Metaphors are considered linguistic units that encapsulate facets of a people's national identity, worldview, way of thinking, and culture. This article presents a linguocultural analysis of specific metaphors found in historical-literary texts.

The article analyses the day-cycle lexicon of the Khorezm dialect group of Uzbek on the basis of existing dialectological sources. It is shown that two layers operate in parallel within the system of time designation: a layer tied to the Islamic prayer schedule and a natural layer anchored in the solar cycle. The two-layer system, largely worn away in standard Uzbek, is preserved in fuller and more active form in the Khorezm dialects.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies are bringing revolutionary changes to the field of education. In particular, AI-based tools have demonstrated significant effectiveness in developing English writing and pronunciation skills. This article examines the efficiency of English language instruction through AI-powered technologies, including Natural Language Processing (NLP), AI writing assistants, automated pronunciation assessment systems, and chatbots. The study was conducted among 7th–8th grade students with the participation of experimental and control groups. The findings revealed that the use of AI technologies in developing writing and pronunciation skills was more effective than traditional teaching methods. Grammatical accuracy improved by 35%, while pronunciation accuracy increased by 25%. In addition, AI-supported learning enhanced students’ motivation and engagement. However, technological limitations and the incomplete integration of AI tools into existing educational curricula remain significant challenges. The results emphasize the importance of combining AI technologies with traditional teaching approaches through a hybrid learning model. Future research should focus on developing adaptive learning models powered by artificial intelligence to further improve language learning outcomes.

This article examines the genesis, historical development, and poetic characteristics of the novella as an epic literary genre. It explores the role of oral folk traditions, religious and educational sources, classical Eastern literature, and the world literary process in the formation and evolution of the genre. Particular attention is paid to the genre's artistic nature, chronotope, plot and compositional structure, system of characters, psychological representation, and linguopoetic features from the perspective of contemporary literary studies. Using a comparative-typological approach, the study identifies the common and distinctive poetic features of Uzbek and Russian novellas, revealing their artistic similarities as well as their national and cultural specificity.

This article examines the stylistic and pragmatic functions of toponyms in the detective discourse of Agatha Christie's novel The Murder of Roger Ackroyd and the strategies employed to recreate them in Komila Nosirova's translation. The study identifies the geographical names used in the novel and analyzes their role in plot construction, the creation of narrative space, the guidance of readers' perception, and the development of detective suspense from the perspective of comparative translation studies. The findings reveal that the translation employs such strategies as transliteration, transcription, literal translation, partial adaptation, and explanatory rendering. Although the referential meaning of many toponyms has been preserved, their artistic and pragmatic impact has, in some cases, been weakened. The article argues that, within detective discourse, toponyms function not only as indicators of place but also as significant stylistic devices that shape and direct readers' perception.

This article analyzes the differential features observed in the conceptual systems of the Oghuz dialects of the Uzbek language and Standard Uzbek using a cognitive-semantic approach. The study identifies the categorization patterns of conceptual domains in the Oghuz dialects and examines their common and distinctive features in comparison with the normative concepts of Standard Uzbek. The research employs conceptual-semantic analysis, componential analysis, semantic mapping, and corpus-based frequency analysis. The research materials consist of written transcriptions of the Oghuz dialects, dialectological records, and literary and journalistic texts of Standard Uzbek. In addition, the Conceptual Differential Index (CDI) model is applied to assess conceptual differentiality, and a comparative analysis of the conceptual domains of time, space, kinship, and modality is conducted.

Abdurauf Fitrat’s Family, or the Rules of Family Management occupies an important place in Jadid literature for its reflections on family life, education, and social responsibility. Although the work has been widely discussed from historical and educational perspectives, its linguistic features have received comparatively little scholarly attention. This study explores how Fitrat uses language to construct family values and persuade his readers by combining Stylistic Analysis with Fairclough’s Critical Discourse Analysis. A qualitative analysis of selected passages focuses on metaphors, proverbs, evaluative vocabulary, rhetorical patterns, and religious references, examining both their stylistic functions and ideological meanings. The analysis demonstrates that Fitrat employs these linguistic resources to portray the family as the basis of social stability while emphasizing moral responsibility, mutual respect, and child upbringing. The findings also indicate that many of the social issues discussed in the text continue to resonate with contemporary debates on family relationships and parenting. The study contributes to Jadid studies by offering a linguistic perspective on one of Fitrat's most influential works.

