The article provides information about the fact that our ancestors were well aware of world literature, especially Turkish, Azerbaijani, and Tatar literature, and that they regularly got acquainted with the press published in those countries. Hamza Hakimzada Niyazi's intention to write a drama about Ta'at Pasha, one of the Turkish statesmen, after living in Izmir and Istanbul for several months, is discussed. The opinions of Uzbek writers about Turkish artists, articles published in the Turkish press about Uzbek writers are discussed.

It is known from history that spiritual, cultural, socio-political and trade ties between the countries of the West and the East began to emerge in the early Middle Ages. The problem of literary influence is even more ancient. To prove this, it is enough to mention similar features of the plot and characters of the epics, which are examples of folklore. This process is developing day by day. This article examines the literary influence of world literature on Uzbek literature using the example of several stories. In particular, the work of Julio Cortazar, a great representative of Latin American literature, a representative of fascinating realism, is analyzed and comparatively studied with the stories of Nazar Eshonkul. Issues of creative originality and literary influence are considered.

This study compares the Turan-themed poetry of two Turkish poets who share Uzbek ancestry, focusing on their substance and form. The poems “Turanland” ("Turanyurt"), by Azim Süyün from Uzbekistan and “Motherland” ("Anayurt") by Mehmet Sabir Karger from South Turkestan depict the journey towards achieving unity among Turanian Turks within this context. Consequently, imperialist governments like Russia and China have caused a geographical and social division within the entire Turkic world. Each Turkish homeland was assigned a distinct country name, while each Turkish tribe was given a unique nation name. Therefore, they generated numerous homelands from a single homeland, multiple states from a single state, and multiple nations from a single nation. This constitutes a deliberate assault on the historical, geographical, and national aspects of Turkey, as well as on our forefathers, heritage, and cultural identity. It is imperative for all those of Turkish descent worldwide to counteract this assault by forming the Turan Turkish union.

The author of the article confirmed that Mirzo Tursunzade is one of the first writers who accepted the awakening and independence of the peoples of Asia and Africa and created works and a series of rare poems in this regard. The poet skillfully and thoughtfully recorded the bitter life, tyranny, chains of tyranny and horrors inflicted on the people of India by the British colonialists, in poetic words, by various artistic means and means.

It is also mentioned that the people of India have made a huge contribution to the development of world culture and literature throughout history, and this land, which has a history of about five thousand years, is considered one of the pearls of world civilization.

At the same time, Mirzo Tursunzade clearly expressed his opinion, pointing out the path of freedom and the peaceful goals of the peoples of the world.

The author notes that M. Tursunzade clearly saw all the unrest in the lives of these people in the light of Indian literary movements and trends and wanted to keep up with his Indian comrades. Show them the basics and fundamentals of life of the enslaved people of India.

In addition, the author adds that the poet makes the oppressed people of this country enjoy the sounds and waves of world freedom and leads the prosperity of this legendary country. The fact is that one of the main tasks of the poet Mirzo Tursunzade was to convey to the reader the reality of life.

1. Sheikhzadeh is one of the most prominent representatives of the modern Uzbek literature. In this article the different directions of his multificated creativity are looking over, analyzing and the interesting and exemplary drawings of his life are explaining. According to the researchers perspectives are bringing clarity to the main point.

The facts and considerations confirming the greatness of M.Sheikhzadeh personality are reflected in this article.

Since the 1980s, modern Turkish storytelling has experienced transformations in both its structure and subject matter. This era is notable in Turkish storytelling for its stories that possess a distinctive artistic and philosophical essence. The article examines the concise narratives written by the renowned author Farid Edgu, who is recognized as a trailblazer in Turkish writing. The writer pioneered the introduction of the minimal story form into Turkish prose, skillfully incorporating profound Eastern philosophy into his concise narratives. Additionally, he broadened the educational horizons of Turkish literature. These short stories depict the historical background, cultural values, and profound spiritual heritage of the Turkish people, while also including elements from old world literature through intertextuality and leitmotifs. The foundation of his creative approach is rooted in clarity, and his exceptional command of precision in writing is evident through the use of symbols. The paper examines the use of symbols in mirroring philosophical perspectives in the author's concise narratives

This article is devoted to the work of the famous modern Saudi writer Hussein Ali Hussein, as well as the influence of Russian literature on his work. In his stories, Hussein Ali Hussein showed the problem of the "little man", which was also used in the works of famous Russian writers such as A.P. Chekhov, N.V. Gogol

the article explores a number of contemporary issues of world literature, such as globalization, its nature, its peculiarities, the impact of globalization on world, including Uzbek literature, the future of literature, paper and internet Literature, Translation, youth and healthy literature propaganda.

