in the views of 3 main research subjects: Western scientists and research centers, Afghan national researchers, as well as scientists from the Commonwealth of Independent States, including Central Asia.

The article is devoted to the analysis of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, consideration of the prerequisites for its formation and the political association «Shanghai Five» as a basis for its formation, the subsequent extension of the SCO integration field due to the constant build-up and development of multilateral ties with countries located in the Central Asian and Asia- Pacific regions. The Shanghai Cooperation Organization, which was officially established on June 15, 2001, is a permanent intergovernmental regional international association. Over the 20 years of its existence, the composition has grown significantly. In total, there are eighteen states with the statuses of a full participant, observer and dialogue partner. The fact that the organization strives to continuously expand the framework of cooperation is its specificity and distinguishes it from other associations in the region.

Investigated by a group of political science researchers, this branch focuses on the contribution of political science to public health and proposes lines of research to increase this contribution. Despite progress, links between researchers from these two fields are developing only slowly. Discrepancies between political science's approach to public policy and the expectations that public health may have regarding the role of political science, is often seen as an obstacle to collaboration between experts in the two fields. Given the interdisciplinary and intersectoral nature of public health, it is important to build a critical mass of researchers interested in public health and sound public policy that can flourish at the intersection of political science and public health.

The article analyzes the important factors of political institutions in improving the efficiency of state policy, analyzes the processes of formation, development and improvement of political institutions, functions and aspects of the activities of political institutions.

In particular, the study of the genesis and development of the methodology of institutional analysis remains one of the most important tasks, which in turn allows us to show the epistemological and theoretical possibilities of new methodological principles for studying political institutions, ways to overcome their advantages and disadvantages. In addition to solving specific theoretical problems, this is also reflected in the practical significance of the work done in the framework of neo-institutional analysis. Understanding the genesis and development of the methodology for analyzing political institutions, highlighting the existing methodological problems has not lost its relevance today. Methodological principles of studying political and social realities, their theoretical and practical significance for political, sociological and other social sciences are studied by scientists with great interest. Issues such as political institutions, their origin, development and implementation, development and crisis have always been studied by scientists with great interest, which was reflected in the level of knowledge of the subject. The two main components that make up the content of a political institution are, firstly, the ideal model of the system of relations and, secondly, the organizational structures developed in collective political practice in accordance with the matrix of stereotypes and model structures. The presence of a clear system of relations that are stable and cohesive is emphasized.

This article is devoted to revealing the impact of migration processes on the socio-economic development of the Middle East Arab states. The article examines the main causes of migration of population of the Middle East, the period of their growth and their impact on the socio-economic and cultural development of sending and receiving countries.

In the context of global economic integration and political multipolarity, the internationalization of education has become one of the main trends in the international community. Increasingly, the distribution and distribution of educational resources in the world. So the export of education is an important standard for measuring the political, economic and cultural level of a country. Countries, through the export of education, actively offer educational services to foreign students in order to expand cultural and economic ties with partner countries.

Bordering other countries of Central Asia, Uzbekistan is the center of the region and is of great geopolitical importance. Russia always pays special attention to the development of relations with Uzbekistan and achieves some success in the military and trade and economic fields, and cooperation in the humanitarian and educational field between the two countries has also been successfully promoted. Especially after President Shavkat Mirziyoyev came to power, Russian-Uzbek cooperation in the field of education is deepening, and only in 2019 six branches of Russian universities were created in Uzbekistan. The number of Uzbek students studying in Russia is also growing over the years.

Despite the above positive results, there are still a number of problems between them: the changing international environment brings uncertainty to the prospects for cooperation; the integration process and the modern education system from Europe will cause a decrease in the competitiveness of Russian universities; coronavirus pandemic. To solve these problems, it is necessary to study the essence of international cooperation in higher education and the pattern of its development, taking into account changes in the international situation.

This article analyzes the essence of youth policy as an important factor in maintaining stability in the country, the scale of its influence and consequences, as well as the mechanisms for developing strategic decisions in this direction.

The relevance of this article is determined by recent events related to Russia's shift tactics in relation to neighboring countries based on their new geopolitical goals, in connection with the closure of markets for them in the West and in search of new markets in neighboring countries and, above all, in Central Asia, which also for its policy of protectionism, it may not have time to prepare for competitiveness with a country like Russia, which is interested in the short term in these markets. This article discusses the approaches and methods of the Russian Federation to this issue and what policy is being promoted by the heads of the Central Asian countries in these conditions.