This article analyzes the pragmatic features of socially specialized speech in Uzbek cinema. The study examines the formation of characters' speech depending on their social status, profession, age, field of activity, and communication environment, as well as their role in achieving communicative goals. The manifestation of socially specialized speech units through speech acts such as appeal, evaluation, command, request, irony, objection, confirmation, and denial is analyzed from a pragmatic perspective. The speech of the characters also reveals the interplay of factors such as context, communicative situation, speaker's purpose, and impact on the listener. Using the example of Uzbek film scripts, the importance of speech tools specific to social groups and strata in creating artistic imaGES, defining the social status of a character, and increasing the impact of dialogue is substantiated.

The article examines taronyms as a specific lexical phenomenon formed through the interaction of linguistic and extralinguistic factors. It analyzes the phonetic, morphological, semantic, and thematic prerequisites for their emergence, as well as the psycholinguistic mechanisms underlying their functioning in speech. Special attention is paid to the correlation between taronymy and paronymy, as well as to the role of taronyms in causing semantic interference and communicative disruptions.

This article examines the linguocultural characteristics of paremiological units employed in the Uzbek epic Qunduz va Yulduz. Proverbs, sayings, and aphoristic expressions are analyzed as significant linguistic means reflecting the historical experience, national worldview, and cultural values of the Uzbek people. The study explores the semantic structure of these paremiological units, their artistic and aesthetic functions, their role in character portrayal, and their contribution to the development of the epic narrative from a linguocultural perspective. Particular attention is paid to the national concepts embodied in the paremiological units, including courage, patience, honor, loyalty, justice, wisdom, love, and human dignity.

This article examines the theoretical foundations, historical development, and contemporary significance of linguopoetics as one of the major branches of modern philology. It analyzes the essence of linguopoetics as an interdisciplinary field formed at the intersection of linguistics and poetics. Particular attention is paid to the scholarly contributions of Aristotle, representatives of the Russian Formalist School (Viktor Shklovsky, Boris Eikhenbaum, and Yuri Tynyanov), the Prague Linguistic Circle, as well as Yuri Lotman, Viktor Vinogradov, Mikhail Bakhtin, and Ilya Galperin, whose theories have substantially contributed to the development of linguopoetic studies. The paper also discusses the principal objects of linguopoetic analysis, including phonopoetics, lexical poetics, phraseopoetics, morphopoetics, syntactic poetics, tropes, stylistic devices, individual authorial style, and literary concepts. The study concludes that linguopoetics is an integrative scientific discipline that provides a comprehensive framework for investigating literary texts as multilayered communicative and aesthetic systems.

This article presents a comprehensive analysis of the lacunarity phenomenon within the system of contrastive disciplines, detailing its linguistic and cognitive types alongside translation compensation methods. Lacunarity is established as an integrative category reflecting cross-linguistic asymmetry and national-cultural specifics.

The integrity of the plot and compositional elements, literary and figurative devices—and indeed every detail—becomes more apparent thanks to the dynamic nature of the author's voice. This is because the elements of literary discourse presuppose an organic connection between word, sentence, and text. While the author acts as a figure organizing reality, the characters' personalities are naturally revealed through their interactions within the work. When discussing authorial voice, it is essential to first clarify the concept of "authorial personality" (or "authorial image"). Specifically, it is precisely the author's acute internal conflicts and constant struggle with self that ensure the integrity of the plot.

This article scientifically analyzes the editorial, publishing, and journalistic activities of Tatar intellectuals in the formation and development of the national press in the Turkestan region from the late 19th to the first quarter of the 20th century. The study highlights the cultural and educational ties of Volga and Crimean Tatar intellectuals with Turkestan, their initiatives in establishing printing houses, and their contributions to the launch of the Jadid press. Special attention is paid to the ideological influence of Ismailbek Gasprinsky’s "Tarjuman" newspaper on the Turkestani intelligentsia, as well as the creative work of Tatar editors – Ismail Abidi, Sayid Karim, Nushirvan Yaushev, Burhan Sharaf, Fatih Karimi, Alimjan Idrisi – in Turkestani newspapers and journals. The article reveals the historical significance of Tatar-Uzbek cooperation in the development of the Turkic peoples’ press.