In the article, Halicarnassus Balikchisi (Javad Shakir Qabooghogli) is considered one of the authors who introduced a new direction in Turkish literature with the life of seamen and sailors. That's why there are many images of the sea in the writer's works. One of his works related to this sea, "Laughing Island" ("Gülen ada"), was studied about the characters' experience and image tools. In addition, the analysis of the story "Laughing Island" by Javad Shakir Qabaogochli and the interpretation of the characters in it, as well as the concepts of conflict, are explained on a scientific basis. This article describes the writer's love for the island in the story "Laughing Island" and his method of reviving the island. Another character of the play, Kojadag, was also discussed.

In the second half of the 20th century, the processes of renewal took place in the modern Arabic and Uzbek narrative, both by internal and external factors. Currents and trends within the framework of modernism, new currents of realism that formed in Europe at the beginning of the 20th century, have been penetrating Arabic literature since the 60s of the 20th century, and Uzbek literature since the 90s through literary connections and in the process of literary influence acquire a national character. This article provides a comparative analysis and analysis of the specifics of the phenomena of literary communication and literary influence in Arabic and Uzbek narratives and the process of adaptation in national literatures.

This article provides a genesis and comparative analysis of the reflection of mythological symbols in Eastern poetry. Common myths, their classification and definition are given. The article is devoted to a comparative analysis of symbolic images in eastern poetry, especially in Uzbek and Persian poetry. The interpretation of the Simurgh bird in Uzbek, Persian, Turkish literature and the Avesta is briefly explained. The interpretation of the Simurgh bird in Uzbek and Persian literature is comparatively studied and revealed through the example of the works of Hamid Olimjon, the great poet of our national literature, and Siyovush Kasroi, a modern Iranian poet and spiritualist.

This article provides a comprehensive survey of the short stories created by the famous Hindi writer Nirmal Varma. About 50 of Varma's short stories are carefully studied and grouped by theme and plot. By analyzing Varma's story-telling skills, vivid scenes of character dynamics, the brilliant representative of Hindi literature, the role of western literature, which influenced the creation of multifaceted themes and ideas, and its influence on Indian literature is analyzed.

This article is devoted to the work of the famous Uzbek writer Saida Zunnunova and the Saudi writer bint ash-Shati. The article provided a comparative analysis of their stories.

The novel genre entered Uzbek literature at the beginning of the 20th century. A vivid example of it is Abdulla Qadiri's novel “The Past Days”. The work has not lost its value even today. The work is still loved by readers. In Russian literature, A.S. Pushkin's novels are still read with love.

This article analyzes the letters used in the novel. Abdulla Qadiri's “Past Days” and Pushkin's poetic novel “Eugeney Onegin” and letters from the novels “Captain's Daughter” are studied on a comparative level. In “O'tkan Kunlar” the reply letter written by Yusufbek Haji to Otabek and 14 letters written in different contexts in the novel are analyzed. The differences and similarities of these letters from the letters in the novels “Eugene Onegin” and “The Captain's Daughter” have been thoroughly researched. Excerpts from the work are quoted and opinions are proved.

This article, prepared on the basis of the opinions expressed in the 9-volume monographic study “History of the Literature of the Peoples of the East”, created by scientists of Tashkent State University of Oriental Studies, is about the prepared prospectus for the new scientific project “Typology of prose genres in the literature of the peoples of the East”, which is planned to be implemented soon.

The purpose of this article is to briefly highlight and discuss the famous documentary historical story about Amir Timur, written by the English writer Hilda Hookham, as well as a comparative and pragmatic study of the translations of this book in Uzbek and Russian languages. The article discusses the basic principles of literary translation based on the work of Hilda Hookham “Tamburlaine the conqueror” and its translations, both in Uzbek and Russian. The comparison between Eastern and Western culture is highlighted through some examples from the original in comparison with its translations. The skill of translation is determined by analyzing the adequacy or equivalence of the translation, preserving and conveying in it the atmosphere and background of that era, and even correcting the author’s errors by the translator.