The article deals with the transformation of Japan's modern strategy towards China. China and Japan are the most powerful economic, political and military powers in East Asia and constitute the two main centers of power around which the regional subsystem of international relations is being formed. The rise of China is the most significant challenge for Japan's entire foreign policy, but it also offers enormous opportunities for the country's development. And the future positions of not only Japan and China themselves, but also stability in East Asia depend on what Japan's strategy towards China will be. Japan's strategy towards the PRC after World War II until 2010–2011. can be characterized as the predominance of involvement with elements of containment: the policy of Japan as a whole contributed to the realization of the main foreign policy goal of the PRC - the restoration of the status of a great power, which China lost during the opium wars of the mid-19th century. In the 2000s there was a reassessment and activation of Japan's foreign policy. There are two opposite assessments of Japan's strategy towards China in the 2000s: one group of researchers believes that there has been a shift towards balancing, and the other believes that such a change has not been observed and one can only speak of a "reinsurance" strategy that allows one to defend from risks through coalitions with other countries. In the early 2010s Under the influence of the growing perception of China's actions in the East China Sea as a security threat, Japan's strategy towards the PRC shows more and more signs of a transition to balancing and containment. However, the likelihood of a transition to a "double reinsurance" strategy is high, since China is seen primarily as a key economic partner, without which Japan's prosperity is impossible.

The main focus of the world community is the military conflict between Russia and Ukraine. Of course, this is not in vain. After World War 2, there was no military intervention in the territory of a democratic state by another state. After the founding of the United Nations in 1945, the new world order was on the verge of change. Russia’s invasion of Ukraine has been sharply criticized by Western countries, the United States and NATO, who have imposed a package of economic sanction on Russia to curb its aggression. This could put the Russia economy on the brink. Why did Russia invade Ukraine, ignoring sanctions that could hurt its economy? The article analyzes the root causes of the Russian-Ukrainian military conflict and the major geopolitical processes that can lead to it.

Since the time of Plato, there has been a discussion of political systems and regimes. In search of an ideal state structure in this process, the model of democracy, which is based on the will of the people, is accepted as an indicator of the only functioning system of modernity. The distribution or limitation of political power among the powers is governed by constitutions. Parliamentary, presidential and semi-presidential systems are considered the main systems of government in democratic countries. Since the existence of a parliament is not a guarantee of democracy, democracy can exist without a parliamentary system, and thus a parliamentary system can exist without democracy. Therefore, there is no direct relationship or proportion between the form of government and democracy or the rule of law. Is there a need and applicability of the presidential system, which is constantly discussed in Turkey, are some of the criticisms and reservations regarding this system correctly interpreted and understood. When it comes to the existence of a harmonious government in any country and the satisfaction of the electorate, it is necessary to consider the negative / positive discourses of leaders. The Justice and Development Party (AKP) has won every election since its founding by Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN. This research was carried out in order to understand the strong concept of the Ak Party brand and its value in the eyes of voters.

Also in this article you can see an overview of the shortcomings of the presidential system, as well as the positive aspects of the presidential system. The study also takes into account the views of various authors, a conceptual analysis of public administration systems, and comparisons with examples of countries in the historical process. The study consists of three parts. The first part emphasized the need for a presidential system. The second part examines in detail the applicability of the presidential system in the Republic of Turkey. The third part contains criticisms and reservations against the system.

This scientific article analyzes the problems of ensuring security and stability of political development in the process of forming a new world order.

The article analyzes the history of China's sports diplomacy and its participation in the Olympic Games. In the spotlight: the circumstances under which the People's Republic of China was chosen to host the Olympics, the doping suspicions of Olympians from China, and the changes that have taken place since the hosting of the Olympics in the country.

The civil war that began in Syria in 2011 has once again affected the socio-political processes in the Middle East, making the region a battleground for the geopolitical interests of global power centers. A series of talks have been held to resolve the Syrian crisis. This article describes UN initiatives to resolve the crisis peacefully.

The transboundary nature and limited nature of water resources in Central Asia makes water a key resource that largely determines the further development of the region.

Climate change, population growth and increased demand for water have mixed effects on the water, food and energy security of the countries of Central Asia. That is why cooperation in these areas is a common concern to ensure stability in the region.

Historically, Central Asian countries have always considered themselves to belong to a single region. The indigenous peoples of Central Asia had a common history, similar cultures, customs, and even believed in one religion. Countries in the region, especially in their border areas, are home to many ethnic groups from neighboring countries, which in turn helps to strengthen kinship ties between a large number of people, particularly in Central Asia.

This article is devoted to the peculiarities of the Uzbek-Kazakhstani cultural and humanitarian ties in the years of independence. The article analyzes the dynamics of cultural and humanitarian cooperation, anniversaries of celebrities, the first culture days held in the territory of the two countries, as well as the results of mutual meetings and tours of artists and cultural figures. Particular attention was paid to the activities of the Intergovernmental Commission, which made a significant contribution to the development of cultural and humanitarian ties.

The subject of this study is to analyze the place and role of the North-South international transport corridor in India's foreign policy and to identify the main problems and prospects for the implementation of this transport corridor. The ITC "North-South" project is designed to provide transport links between India and the countries of Central Asia, the CIS and Europe through Iran.

This article contains scientifically based and practical proposals for improving the system of public control, thereby eliminating errors and omissions in the activities of some government agencies in the Republic of Uzbekistan.

This article describes the role and importance of the state of Qatar in the Middle East in the modern world, the development trends of its foreign policy, its policy in the region.

