This article analyzes the role of bioethics in modern society and culture, as well as its impact on moral decision-making, healthcare, technological advancement, and social values. The research is conducted in the imrad format, exploring the main principles of bioethics and their intersections with culture.

This article analyzes the scholarly heritage of Khoja Ahmad Yassavi and the process of its study across different periods. The examination of Yassavi's teachings based on primary sources, as well as scientific research on his Sufi ideas, spiritual and educational views, and literary style, are covered in chronological stages. Additionally, in studying Yassavi's legacy, an overview of scientific works conducted by Eastern and Western scholars, particularly researchers from the Soviet and independence periods, is provided. This analysis demonstrates that Yassavi's legacy holds great significance not only in religious and moral terms, but also in philosophical and literary aspects.

This article analyzes the theoretical factors through which globalization affects the concept of a healthy lifestyle and national health values. The study examines the philosophy of health, cultural practices of living, systems of ecological and ethical values, the socio-health status of society, and issues of cultural identification based on theoretical and philosophical approaches.

This article analyzes the interconnection between entrepreneurship and economic relations within the framework of public diplomacy, focusing on historical experiences and modern trends. Drawing on historical case studies and contemporary data, the author demonstrates the significant role of merchants and entrepreneurs in cultural, social, and political interactions across nations. Entrepreneurs are evaluated as key actors in public diplomacy. The study also highlights recent developments in paradiplomacy and sister city partnerships. Using Uzbekistan as a case study, the impact of national entrepreneurship and handicrafts on international cooperation and diplomacy is explored.

The article explores one of the central ideas of Sufi teaching - the concept of the perfect human (insan al-kamil) and the peculiarities of its interpretation in the works of Professor Najmiddin Komilov. The essence of the concept of the perfect human in Sufism, the stages of its formation, moral and spiritual aspects, as well as the views of Sufi scholars on this issue are analyzed. The contemporary significance of Najmiddin Komilov's interpretation of the idea of the perfect human in Sufi teaching and its role in spiritual and moral education is revealed.

This article explores the historical construction process, technical parameters, and ideological foundations of the Great Fergana Canal based on archival documents and academic sources. Built in 1939 within just 45 days through a mass mobilization campaign known as hashar, the canal traverses the territories of Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, and Kyrgyzstan, becoming one of the region's most significant irrigation systems. Despite severe shortages of machinery and technology, the project engaged 160,000 workers and stands today as a monumental Soviet hydrotechnical achievement.

The article focuses on the essence of the renewal process in the field of spiritual values, on the fact that the spiritual values created by our great ancestors are a powerful source of modern progress, and on issues aimed at accelerating the social development of society.

This article presents an innovative study utilizing advanced econometric models to conduct an in-depth analysis of the complex cause-and-effect relationships between infant mortality, under-five mortality, and maternal mortality. Based on empirical data collected from 121 countries worldwide, the methodology of ordinary least squares (OLS) regression and structural equation modeling (SEM) was employed to determine the complex interrelationships of determinants influencing mortality rates. The research results highlight the interconnection of socio-economic, demographic, and institutional factors in shaping indicators related to maternal and child health. Additionally, comprehensive approaches aimed at optimizing healthcare policy and reducing mortality rates have been developed, and the author has put forward a number of scientific and practical recommendations.

This article provides suggestions and comments on the development of new legislation on the basis of new definitions, improvement of normative and legal documents and their analysis related to the protection and rational use of wildlife. It also analyzes the most important issues that serve the further development of the theory of environmental law in the field of protection and use of wildlife. Researched the problems in terms of environmental law the problems od legal protection and legal regulation of wildlife, the role and importance of wildlife in the system of natural resources, the origin of the right to the protection and use of wildlife in the context of research, legal relations related to compliance, the content of the norms aimed at regulating them, essence and problems of application in practice, management system in the field of use and protection of wildlife, powers of governing bodies, as well as the issue of legal liability for violations of the legislation on the protection and use of wildlife.