This article deals with the quantity and quality of works of art translated from Turkish into Uzbek and from Uzbek into Turkish in the period from the 60s of the twentieth century to the present day, it is emphasized in what directions and topics scientific research should be conducted on the translation of works of art between related Uzbek and Turkish languages, as well as young specialists and researchers are given specific proposals and recommendations on the issues of conveying the artistry, national identity of the original work, landscape, portrait when translating, interior, speech of characters, proverbs and idioms, interpretation and analysis of translations, achievements and shortcomings of translators, for example, how closely the translated work corresponds to the original.

This article is devoted to the analysis of the famous Persian-Tajik poet Nizami Ganjavi's epic poem "Khusrav and Shirin" by Qutb Khorazmi and the analysis of the proverbs used in it. In the introductory part of the article, the role and peculiarities of folk proverbs as a literary genre are studied. The main part of the article talks about excerpts from the epic "Khusrav and Shirin" and the proverbs used in them. The proverbs used in the work are compared with their contemporary counterparts, and they are deeply analyzed. At the end of the article, conclusions are given based on passages and proverbs taken from the epic and thoroughly studied.

This article is devoted to the study of the typology and national characteristics of Indonesian fairy tales. Fairy tales have existed since ancient times; they are a kind of history, a treasury of folk wisdom and a universal means of thinking about the world and people.

 The tales of each nation are determined by its way of life, rituals, working conditions, folk traditions, worldview and other factors. Thus, the study of the linguistic features of fairy tales is of interest, both for the influence on national culture and for the spread of cultures at the international level.

When writing the article, we used fairy tales of the peoples of Indonesia, published throughout the 20th century. Thus, this study is based on materials from the fairy-tale tradition of the peoples of Indonesia, as it appears to us throughout the last 20th century.

In this article, Johann Wolfgang Goethe's work " West-östlicher Divan" is included in the scope of analysis. The author's attempt to create a work modeled on the Eastern classical sofa is discussed, as well as some differences and peculiarities in this regard. Considerations are presented in comparison with the sofas of Alisher Navoi.

: This article analyzes the ideological views of Hu Shi and Fitrat on language reforms in poetry in the early 20th century. Hu Shi advocated for reforms in Chinese literature through the use of the Baihua language, while Fitrat aimed to adapt Uzbek literature to national and modern requirements. The article compares the approaches of both scholars to poetry and language reforms, and their impact on cultural and social changes. This analysis provides deeper insight into the effects of language reforms on literature and national identity across different cultures.

Indian knowledge tradition is a living document of an ancient culture. His generosity and universality attracts everyone. When we were composing the Vedas, the West was living in the Stone Age. India assimilated humanity and tolerance by propagating it, on the contrary, the West exploited the entire world with a colonial mentality. The 18th to 19th centuries were marked by their exploitation and inventions.

The article analyzes the period of national literature, which is the peak of the development of modern Turkish poetry. The era of national literature was formed in the period after the Tanzimot era, and the work of artists who made an important contribution to its development was also mentioned. Attention is also paid to the factors of formation of new poetry, and the issues of tradition and innovation highlighted in the poetry of this period are analyzed on the example of the poems of poets who created new researches.

Information was given about the works of prominent and famous poets of the period of national literature Mehmet Emin Yurdaqul, Yahya Kamal Beyatli and Ziya Gokalp, and their poems were studied. Also, Yahya Kamal Beyatli's “Silent Ship” ( “Sessiz gemi” ) and Ziya Gokalp’s “Motherland” (“Vatan”)  poems were directly translated into Uzbek, and the feelings of the lyrical hero in the poem and dreams were analyzed.

The article highlights the influence of European literature on Chinese literature during the period of new dramaturgical reforms. It discusses the influence of Western modernist literature, drawing on modern dramaturgy, overcoming the barriers of the realist model of drama and the idea of realizing dramaturgical innovation. Parallel to the notion of dramaturgy, attention is paid to the reform of creativity and stage art in world dramaturgy, and its results are discussed.

Humanity's appeal to colors is a phenomenon related to ancient times, to symbols in folklore, and to people's feelings in accepting existence.

In this article, symbols related to color in the work of Nazar Eshanqul, their role in the realization of the artistic intention of the creator is given importance. Black color has also appeared in the titles of the writer's works: "Journey to the Kingdom of Darkness" (“Zulmat saltanatiga sayohat”), "The Black Book" (“Qora kitob”), "Night Fences" (“Tun panjaralari”). Metaphors related to black color and night are leading in these works.