In this article, we have conducted a comparative analysis of the linguistic and cultural characteristics of animal and plant names found in the paremiology of the Uzbek and German languages, which are considered unrelated languages. The main goal of this study is to determine the semantic content, national-cultural connotations and place of zoonyms and phytonyms in proverbs and sayings used in these languages in reflecting the worldview of the people. In the process of analysis, we studied the values, moral standards, lifestyles and historical-cultural experiences formed through the images of animals and plants. We found that in Uzbek paremiology, units such as camel, horse, wolf, sheep, plane tree, mulberry express the ideas of the people related to the nomadic and agricultural culture. In German paremiological units, we observed that images such as dog, fox, horse, oak and grape express meanings related to hard work, discipline and practical thinking. The results of the study show that zoonyms and phytonyms not only reflect the lexical richness of the language, but also are the main linguocultural tool that reflects the mentality, national identity and cultural values of the people. This research serves to develop intercultural dialogue and enrich research in the field of linguocultural studies.

The multifaceted nature of literary texts and their implicit meanings require a rigorous empirical verification of linguistic annotation criteria when converting them into a digital format. This article presents the results of a pilot empirical study aimed at verifying the practical viability of multi-level linguistic annotation criteria applied to literary materials. A pilot corpus consisting of approximately 52,000 word-forms, selected from 20th-century Uzbek prose and poetry, was analyzed by four specially trained annotators across seven levels: lexico-morphological, syntactic, semantic, pragmatic, stylistic, discursive, and conceptual-cognitive. The study was based on five core management criteria: explicitness, layer independence, cross-level flexibility, interpretive transparency, and scalability. The inter-annotator agreement rate was measured using Cohen's kappa, Krippendorff's alpha, and inter-segment F1 coefficients. The data obtained from the pilot study demonstrated a differentiated nature of agreement indicators, which serves as an objective basis for the targeted refinement of the initial criteria.

This article investigates the influence of relationship closeness on the use of politeness markers in English and Uzbek social media discourse. The study is based on Brown and Levinson’s politeness theory, particularly the notions of “face”, social distance, power relations and ranking of imposition. The analysis also draws on discourse-oriented approaches to relational work and computer-mediated discourse studies. The research uses real examples reported in reliable scholarly sources on English online interaction, Facebook compliments, Uzbek youth social media communication and Uzbek speech etiquette. The findings show that relationship closeness does not eliminate politeness; rather, it changes its linguistic form and pragmatic orientation. In close relationships, politeness is more often realized through positive politeness strategies such as solidarity, praise, informal address, joking, emojis and shared-group markers. In socially distant or asymmetrical relationships, speakers tend to use negative politeness strategies, including modal verbs, indirect requests, apologies, respectful pronouns, honorific verb forms and conventional etiquette formulas. The study concludes that English and Uzbek social media discourse share similar pragmatic goals but differ in their structural realization: English relies more on modal and syntactic indirectness, whereas Uzbek actively uses pronominal, morphological, address-based and cultural-etiquette devices.

Digital-technology courses now cover subject matter that resists plain-text explanation: cloud architecture, blockchain mechanics, algorithmic platforms, artificial intelligence. Teaching this material well usually means combining prose with statistics and visuals, yet most instruction still relies on text alone. The international literature on multimodal learning analytics has built solid frameworks for classifying and combining heterogeneous educational data (Mu, Cui, & Huang, 2020), and digital-competency instruments have been validated across several institutional settings (Moreira-Choez et al., 2024).                   

What has not been done is turning these ideas into a tested teaching method for digital-technology instruction specifically, or checking whether such a method holds up in a Central Asian university. This study builds and tests a multitype data-fusion teaching method grounded in TPACK (Mishra & Koehler, 2006), connectivism (Siemens, 2005), and the zone of proximal development (Vygotsky, 1978). Sixty-four students at a Uzbekistani technical university were split into a text-only control group and a multitype-fusion experimental group across eleven course topics. The experimental group scored 13.4 points higher on average (Cohen’s d = 1.54, p < .001), needed 22% less time to master each topic, and showed a clear pattern: achievement rose with each added data type, from r = 0.42 for text plus table up to r = 0.67 for text, table, and visual combined.   