This article presents a comprehensive scientific and philosophical analysis of the main ideas of the Jadid movement and the educational activities carried out by its representatives. In particular, the article aims to deeply analyze the place and role of Jadidism ideas in the processes of spiritual uplift and social awakening, demonstrating their interconnection across historical periods.

The article examines the socio-political and cultural environment that influenced the formation of Said Rizo Alizoda's worldview, the ideological struggle during the period of his activity, and his initiatives aimed at awakening the nation. The author also evaluates Said Rizo Alizoda's efforts towards freedom, independence, well-being, national development, and the upbringing of a harmoniously developed generation from a contemporary perspective and substantiates their relevance in the present day.

This article analyzes the role of the Constitution of the Republic of Uzbekistan, updated in 2023, in strengthening human rights and freedoms. In the new edition, human dignity, worth, freedom and equality are recognized as priority values, and the system of legal guarantees has been improved. The article highlights the main directions of constitutional reforms, their compliance with international standards and their significance in the development of civil society.

The article analyses the history of the Aral Sea level change in the Middle Ages and Modern Times. On the basis of historical sources and scientific researches the stages of sea level rise and fall and their connection with natural-geological, socio-political and anthropogenic factors are highlighted. In particular, the historical and dynamic state of the sea level has been studied on the basis of changes in the flow directions of the Amu Darya and Syr Darya rivers, the development and decline of irrigation systems, the Mongol invasion, landscape and climatic conditions of the 16th-19th centuries and the period of the Russian Empire.

The rapid development of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies has significantly transformed how social scientists and policymakers understand, model, and forecast societal change. AI is not only a computational tool but also a catalyst for rethinking the dynamics of social systems, enabling the prediction of emerging behavioral patterns, the identification of hidden regularities, and the modeling of complex interactions across various levels of society. This paper explores the epistemological and methodological implications of using artificial intelligence in designing and forecasting social dynamics. Drawing on interdisciplinary approaches from the philosophy of science, systems theory, and digital sociology, the study examines how machine learning algorithms, agent-based models, and big data analytics contribute to a deeper understanding of evolving social structures. Special attention is given to ethical considerations, risks of algorithmic bias, and the necessity of human-centered frameworks to ensure that AI-based models promote equitable and inclusive social development. The analysis is contextualized through international case studies and implications for developing countries, particularly in the Global South.

This article highlights the history, architectural features, and religious and cultural significance of the Church of Alexander Nevsky, one of the most important architectural monuments of the Orthodox faith. The stages of the church's construction and its spiritual and educational role in society are discussed. The article emphasizes how the personality of Alexander Nevsky and the ideals embodied in the Russian Orthodox Church are reflected in the church's architecture. The church is considered an important source for academic research in the fields of religious architecture and historical-cultural heritage.

This analytical article aims to describe, and analyze the relationships between the Republic of Uzbekistan and Russian Federation from 2016 to 2023, during the post-Karimov era. In this paper, Postcolonialism is used as the primary theory of International Relations (IR) to explain political, economic, and cultural processes between Uzbekistan and Russia, underlying key elements, and saturating historical explanation. Furthermore, the author compares Postcolonial theory with other theories of IR, providing with strong and concrete arguments, and proves that Postcolonial theory best describes the relations between Uzbekistan and Russia in the current world. The main research area of the article is the understanding and explanation of the political, economic and cultural behavior of Uzbekistan in relations with Russia. This is achieved by the process of analysis and description of the valid sources, with an attention to postcolonial features to be interpreted. Postcolonial theory is used to shape, and analyze four aspects: economic dependency, migration, political relations, and cultural hegemony. Moreover, going through all these aspects, the author provides with valid data and statistics to support his statements and arguments. The author gives his opinion on each research aspect mentioned above. In conclusion, the author gives recommendations in further foreign policy of Uzbekistan, referring to the Postcolonial theory.

The article is devoted to the role of agriculture in the economic development of the Khiva Khanate during the Kungirat dynasty. The article highlights the role of agriculture, farming, and animal husbandry in the economic development of the Khiva Khanate.