Creative research in fiction also shows that the nature of traditional imaGES chanGES over time. It is explained that the black color, night, is not only the color of evil or ignorance, but can also mean the appreciation of goodness and the glorification of bright days in human life.

This article compares the works of Rahnavard Zaryob, the great writer of modern Afghan storytelling, and the works of the famous Russian scientist Anton Chekhov. The most important aspect of the work of these two artists is that their stories focus on the personality of a single person. Such images are depicted in the vortex of socio-political, socio-economic, vital and domestic environment. In this way, the writer penetrates into the most complex and important aspects of social life through the medium of personality.

Writers and poets like Russian poet Pushkin, Baron, Dante, Ezra Pound, Matthew Arnold were knowledgeable in many languages. The purpose of saying this is that due to this multi-lingual information, a strong cultural consciousness has arisen in Europe from which it can be said that the seeds of comparative literature have been sown. It is from here that a new emotional picture has arisen in Europe which is known as ‘European Mind’. Matthew Arnold says in one place that “A criticism consider Europe as a great confederation of thought and feeling ….. Europe is for all intellectual and spiritual purposes one great confederation” And so Arnold continues ‘Every critic should try and possess one great literature at least, besides his own- the more unlike his own the better’. The purpose of comparative literature is clear in the criticism of Matthew Arnold – “the practitioners of comparative literature must make available to their own public, the work of maximum excellence so that there will be available a standard for the local language”.  Matthew Arnold called Europe 'an Intellectual and Spiritual Federation' while Eliot gave birth to the feeling of 'European mind'. Eliot has written – “a poet should write not merely with his own generation in his bones but with a feeling that the whole of literature of Europe from Homer and within it the literature of his own country has simultaneous existence and compose a simultaneous order.” American poet and critic Archibald MacLeish said an important thing. He said that - ‘A poem is a poem in any language’. (Poetry and Experience)

 Therefore, there would be no exaggeration in saying that literature is an universal art. If literature is a creative art then it can easily enter any language of the world and can be established as the property of the people of that language. No matter which country in the world, literature belongs to everyone.  Literature is indivisible. Literature is united. Firstly: Students of Comparative Literature should understand that Homer, Shakespeare, Chekhov, Valmiki, Rabindranath Tagore etc. are our own. In the modern world it is essential to have comparative literature. In the present society suffering from violence, comparative literature not only performs the function of literature but it also performs the function of a religion. Today's humans should abandon all religions and adopt comparative literary religion so that a new international literary consciousness can develop so that a new human era can begin

Suleiman the Magnificent, in addition to being the sultan who reigned the longest in the Ottoman Empire and giving the state its golden ages in various fields, is also a very important figure in our literary history. He is the best of the poets of the dynasty with the poems he wrote under the pseudonym of Muhibbî, and he is an important figure who can be considered a first-class poet next to the top figures of his time such as Fuzûlî (d. 963/1556) and Bâkî (d. 1008/1600). The sultan, who asked the poets of the period, especially Bâkî, to imitate the poems he wrote, wanted to show/weigh his literary power by being aware of the tradition of parallelism. In our opinion, this work is a text that emerged as a different manifestation of this desire, as far as its content can be understood. Today T.R. In the text contained in a document in the State Archives Ottoman Archives, the sultan's ghazal was commented/praised by a person named Halîl. The study primarily aims to present this text to the scientific world and to reveal that archive records are also a source for literary history and literary texts.

The article analyses in a comparative aspect the historical conditions of the literary environment of the Tanzimot period and Turkestan khanates, considered important in the history of the brotherly peoples, the peculiarities and common aspects of social and everyday life. The emergence of new genres in literature, the spread of new concepts such as newspaper, theatre; changes in poetry and prose are also considered. The factors that triggered the emergence of news, particularly the results of Westernisation policies and the Jadid movement, the stylistic approaches of the creators are discussed, and similar and different aspects of the literary milieu in both regions are highlighted from a period perspective.