Мазкур илмий мақолада Марказий Осиёда чегара муаммолари, мудофаа тизимини ҳал қилиш очиб берилган. Давлат томонидан чегара муаммоларини бартараф этиш мақсадида чиқаётган қарор-фармонларнинг ижролари хусусида гап боради.

As a rule, when considering socio-political processes, the system under consideration becomes one of the subjects of politics: a political structure, a state, a state institution, a party, a political leader. Each subject has its own environment and a hypersystem that unites them (country, administrative-territorial community, production team, legislative body, apparatus, party, etc.). The purpose of the study may be to identify the conditions for the stability of a given system (preservation of systemic quality), achieving the goal while maintaining stability or programmed decay, adaptation modalities, etc. Depending on the task, a model is created that describes the most necessary elements and relationships, from which, for example, , to a large extent depends on the development and maintenance of the quality of the system or the achievement of goals.

The result of modeling a real system is its model, which becomes the subject of direct study. Modeling is the process of creating a secondary object, in addition to modeling real processes on it. Especially when building mathematical and computer models, one often has to deal with a skeptical attitude towards modeling. At first glance, the reasons for skepticism are important. In fact, in this case, the real system is replaced by its simplified similarity.

This scientific article reveals the essence, features, as well as the most important aspects of multilateral diplomacy, which is the most relevant in the foreign policy of states in today's complex, diverse international environment. Today, any threat or issue involves cooperation - it is important to study multilateral diplomacy, which is both modern and traditional. The purpose of the article is to fully reveal multilateral diplomacy through the definitions put forward by various scientists, and to consider its functions in terminology.

The article is devoted to the analysis of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, consideration of the prerequisites for its formation and the political association «Shanghai Five» as a basis for its formation, the subsequent extension of the SCO integration field due to the constant build-up and development of multilateral ties with countries located in the Central Asian and Asia- Pacific regions. The Shanghai Cooperation Organization, which was officially established on June 15, 2001, is a permanent intergovernmental regional international association. Over the 20 years of its existence, the composition has grown significantly. In total, there are eighteen states with the statuses of a full participant, observer and dialogue partner. The fact that the organization strives to continuously expand the framework of cooperation is its specificity and distinguishes it from other associations in the region.

The countries of the region are pursuing an active foreign policy on the path to peace and sustainable development in Central Asia. Making Central Asia a zone of peace and good neighborliness has also been identified as a priority of Uzbekistan's foreign policy. The relevance of this article is that in today's era of increasing sources of global threats, ensuring regional security in Central Asia has become one of the main tasks facing the countries of the region. Trade, economic, transport and transit-logistics, security and stability, equitable use of water resources, strengthening cultural and humanitarian ties, friendship and good neighborly relations between the peoples are being developed between the two countries.

The article discusses the geopolitical developments in the Middle East, the renewal of tools to strengthen the policies of international actors in the region, and the reflection of the Kurdistan issue on the “New Middle East” geopolitical map.

This article examines the relationships between Pakistan and the countries of Central Asia. It is emphasized that since independence, the Central Asian states have acquired the attention of regional and global powers. Geographically, this region is landlocked but very rich in natural resources. At the same time, it is noted that due to the lack of energy resources, Islamabad needs to develop cooperation with the countries of Central Asia.

From geostrategic point of view, Pakistan provides these regional states the shortest route to global sea trade. Special attention is paid to energy and transport-logical cooperation between Pakistan and Central Asian countries.

This article is about the current conflict between Ukraine and Russia and its impact on the region’s demographics, leading to a review of the EU’s security and migration policies.

The main competitive advantages of Uzbekistan in the context of the implementation of the “soft power” policy are the ancient history, rich original culture and architecture. Uzbekistan has consistently strengthened its position as an authoritative center of Islamic culture and spirituality. Measures are being implemented to promote national and tourist branding, expand diaspora ties, and use traditional methods of holding cultural days, festivals, and other events in the country and abroad.

This study examines Turkey's relations with the Arab countries of North Africa, in particular its relations with Libya, and its relations with Libya after the Arab Spring civil war. Instability in the region and conflicts in the Eastern Mediterranean have come to the fore in recent years. In this context, some considerations have been made on the role of the Republic of Turkey in resolving the internal political instability following the Libyan crisis.

Today, the Uzbektan-Tajikistan cooperation has developed comprehensively and reached the level of alliance from a strategic partnership. The trends that have emerged in bilateral and multilateral relations in the following years and are constantly evolving have shaped, developed and brought forth new forms of people's diplomacy in the fields of industrial cooperation, parliamentary and cultural and humanitarian spheres in economic cooperation.

The article analyzes the political aspects of establishing and developing relations between the Republic of Uzbekistan and the Islamic Republic of Pakistan. The main focus of the article is on the impact of the transformation of cooperation between the two states in recent years on the connectivity and cooperation of the regions of Central and South Asia.

The article considers the role and influence of the Palestinian problem and the Gaza Strip in the Israeli security system. The reasons for the emergence of regional threats and challenges to Israel's security are revealed.