This article examines the impact of globalization processes on the ideological sphere, as well as aspects that may either promote or disrupt social stability. Ideology plays a central role in shaping ideas, perspectives, and values within society. In the context of globalization, strengthening national ideology, ensuring cultural security, and instilling positive ideas into the minds of youth have become critically important. The study highlights modern forms of ideological processes, the influence of information technologies on these developments, and strategies for counteracting ideological threats.

This article analyzes political concepts related to the fact that in Uzbekistan, as in the world community, there have been major changes in the Democratic sphere, the political distance between the state and society has decreased, and the democratization of the state. In addition, reforms and dynamic changes have been carried out in our country, which have contributed to the growth of state confidence in citizens, which were undertaken as a result of the research that the article tried to highlight. In addition, historical events show that the role of the direct political leader in overcoming barriers between the government and citizens and in the results of reforms is great.

The article analyzes the process of development of youth artistic creativity in Uzbekistan as a systematic and legal process. Attention is paid to the aspects of the process of development of artistic creativity among youth related to the state policy, the development of art and culture. The aspects of the process of development of youth artistic creativity in Uzbekistan related to the socio-economic, political-legal, spiritual-enlightenment life of society are considered.

This article analyzes the cultural and managerial features of solving corporate problems in the context of Uzbekistan. The author studies the main parameters of the corporate culture of Uzbekistan based on the theory of cultural dimensions developed by Girt Hofstede. Such factors as collectivism, high power distance, avoidance of uncertainty, hierarchical relations based on status, and the priority of personal connections are indicated as the central features of business culture in Uzbekistan. At the same time, the article thoroughly analyzes the ethical problems encountered in the corporate environment - favoritism, mobbing, discrimination, patronage management, and corporate closed circles.

This article examines the impact of social networks, which constitute a significant part of the modern information space, on the consciousness of youth, particularly the negative influence on their moral values. It highlights how the spread of false information, violence, moral corruption, mass culture, and the promotion of Western lifestyles through the internet and social media leads young people to adopt views that contradict traditional moral norms. The article also emphasizes the importance of building ideological immunity against such threats, strengthening national moral values, and fostering critical thinking among the younger generation.

This article explores Alfred Adler's views on creative activity within the framework of personality psychology. Highlights the significance of art, genius, and imagination in human development and perception. Special attention is given to the impact of art on the psyche, its expression of transcendental values, and its role in socialization. The paper also discusses the existential and functional aspects of creativity, focusing on Adler’s concept of the "creative self."

This article examines the philosophical and historical foundations of the concept of the welfare state. The author analyzes the growing interest in Western-style welfare state models in Uzbekistan and other post-Soviet societies. The paper explores historical, economic, political, and social factors that contributed to the emergence of the welfare state idea. It also discusses various ideological approaches—social democratic, liberal, and conservative—and their influence on modern governance. The study emphasizes the state's social obligations toward citizens based on principles such as justice, equality, welfare, and solidarity, and investigates mechanisms for implementing these obligations.

The article examines the history of metalworking crafts in Khorezm during the Timurid era. During this period, the Khorezm settlements of Gurganj, Khiva, Vazir-Davkesken, Shehrlik, Mizdakhan, and Kat developed as trade and craft centers. The production traces, crusts, and slag remnants in these settlements indicate the existence of metalworking industries such as blacksmithing, weaponry, metalworking, and coppersmithing. In particular, the processing of local ore deposits and the production of blacksmith's products has been established in the Sarykamysh basin.

Analysis of sources shows that during the reign of Amir Temur and the Timurids, craft industries in Khorezm developed consistently.

This article is dedicated to studying the impact of Uzbekistan's media information system on the social and cultural factors in the field of education. Analyzing the role of information technologies in the educational system of Uzbekistan in its developing media environment, and identifying the social and cultural impacts on students and teachers, is of significant importance. The research examines how the media information system influences changes in the education sector, teaching methods, scientific approaches, and the personal development of students. Additionally, it analyzes the application of information and communication technologies in education, the emergence of new forms of communication between students and teachers, and the social and cultural aspects of integration with global culture. This research may serve as an important source for studying the modern development of Uzbekistan's educational system, the preservation of cultural heritage, and its transmission through new media tools.