This article talks about the depiction of spiritual experience in the stories of Selim Ileri, a great creator of modern Turkish literature, and Nazar Eshanqul, who is distinguished by his unique style in Uzbek storytelling. In his stories, Selim Ileri skillfully describes the mental suffering and experiences of a person. The stories of Nazar Eshanqul, who won the love of Uzbek readers with many stories, reflect the complex inner world and mental state of a person. After all, one of the most important features of a work of art that attracts the reader and provides a place in his heart is the magical reflection of the human psyche with all its complexities and contradictions. In the article, Selim Ileri’s stories “Saturday loneliness” (“Cumartesi Yalnızlığı”) and Nazar Eshonqul’s “An unopened door” (“Ochilmangan eshik”) were analyzed, and the commonalities identified in the descriptions of the hero's emotions, inner world, and mental state in the stories were analyzed.

The article presents a comparative study of the works of the prominent Uzbek writer Yusuf Аtilgan and the renowned Uzbek writer Hurshid Dustmuhammad in the field of Turkish storytelling. In particular, the stories "Unlivable" ("Yaşanmaz") by Yusuf Otilgan and "The Man Who Passed Through Fire" (“Jim o‘tirgan odam”) by Hurshid Dustmuhammad are analyzed, and their common aspects are identified. Special attention is paid to the stylistic features of Uzbek and Turkish stories, the skill of creating characters, the description of spiritual processes, and the characteristics of characters, and scientific conclusions are supported by examples from the works. Emphasis is placed on the influence of prominent figures in world literature on the work of both writers. Theoretical research on the works of both writers is used as a theoretical basis.

“The influence of Western literature is evident in the backdrop of the development of various trends in Indian literature. Indian literary creativity is shaped by Western ideologies. However, the reality is twofold: while the influence of India’s earlier literary traditions, such as Sanskrit, Pali, and Prakrit languages is apparent in modern Indian literature, there’s also a discernible impact of European and American literary thought despite the end of colonial rule. This article aims to highlight the Western influence on the characteristics of post-independence Indian literature, focusing on three main languages: Sanskrit, Hindi, and Telugu.”

The article examines in a comparative manner the treatise of the great Arab writer al-Maarri “Risalat al-Ghufran” and Dante’s poem “The Divine Comedy”, the main work of the great Italian poet. In these two works with a similar plot about a journey to the afterlife of heaven and hell, important universal problems are raised with their subsequent interpretation. The article also raises the question of the possibility of influence of the treatise “Risalatu-l-gufran”, written in the 11th century, on the poem “The Divine Comedy”, written in the 14th century, since in Italy in the 12th-13th centuries. There is a great interest in Arabic literature. Europeans became acquainted with its samples through translations, which were intensively carried out in Andalusia, an Arab emirate formed in the south of Spain after its conquest by the Arabs.

Today the English language is widely spoken throughout the world. It is the language of 21st century the language of informative technologies, so while describing the English language; first of all, it should be underlined that the English language is the mother tongue of the global media. To understand English clearly one should know not only its standard vocabulary but also its different styles, dialects, proverbs, sayings, phrasal verbs and idioms.

Afghanistan's rich cultural heritage has been shaped by various influences over the centuries, including that of the Western world. In recent decades, the influence of Western literature on Afghan literature has become increasingly evident, as Afghan writers have also been inspired by Western literary traditions to explore new themes and styles in their work. In addition, the influence of Western literature on Afghan literature opened up new opportunities for cultural and intellectual exchange. Bridges are built between different literary traditions and perspectives by translating Afghan literary works and bringing them to Western audiences, or, conversely, translating Western literary works for Afghan audiences. The influence of Western literature on Afghan literature has also led to progressive changes in the country's literature. The contribution of the enlightened writer Mahmoud Tarzi in this regard is incomparable. That is why the Afghan student became closely acquainted with the works of such writers as Jules Verne, Xavier de Montepi, Leo Tolstoy, Victor Hugo, and, inspired by them, wrote prose and poetic works with a new theme and a new direction.

The article analyzes the problems of cultural identity in the East-West context. This part of a person’s self-identification is determined by belonging to a social group that has its own cultural identity. In Indian literature, this theme is most raised in the literature of the diaspora, the most unusual feature of which is that its authors belong to both the West and the East. This is why they have a keen eye, capable of examining both sides equally. Kiran Desai, one of the most famous writers of Indian diaspora literature, talks about migrant identity in her work “The Legacy of the Ruined”. The main idea of the novel is the loss and defeat of the heroes, rejected in Western society for their cultural identity, on the path to changing their identity.