Expert raters (Cronbach’s α = 0.89) and student feedback backed these numbers, though some students flagged sections as too dense, which points to a real limit on how much can be fused at once. Multitype fusion pedagogy works, in other words, but it needs calibration. The paper closes with concrete recommendations for curriculum designers and institutional policy. Expert raters (Cronbach’s α = 0.89) and student feedback backed these numbers, though some students flagged sections as too dense, which points to a real limit on how much can be fused at once. Multitype fusion pedagogy works, in other words, but it needs calibration. The paper closes with concrete recommendations for curriculum designers and institutional policy.

The relationship between speech meaning and communicative functions is one of the most urgent theoretical problems of modern linguistics. In recent years, as a result of the rapid development of pragmatics, discourse analysis, cognitive linguistics and linguoculturology, the phenomenon of overlap, associated with the simultaneous performance of several semantic and pragmatic functions of language units, is being formed as a separate scientific direction. In this article, the phenomenon of overlap of speech meaning and functions in English and Uzbek is analyzed theoretically and methodologically on the basis of modern linguistic paradigms. The research used comparative-typological, descriptive, discursive, pragmatic and linguocognitive analysis methods. As a result, the semantic, pragmatic and communicative properties of the overlap phenomenon were systematized, and a conceptual model was developed reflecting the integrative relationship between discourse meaning and communicative functions. The results of the research serve as a theoretical basis for studying the overlap phenomenon in comparative studies of English and Uzbek languages, discourse analysis, translation studies, and modern applied linguistics.

This article analyzes the linguopoetic and stylistic features of introductory units used in literary texts. Introductory units are approached not merely as syntactic tools, but as elements performing aesthetic functions such as reflecting the author's stance and revealing the character's psychology.

This article examines how British and American cultural values are represented in English-language textbooks used in Uzbek universities. Analyzing four widely used textbook series, it argues that such materials build recognizable cultural scripts through repetition and omission, and it proposes ways teachers can foster critical, reflective intercultural learning.

This article provides a scientific and theoretical analysis of inference and implicature, which are regarded as central concepts of pragmatics, and reveals their interrelation as well as their common and distinctive features, while also explaining their role in the formation of pragmatic meaning. The article examines broad and narrow interpretations of inference and evaluates it as the listener’s mental and inferential activity carried out in the process of understanding utterance meaning on the basis of context, communicative situation, and shared knowledge, whereas implicature is characterized as an implicit meaning not directly expressed by the speaker but reconstructed precisely through this inferential process. In addition, the article demonstrates the close connection of implicature with the speaker’s communicative intention and substantiates that such factors as the listener’s inferential activity, presupposition, context, and speech situation play an important role in the emergence of this phenomenon. As a result, it is concluded that inference and implicature serve as an important theoretical basis not only for pragmatic analysis, but also for uncovering deeper layers of utterance meaning, identifying implicit meanings, and explaining the mechanism of mutual understanding between participants in communication.

This article presents a comparative-typological analysis of the mother image created in the works of Utkir Hoshimov alongside prominent examples of foreign literature. Particular attention is paid to identifying the national-ethical, social, psychological, historical-memorial, and mythopoetic characteristics of the mother figure. The representations of mothers in Utkir Hoshimov's "The Affairs of the World" (Dunyoning ishlari), "The Last Victim of the War" (Urushning so‘nggi qurboni), and "Between Two Doors" (Ikki eshik orasi) are compared with the mother characters in Maxim Gorky's "Mother", Chingiz Aitmatov's "The Day Lasts More Than a Hundred Years", Pearl S. Buck's "The Mother", Bertolt Brecht's "Mother Courage and Her Children", and Toni Morrison's "Beloved". The study employs historical-literary, systemic, comparative-typological, and content analysis methods. The analysis demonstrates that the mother image in Utkir Hoshimov's works serves as a poetic center embodying the national memory, family values, folk wisdom, patience, affection, honesty, and forgiveness of the Uzbek people. Conversely, the article highlights that the mother image in foreign literature is interpreted through the lenses of socio-political awakening, preservation of national identity, economic dependence, war, slavery, and historical trauma. Ultimately, the article scientifically substantiates that while the mother image acquires distinct artistic meanings across different literary and cultural systems, it remains a universal poetic category expressing global human values such as self-sacrifice, responsibility for a child's fate, memory, and moral duty.