The article “The Development of International Sports Relations in Uzbekistan in the Early Years of Independence” examines the formation and evolution of international cooperation in sports during the first years of Uzbekistan's independence. It highlights the role of sports diplomacy in the country's new political and economic context, Uzbekistan's integration into global and regional sports organizations, sports exchanges with foreign nations, and the significance of international collaboration in the development of youth sports and the Olympic movement.

This article analyzes the role and importance of medical ethics and philosophical approaches in the process of making medical decisions. Philosophical approaches - especially deontological, utilitarian, and existential approaches - serve as an important methodological basis for ensuring informed decision-making in complex ethical situations between doctors and patients.

This article analyzes the theoretical and methodological foundations for shaping the spirituality of the younger generation amid the intensifying ideological struggle influenced by the global information flow, the internet, and social networks in the 21st century. It explores ideological and spiritual threats, their negative impact on human consciousness, thinking, and national values, and substantiates the necessity and methods for developing ideological immunity in the minds of youth. The article also emphasizes effective preventive measures against ideological manipulation carried out via information technologies and highlights the relevance of forming conscious protection mechanisms based on national ideology.

This article examines the impact of ecological factors on the formation of Bronze Age cultures in the Khorezm oasis. The focus is on changes in the natural environment, water resource management, and population adaptation strategies to ecological conditions. The study utilizes recent archaeological discoveries, paleoclimatological data, and historical sources to analyze the influence of environmental processes on cultural evolution in the region.

The article analyzes the historical formation and evolution of the house arrest institution. The stages of development of this institution from ancient Mesopotamia to modern times, its specific features in various civilizations and legal systems are studied. The formation of the house arrest institution in the Russian Empire, the Soviet period and in independent Uzbekistan is separately examined. The experience of foreign countries and international standards are analyzed, prospects for improving the house arrest institution in national legislation are identified.

Since inheritance cases include civil legal relations, disputes related to these relations are matters related to civil courts. The legal basis for formalizing the right to inheritance is directly expressed in the Civil Code of the Republic of Uzbekistan. The issue of inheritance is regulated by the Civil Code of the Republic of Uzbekistan, the Law "On Notary", the Family Code, and the decisions of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Republic of Uzbekistan on inheritance. Other legal norms can also be used as the legal basis for solving inheritance cases.

The article describes the socio-political and historical processes involved in the formation of Tashkent region. It provides information about many settlements in the area being granted district status since 1926, as well as data on the ethnic composition of the population in the region.

The article sets out the grounds and reasons for the introduction of the institution of the investigating judge, its advantages, powers in pre-trial proceedings and at the judicial stage, some problems arising in law enforcement practice, proposals to expand the powers of the investigating judge, improve national legislation, in particular in the issue of exemption of minors from criminal liability at the stage of pre-trial consideration of the case and analyzed

The article is devoted to the formation of the quality of thrift of youth in the culture of production and consumption in the conditions of the consumer society of Uzbekistan. Thus, pedagogical problems and solutions for the formation of a culture of thrift of students of higher technical education of the Republic of Uzbekistan is the most pressing topic of research. In this regard, the author substantiates the ethics of thrift as the most important factor in the economic education of student youth in the context of caring for a person and quality education. The quality of higher education is interconnected with the socialization and professionalization of youth in the family.

This article analyzes the significance of Professor Najmiddin Komilov's scientific heritage in the study and development of Sufism teaching in Uzbekistan. It highlights the important role of Najmiddin Komilov's research, published works and translations in the field of Sufism, translation and literary studies in the formation of the school of Sufi studies in Uzbekistan. The scholar's monograph «Tasavvuf», his activities in translating Sufi sources into Uzbek language and research on the works of Sufi representatives are comprehensively analyzed.