In this article, the author tried to right very briefly about the similarities and differences between the two songs of the poet Muhammad Iqbal, "Indian Song" and "National Song". The generality of the above-mentioned songs appears primarily in the glorification of the homeland, the promotion of its freedom, and the description of the beautiful landscapes of the mythical India. The author mentioned that the poet wrote these two songs in the same style and in the same meaning, keeping the ideological balance of the people of his country. In this article, he presented brief information to the readers about the content of these two songs - "Indian Song" and "National Song". The author of the article divided both Iqbal's songs into five parts in terms of the same spirituality. And he analyzed and studied each separated part in comparison with each other. It becomes clear that between "Indian Song" and "National Song" despite the difference in the content of the songs, there is a similarity of thought and a deep view of Iqbal's philosophy. The songs are also considered very important from the historical point of view, because Iqbal along with the hymns of the country of India takes the reader on a historical tour of this land and reminds that this land has received various peoples and nationalities for thousands of years. And all the local and foreign people live in harmony along the banks of the happy river Ganga. India always welcomes the caravan of foreigners as its own people. This is the essence of these two songs of Iqbal.

Zulfiye is one of the leading female poets of Soviet Era Uzbek Literature who lived between 1915-1996. The poet; she has works written in literary genres such as poems, epics, articles, librettos, long stories and translations. The main themes of the poet in her works are; it is about nature, family, homeland, and the countries she visits. Zulfiye; she discussed Uzbekistan during the Soviet period, the Uzbek society, the geographical features and beauties of the country in her works.

The poems written by Zulfiye in this study; they were classified and analyzed thematically under the titles “Poems About Nature”, “Poems She Wrote About Family”, “Poems About Homeland” and “Poems About the Countries She Visited”. The poet; she has many poems written on subjects such as mother, child, friendship, nature, homeland, love, etc.

According to the potential of the artistic perception of the world and man, the creator tries to describe the concrete reality, sometimes to prove the product of fantasy, no matter what kind of story he creates. As a result of our observations, it is clear that the writers debated topics ranging from the depiction of domestic life to natural science, scientific and technical achievements, sports, and the plague of the century. The works also interpret the national identity, the person with the image, the fate of those who have become miraGES and shadows. The twists and turns in the hero's fantasy world create various thoughts through symbols.Humanity will achieve noble status in the light of science and enlightenment. This auspicious service places a great responsibility on the teacher. Due to his intelligence, worldly and religious teachings are absorbed into people's consciousness. That is why high-potential blessed figures are always respected.

The article deals with the issues concerning the general problematics of analysis, its methodology, its possible forms and ways, establishes the principles of analytical approach to a work.

The article examines the influence of Russian literature on Chinese literature, focusing on the influence of Maxim Gorky's works. It explores how Gorky's works, with their realistic depiction of social problems and revolutionary ideas, influenced the formation of Chinese literature in the early twentieth century. It analyzes which themes, stylistic devices, and ideas of Gorky were reflected in the works of Chinese authors, and how this contributed to the development of realism and revolutionary literature in China. The article also examines the cultural exchange between Russia and China in the context of the literary process, demonstrating the importance of intercultural dialog for the enrichment of national literary traditions.

The article examines the impact of the samples of ancient Indian literature "Mahabharata" and "Ramayana" on the development of the written literary heritage of the peoples of South India, in particular, such as Telugu, Tamil, Kannada and Assam. The article examines which national literatures of the southern peoples were impacted by the "Mahabharata" in Sanskrit, reveals the period of reconstruction of the ancient Sanskrit "Mahabharata" in the national languages and their differences, the positive impact of the epic on the development of written literature of this national literature.  Basically, It  refers to the epic remade in Telugu, Kannada, Tamil languages.

The article analyzes the theoretical problems related to modern editions of Alisher Navoi's "Khamsa". Aspects related to presentation to today's readers are discussed.

This article describes the unique aspects of the short novel genre in Western and Arabic literature. In addition, the origin and stages of development of the novel genre in Arabic literature are given. The influence of Western literature on Eastern literature is revealed, in particular, the principles of the formation of Arabic literary processes.

At the end of the 20th century, in the 21st century, there are changes in the narrative writing of the Gulf countries, such as the expansion of the scope of topics, emphasis on psychologism.  Writers of the Gulf resorted to various creative methods in the artistic depiction of the reality of life. In his stories, there were scenes that tried to depict life in accordance with reality, along with scenes representing the ineffective actions of the hero who was alone in the "depths" of the chaotic world. These existentialist principles form an artistic mixture in the works along with signs of over-emotionalism, enlightenment-like human concept, ironic attitude and intertextuality characteristic of postmodernism.

