This article analyzes the results of archaeological excavations at the Khanaqa site located in the Ishtikhan district of the Samarkand region. The study focuses on the layout, construction phases, stratigraphy, and evidence of economic activity. Excavations revealed two construction periods, including residential structures, hearths, and architectural remains. The analysis of ceramic materials indicates that the site dates to the early medieval period.

This article examines the essence of national identity, its theoretical and conceptual foundations, and the main factors influencing its formation. National identity is analyzed from philosophical, sociological, psychological, and cultural perspectives using a comparative approach. The study also discusses the transformation of national identity under globalization, its role in contemporary society, and the importance of preserving national self-awareness. Systematic, comparative, historical, and conceptual research methods were employed. The findings emphasize the necessity of interdisciplinary approaches to the study of national identity.

This article examines the mechanisms for forecasting and effectively managing sudden political and economic crises arising in the system of international relations. The role of strategic analysis methods in ensuring states' preparedness for external threats under the conditions of contemporary geopolitical tensions and uncertainties is analyzed. Furthermore, the possibilities of using widely accepted methods in world political science, such as Delphi, SWOT, and scenario planning, for the early detection of crises are highlighted. Special attention is paid to modeling unexpected external risks and improving diplomatic crisis management in Uzbekistan's foreign policy and economic activities.

The article presents the results of an archaeological investigation of a burial mound belonging to the Kaunchi Culture, accidentally discovered during excavation works conducted for household purposes on O‘qituvchilar Street in Qizilsoy Mahalla, Yukorichirchiq District, Tashkent Region. The study includes a comprehensive analysis of the structural features of the burial, funerary practices, and archaeological materials recovered from the grave. Particular attention is paid to four hand-made ceramic vessels covered with a reddish slip, which were found within the burial complex. Their morphological and technological characteristics were examined, revealing close similarities with archaeological materials traditionally associated with the Kaunchi Culture. The excavation results demonstrate that the burial structure represents a dromos-type catacomb grave with an entrance corridor. Furthermore, osteological analysis established that one of the buried individuals was a female. Comparative analysis of the burial construction, funerary rite, and associated artifacts confirms the attribution of the site to the population of the Kaunchi Culture. This newly identified burial mound is of considerable scientific importance for understanding the distribution area of the Kaunchi Culture, its funerary traditions, and the ethnocultural characteristics of the population of the Tashkent oasis. The findings also contribute significantly to the reconstruction of the ancient history of the region during the Antique period.

This article scientifically analyzes the ecological and ethnic features of pilgrimage tourism formed in the Kashkadarya oasis, the stages of its historical development and modern transformation processes. The study studies the current state of the holy places, pilgrimage sites and traditional values associated with them in the oasis, and highlights the changes occurring as a result of globalization, urbanization and the development of tourism infrastructure. It also analyzes the impact of the ecological environment on the development of pilgrimage tourism, issues of natural resource use, and the role of ethnic culture in tourism activities. The article uses qualitative and descriptive methods, and a comprehensive approach to the problem is implemented based on historical sources, scientific literature and regional observations. According to the results of the study, it was determined that pilgrimage tourism in the Kashkadarya oasis is not only a form of religious and practical activity, but also an important social institution that preserves the ecological balance, ethnic identity and cultural heritage of the region.

This article examines the rise of Córdoba, a city of al-Andalus during the Umayyad period, and its role as a cultural center in the process of scientific development. During the reigns of the Umayyad rulers Abd al-Rahman I, Abd al-Rahman II, Muhammad I, Abd al-Rahman III, and al-Hakam II, their cultural policies led to the establishment of numerous scholarly institutions in the capital city of Córdoba, including libraries, mosques, and madrasas. In addition, a large number of books and scholars from the Mashriq (the Islamic East) arrived in the city. Particular attention is given to the major library built by al-Hakam II in Córdoba, highlighting its significant contribution to scientific advancement and its status as a major intellectual and cultural center. Furthermore, the article explores not only the political factors but also the social factors that contributed to Córdoba’s emergence as a center of learning.

This article examines the religious beliefs of the ancient Phoenicians, their pantheon of gods, religious rituals, and the role of religion in social life. Phoenician religion was based on polytheism, in which deities such as Baal, Astarte, Melqart, Eshmun, and El occupied a prominent position. The article analyzes how each Phoenician city-state had its own patron deity and explores the connections between Phoenician religious beliefs and the cultures of Ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia, and other civilizations of the Ancient Near East. It also discusses the myths of Baal and Adonis, the concept of the death and rebirth of nature, the activities of temples, and sacrificial rituals on the basis of historical sources. Furthermore, the article reveals that Phoenician religion had a profound influence not only on the spiritual life of the Phoenicians but also on their political, cultural, and commercial relations.

This article examines the impact of artificial intelligence technologies on the system of international relations and their role in transforming global politics, diplomacy, security, economics, and geopolitical competition. Particular attention is paid to the significance of artificial intelligence in foreign policy, digital diplomacy, and cybersecurity. The strategic competition among the United States, China, and the European Union in the field of AI and its impact on the formation of a new international order are also analyzed. The findings demonstrate that artificial intelligence has become one of the key factors shaping the transformation of international relations and creating new mechanisms of cooperation and competition among states.

This article analyzes the changes in the linguistic characteristics of the Arabs of Central Asia, as well as their distinctive ethnocultural features. It also examines the impact of internal and external factors contributing to the gradual loss of the Arabic language among these communities.