This article provides an in-depth analysis of values, particularly the role of family values within the sociological and cultural context. The study is based on the sociological concept of values and explores their influence on individual socialization, behavior, and societal stability. The article examines the intergenerational continuity of family values, their impact on personal development and the social environment, and highlights the weakening of traditional values amid globalization, technological changes, and the influence of Western culture. Furthermore, it substantiates the importance of education, mass media, and state policy in preserving family values, instilling them in youth, and strengthening the institution of the family.

This article reveals the content of the prosecutor's protest brought in the order of supervision over the execution of laws, as well as the main characteristics inherent to this supervisory document. According to the author, the protest allows for the prompt rectification of legal violations and their negative consequences, the restoration of violated rights; therefore, it is considered a quicker, more effective, and actionable supervisory measure than other acts of prosecutorial supervision. Current national legislative documents do not contain clarifications regarding the prosecutor’s protest, and this concept is interpreted differently by scholars in the field of prosecutorial supervision. In some instances, the author engages in scholarly debate with several researchers. The article also outlines the purpose of bringing the protest, the basis of the prosecutor's protest, methodological and practical guidelines that must be followed when preparing the protest, requirements for its form and content, and the main characteristics typical of a protest.

This article analyzes the concept of justice in the governance of the state and society of thinkers, its role in human and social relations. It also presents an analytical approach to the question of whether the ideas of thinkers can serve as a spiritual and scientific basis for state and social reforms.

This article analyzes the water legislation of the Republic of Uzbekistan, taking into account current legal norms and directions for improvement. In addition, an analysis of regulatory legal acts regulating water relations was carried out, and special attention was paid to the gaps in current legislation. In addition, the issues of the formation and development of the country's water legislation were studied along with the views of legal scholars, and the author's own approaches were presented.

This article is dedicated to an in-depth analysis of the specific features of strict adherence to the rules of professional ethics, attorney-client privilege, and the oath of an attorney in legal practice. The article extensively explores the moral foundations of the legal profession and the legal and social significance of ethical norms. Particular attention is paid to the legal and moral aspects of maintaining attorney-client confidentiality, as well as its role in establishing trustworthy relationships with clients. The role of the attorney's oath in fostering professional responsibility and commitment to the principles of justice is also analyzed. In addition, the article discusses how compliance with these rules affects the reputation of the legal profession in society, the stability of the legal system, and the assurance of justice. This article is intended for lawyers, legal scholars, and a wide range of professionals and researchers interested in legal ethics and professional morality.

One of the problems associated with the demographic quality of the population at a new stage of development of society is transsexualism among young people, that is, rejection of their own sexual status and transition to the status of the opposite sex. Psychological dissatisfaction of the population with their sexual status is expressed in the desire to see a person of their own sex in a person, as well as in the maximum "transfer" of their appearance to a woman. Therefore, the purpose of the article is a socio-philosophical analysis of the problems of violation of human sexual identity. In the article, the authors sought to make scientific conclusions based on a comparative analysis of foreign and domestic sociological studies.

This paper analyzes the geopolitical developments in Central Asia during the mid-19th century from the perspective of regional powers such as Iran, China, and others. Unlike traditional studies that emphasize the British-Russian rivalry, this research highlights the role of Iran’s religious-political influence and China’s economic and diplomatic actions. It also discusses the strategic importance of Afghanistan and the Emirate of Bukhara, based on primary historical documents.

The article analyzes the beginning of the Meiji Revolution after the end of the Tokugawa shogunate, which ruled Japan for a long time, and the transition from feudal society to a modern nation state, profound changes in various fields, especially in the education system, the end of the "closed state" policy, and the introduction of modern Western-style technologies and educational systems.

The article analyzes modern political technologies used to shape and influence public opinion through information warfare in the global information space. It explores the historical roots of the concept of information warfare, its main principles and methods, as well as manipulative strategies implemented via digital platforms and mass media. The paper also examines the impact of phenomena such as cyber propaganda, disinformation, and fake news on public consciousness, and discusses methods of their detection. The study is aimed at analyzing the influence of contemporary information wars on both national and global security.