This article provides an analysis of modern Turkish literature, with an emphasis on the work of the outstanding poet and writer Nurulloh Genç, who occupies a significant place in the literary environment. His place of birth, childhood, entry into the literary community and the features of his poetic style are examined. Particular attention is paid to the themes of his poems, the internal experiences of the main character, his thoughts, feelings and emotional states, as well as their theoretical analysis. The poet's ability to express his ideas and feelings stands out, which is especially clearly manifested in his poetic works. The main themes of his poetry include love, pain, fantasy, death, consolation and loneliness, as reflected in excerpts from his poetry collections “The Flowers Don’t Freeze” (“Çiçekler üşümesin”), “Let Me Burn” (“Beni yakışına”) , “I intend to wish, may my prayer reach the arsha” (“Dilek tutum okusun ahım arşa dokunsun”).

Ever since Charles Wilkins translated The Bhagavat Gita in English in 1785, this Indian sacred text has been continuously translated, adapted and appropriated by the Western Orientalists as the finest method of what Edward Said called “to domesticate the Orient and thereby turn it into a province of European learning.” (Said 78) This entire enterprise of Orientalism is based on the famous maxim of Michael Foucault called ‘knowledge is power’. The construction of knowledge about India was essential for the subjugation of India. However, Indians creatively used the same tools of colonization, viz. translation, adaptation, interpretation and re-appropriation of The Bhagavat Gita to turn it into the foundational text of anti-colonial Indian nationalism. 

The article focuses on the comments of modern writers about the great Azerbaijani poet Muhammad Fuzuli, including the works of Abdulla Qadiri, Cholpon and Vadud Mahmud. The article "Buzuli Baghdadi" written in the twenties of the 20th century by Jadid critic Wadud Mahmud is evaluated. At the same time, the article also mentions some Uzbek poets who wrote poems in the style of Fuzuli. In the conclusion, it is emphasized that modern intellectuals have a great contribution to the appreciation of the work of the great Azerbaijani poet and popularization among the Uzbek people. 

In the modern era, the influence of the West holds significant importance across various domains. Introduction to activities, scientific discoveries, and literary trends of other foreign languages such as German, French, Italian, etc., also comes through English. The cultures of English and Hindi are distinct, with differences in their traditional religious, social, cultural circumstances, literary vocabulary, and grammar. Their vocabulary in Indian languages is similar, with words like 'yajna', 'mahachiti', 'sat-chit', 'ananda', etc., being common. Such similarities are not found in foreign languages. In this article, I aim to draw your attention to these points.

The article discusses issues such as literary relations and literary influence between Japan and France that began and intensified in the nineteenth century. First, the scope of works that embodied the impressions, opinions, and life experiences of Japanese writers who visited France will be revealed. In the process of uncovering this issue, the main focus will be on the works of such writers and poets as Nagai Kafu, Yosano Akiko and Yoshie Takamatsu. Attention is then paid to the field of translation, which has become important in the development of relations between the two countries, and examples of French literature translated into Japanese will be analyzed in relation to the works of their authors. The specific aspects observed in translating French works into Japanese will be briefly highlighted. The article will also discuss how the artistic heritage of representatives of French romanticism and naturalism such as J.Verne, father and son A.Dumas, E.Zola, and G.Flaubert influenced the works of Japanese writers.

In the article, the issues of literary influence, creative style and skill are covered by the analysis of the works of world writers Dostoyevsky, Camus and, mainly, Franz Kafka and Nazar Eshonqul. In the works of the above-mentioned famous writers, special emphasis is placed on how the relationship between man and existence, individual and society is described. The characters of the novel, Raskolnikov, Meursault, Joseph K., and N., are compared and analyzed in terms of their similarities, commonalities, and differences. The main idea of existentialism and absurd literature, which ensures the originality of the art of novels - that a person is the creator of his own life, is described on the example of various views and images. The motif of metamorphosis in Kafka's "Metamorphosis" and N. Eshonqul's "Bahovuddin's Dog" and its role in expressing the author's ideas are also analyzed. The relationship between artistic space and time in these stories is also explored. Relevant results were obtained about Kafka's time-space, forms of time-space in N. Eshonqul's story, tasks, and its importance in revealing the character of the hero.