This study is devoted to investigating the linguocultural codes and national concepts expressed in jewelry terminology in the Uzbek and English languages. Jewelry terminology not only denotes various ornaments and decorative items but also embodies cultural values, historical traditions, social identity, aesthetic ideals, and symbolic meanings that have developed over centuries. From a linguocultural perspective, jewelry-related lexical units function as cultural signs reflecting the national worldview and collective memory. The main aim of the study is to identify the similarities and differences in the semantic, cultural, and conceptual structures of jewelry terminology in Uzbek and English based on linguocultural and cognitive linguistic approaches.

This article presents a linguocultural comparative analysis of phraseological and paremiological units in Uzbek and English that are formed on the basis of household vocabulary, including the names of household items, food, and clothing. It examines the role of household imagery in the formation of phraseological meaning, the mechanisms underlying the emergence of national and cultural connotations, and the semantic gaps (lacunae) found between the two languages under comparison. Using illustrative examples, the study highlights both the universal and the language-specific (national) features reflected in household-related phraseological expressions and proverbs in these two typologically different languages.

This article examines the artistic and Sufi concepts in Isajon Sulton's novel “Alisher Navoi”. The spiritual evolution of Navoi's inner world is analyzed through the essential Sufi stages: fana (annihilation of the self), tafakkur (contemplation of cosmic wisdom), and the states of nafs (specifically nafs al-mutma’innah). The author's artistic skill in integrating Quranic verses, the symbolism of nature, and the story of “Unsiya” is scientifically substantiated.

This article comparatively examines the linguistic characteristics of phytonyms, that is, plant names, found in Uzbek, Turkish, and Russian folklore. It analyzes the semantic and symbolic functions of the names of trees, flowers, fruits, and other plants used in fairy tales, epics, proverbs, sayings, folk songs, and ritual folklore. The study highlights the role of phytonyms in reflecting people's attitudes toward nature, their national worldview, traditions, and cultural values. It also identifies the common and distinctive meanings of certain plant names across the folklore of the three nations, their positive or negative connotations, and their expressive potential as literary devices. The findings confirm that phytonyms constitute one of the significant linguistic and cultural elements of oral folk literature.

This article analyzes the national and cultural features of communicative acts used in Uzbek literary discourse. It examines how speech forms such as dialogue, address, request, advice, command, and gratitude are manifested in literary texts in connection with the social experience, moral values, and communication traditions of the Uzbek people. The article also highlights the role of communicative acts in revealing the characters’ personalities and reflecting the national worldview.

This article examines the artistic expression of Eastern spirituality in the multicultural literary context of England and America. Based on postcolonial theory and multiculturalism concepts, the aesthetic and cultural functions of the Eastern image in English and American literary texts are analyzed.

The article analyzes the cognitive categorization of measurement concepts in close connection with the problem of theoretical fragmentation in modern cognitive linguistics. The possibilities and limitations of prototype theory, conceptual metaphor theory, frame semantics, cognitive grammar, and the lexical-semantic approach in explaining the meanings of measurement units are comparatively examined. The cognitive status of standard, historical, and anthropometric measurement units in English and Uzbek, their center-periphery relations, and their connections with encyclopedic knowledge, conceptual mapping, and discursive-cultural activation are substantiated. The study proposes an integrative model for examining the semantics of measurement units that combines sensory-perceptual experience, prototypical categorization, frame-based knowledge, conceptual metaphorization, grammatical profiling, and discursive-cultural interpretation.

The article analyzes the artistic expression of the national spirit in Said Ahmad’s short story "Qorako‘z Majnun." It examines how the author artistically illuminates the spiritual world of the Uzbek people by depicting—in a folk-inspired style—the harmony between humans and nature, the bond between humans and animals, compassion, loyalty, family relationships, and national customs. Furthermore, the article illustrates the writer's skill in crafting a national character and explores the artistic interpretation of the folk worldview, national values, family dynamics, compassion, and the national mentality.

This article analyzes the linguopragmatic features of parables, a unique genre of children's literature, and the communicative strategies used in them. Parables are the most effective means of forming moral and aesthetic ideas in children, and the achievement of certain pragmatic goals through the clarity, imagery, and folk expressions of the language are examined on the basis of examples, and general conclusions are drawn. In this article, the role of intonation, logical stress, and non-verbal means used to express the speech acts of the heroes of the work, their behavior in communication, and emotional states is justified from a linguopragmatic perspective.