This article examines the railway construction implemented by the Russian Empire in Turkestan during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, exploring its military, economic, and geopolitical objectives, as well as the Ottoman Empire’s strategic reaction. The dispatch of Major Bahauddin Bey to the region highlights the Ottoman observational role in Central Asian politics. The paper relies on archival documents, diplomatic correspondences, and press sources, applying a historical-descriptive analytical approach.

This article presents proposals and considerations on the development of new legislative documents based on the analysis of new definitions, improvement of regulatory legal acts related to the use of forest fund lands. It also provides an analytical statement of the most important issues that serve the further development of the theory of land law. The legal regulation of the legal protection and use of forest fund lands, the role and significance of forest fund lands in the natural resources system, the legal relations related to the origin and operation of the right to protect and use forest fund lands, the content, essence and problems of their application in practice of the norms aimed at their regulation, the management system in the field of use and protection of forest fund lands, the powers of management bodies, as well as the problems of bringing to legal liability for violation of the legislation on the use of forest fund lands are studied from the point of view of environmental law.

This article provides a comprehensive analysis of regional security theories within the context of a turbulent international system and the growing geopolitical significance of Central Asia. Various paradigms are examined — from classical realism to the postcolonial approach. Particular attention is given to Uzbekistan as a key actor playing a stabilizing role in the Central Asian region. The phenomenon of desecuritization is discussed, along with Uzbekistan’s strategic initiatives aimed at enhancing regional cooperation, trust, and resilience.

This article analyzes the social and philosophical issues of the innovative approach to the concept of succession. The harmony of tradition and innovation in the development of society, the processes of interaction between cultural heritage and advanced technologies are considered. The relationship between innovation and succession, and their impact on society and education are discussed.

This article provides a detailed description of religious tolerance in the Republic of Uzbekistan and its legal framework. The article also offers a detailed analysis on legal norms and documents supporting religious freedom in Uzbekistan, as well as initiatives aimed at ensuring mutual respect and cooperation between representatives of different religions, the current state of dialogue between the state and religious organizations, and prospects for future development. The achievements and problems of Uzbekistan in ensuring religious tolerance are analyzed.

The article analyzes legal issues related to the termination of rights to occupy land plots based on the right of ownership, the right of use and the right of lease. In particular, it considers the legal basis for the seizure of land for public needs, disputes arising in judicial practice, mechanisms for ensuring the rights and interests of land owners. It also discusses problematic aspects of legislation, issues of compensation, legal protection of citizens and legal entities, the need to ensure the principles of transparency and fairness in the termination of rights. The article provides recommendations and proposals aimed at improving the theory and practice of land law. Keywords: land rights, land seizure, property rights, public interests, land use rights, lease rights, termination of rights, legality, compensation, legal guarantees, interests of land owners, land relations, dispute resolution, balance of public and private interests, efficient use of land, legal protection, development and reform.

This study examines the socio-cultural identity formation of Uzbek youth in the context of globalization. As traditional values increasingly interact with global influences, young people in Uzbekistan navigate complex processes of cultural adaptation. The research employs mixed methods, combining quantitative surveys with qualitative content analysis of social media platforms. Findings reveal three distinct identity patterns: traditional (25%), hybrid (40%), and globalized (35%). Key influencing factors include family (85%), social media (70%), and education (45%). Statistical analysis using SPSS showed significant correlations between media consumption and identity types (r=0.42, p<0.01). The study highlights how digital platforms facilitate new forms of cultural synthesis while traditional institutions maintain strong influence. These insights contribute to ongoing debates about cultural preservation in globalizing societies and offer practical implications for educational policymakers. The research particularly underscores the need for culturally responsive curricula that bridge traditional values with contemporary realities. Limitations include sample concentration in urban areas, suggesting need for broader regional studies.

This article analyzes the empire-wide and local legal-normative documents aimed at the policy of population relocation to Turkestan in the second half of the 19th century - the beginning of the 20th century of the Russian Empire went.

This article highlights the reforms carried out in the light industry of Navoi region during 2017–2023, particularly in the textile sector. It analyzes the establishment of new enterprises, creation of jobs, and export volumes. The introduction of modern technologies and attraction of foreign investments are also noted. The share of production by district is presented. Overall, the article reveals the textile potential and development prospects of the region.

This article explores the protection of youth rights on an international scale, analyzing advanced international practices, including legal frameworks, programmatic approaches, and institutional mechanisms developed by the UN, the European Union, and other developed nations. The paper emphasizes key areas such as the right to education, healthy lifestyle choices, labor market access, information security, and political participation.

The article analyzes the dialectical relationship between knowledge and practice from an ontological perspective. It explores the role of knowledge in theory and practice, its ontological foundation in the process of cognition, and its significance in understanding human essence. From the dialectical standpoint, the ontological unity between knowledge and practice, the dynamics of thought between them, reflection, and the formation of interdependence through social consciousness and spiritual activity are examined. The article also analyzes the interaction between the subject and object of knowledge, the ontological foundations of the mechanism of activity, and the philosophical interpretation of goal-directed human action.

This article explores the relevance of the welfare state concept within the context of Uzbekistan’s evolving legal consciousness and national statehood. The author provides a philosophical and political reflection on the integration of the social state model into the socio-cultural and historical framework of Uzbekistan. The paper analyzes the gap between ideal and real legal consciousness, emphasizing the pedagogical and institutional prerequisites necessary for constructing a socially just state. Particular attention is given to the role of spiritual unity, national education, and moral-legal values in shaping an inclusive, resilient society aligned with constitutional principles.

This article analyzes the suspension of the WTO Appellate Body from December 10, 2019, which had a serious impact on the global trade dispute resolution system, as an institutional crisis occurred due to criticism by the US regarding precedent creation, and obiter dicta practices. The work examines the political, institutional, and technical causes of this crisis, based on WTO documents and analysis by scientists. As a result, delays in dispute resolution, uniform application of law have weakened, and difficulties for developing countries have increased. The study emphasizes the need for reforms to restore the effectiveness of the WTO dispute resolution system.

This article analyzes the memoirs and personal diaries of academician Marat Koptileuovich Nurmukhamedov as a significant historical source for studying the socio-political, cultural, and spiritual life of Karakalpakstan during the Soviet period (1920s–1980s). His recollections cover a wide range of events—from the repressions of the 1930s and World War II to the development of the republic’s scientific and cultural environment in the postwar years. Particular attention is given to the cycle of stories titled Old Khodjeyli, in which everyday life, traditions, ethnographic features, and the tragic episodes of his family and people are recreated through the lens of childhood memories. Nurmukhamedov’s diary entries provide valuable insights into the political and social realities of Soviet totalitarianism, the development of education and ethnography, as well as the activities of prominent figures in science and culture in Central Asia. His memoirs are not only an emotionally rich testimony of the era but also a vital source for understanding the historical processes of the 20th century in a regional context.

Fakhr al-Din al-Razi was born on January 25, 1150, in the city of Rayy, as the son of the Ash‘ari scholar Ziya al-Din Umar. He studied religious sciences from Shafi‘i and Ash‘ari scholars, who were students of Juwayni, in cities such as Rayy, Nishapur, and Maragha under the rule of the Seljuks of Iraq. He acquired philosophical and scientific knowledge that had reached the Islamic world, including Avicenna’s philosophy, from his teacher Majd al-Din al-Jili (d. 584/1188). Fakhr al-Din al-Razi is considered the first and most influential figure of the second classical period in the history of Islamic thought — a period marked by intellectual and conceptual transformation following al-Ghazali. Razi, who was prolific in various fields, particularly theology and philosophy, identified the defining characteristics of universal sciences and was honored with the title “al-Imam” for reforming theology. Based on the object of this study, the article attempts to provide a broader overview of the scientific and spiritual legacy of this thinker.