This article is devoted to a comparison of two novels written by Munshi Premchand, the outstanding figure of Hindi literature, the king of novels, and Chinnappa Bharati, the famous writer of Tamil literature, the similarities and differences between Premchand’s novel “Destiny” and Chinnappa Bharati’s novel “Thirst” are examined. The novel “Destiny” reveals a difficult fate of the main character Hori, and the novel “Thirst” describes the problems of the poor peasant Marappan and his family. In these novels by the two creators, there are noticeable similarities in the ways of depicting rural life and the style of creating images.

If one wants to know and learn about the way of life, customs and traditions, spiritual and moral virtues of a people, one must get acquainted with its literature and read and learn it. There is almost no other mirror in the world like literature that can accurately reflect the life of the groups that make up a people, their social, economic orientations and concerns, spiritual and spiritual world.

Although the literary heritage of Uzbeks is known and read in Turkey thanks to the sultans of the word such as Alisher Nawâyî, the recognition of Modern Uzbek Literature among Turkish readers began to increase in the 1990s. The reader who reads the works of many Uzbek writers such as Abdulla Qadiri, Aybek, Abdulla Kahhar, Said Ahmad, Shukur Khalmirzayev, Askad Mukhtar, Tahir Malik, Nazar Esankul, Isacan Sultan in Turkish feels satisfaction by seeing the closeness, commonalities, similar appearances between the works of the writers of the two brotherly peoples through these writers.

In this paper, information will be given about the amount, nature and periodic characteristics of the stories translated from modern Uzbek literature into Turkish. Thus, it will be tried to determine the opinion of the Turkish reader about the Uzbek story tradition and the fictional approach based on the subject, hero and event in the works of Uzbek story writers. Based on the findings, the determinations and evaluations related to the proper and appropriate introduction of the modern Uzbek story and storytellers both in Turkey and in different countries of the world will be included.

It is known that by the XI-XIV centuries, the ancient culture of the East, in particular Iran, Byzantium, Arab countries, India and China, had a great influence on the culture of the West, that is, on spiritual and cultural life. Because during this period the ancient culture, science and spirituality of the peoples of the East awakened and significantly developed. Western countries transferred the achievements of the first and second periods of the Renaissance to Europe. The achievement center spread first to France, then to the whole of Europe - Spain, Italy, Germany. Gradually, mutual literary connections positively influenced each other, enriching and enriching each other's spirituality and culture. This article provides clear evidence of the influence of the masterpiece of Eastern literature, The Arabian Nights, on Western literature, which is an example of this spirituality.

Muhammed Fuzuli (1494-1556), whose works shine like the sun in the skies of Near and Middle Eastern poetry, enlightened the entire Turkish-Islamic world. When we look at the history of classical Eastern poetry, we do not meet a second poet like Fuzuli who wrote poems in three languages: Arabic, Persian and Turkish.

Fuzuli's artistic genius created literary and cultural ties between Turkish-speaking peoples, paving the way for peoples to get closer to each other and strengthen their literary relations. His rich literary legacy had a strong influence on the literary figures of Turkish poets after him.

Fuzuli's creativity played an important role in the development of the literary relations between the people of Uzbekistan and Azerbaijan.

In this research article presented under the title of “Mevlana Lutfi's impression on Fuzili's poems”, the influence of Uzbek poet Mevlana Lutfi Harevi on Muhammad Fuzuli's creativity is analyzed.

The article analyzes the methods of symbolic representation used in the story "The Song of Kashmir", based on the ancient love epic of the people of Kashmir. In this story, the struggle of the people of Kashmir and Jammu for the independence of the country is reflected in the symbols of nature. This story, written by Uzbek writer Sharaf Rashidov, was published after the author's visit to India in 1965. The ancient culture, art and literary heritage of the Indian people, rich in legends, led to the creation of a work about love. This lyrical story has been translated into 56 languages and includes small poetic fragments.

This article talks about the creation of characters and images in the dramas “Behind the Wall” (“Duvarların Ötesi”) and “Family Hearth” (“Ocak”) by Turgut Ozakman, a well-known writer of modern Turkish drama, and the unique skills of the writer. Features of the character's image goes tools and creative style of creation, forms and principles of its reflection in the drama are studied. Ideological-artistic features of dramas, period and character of characters are analyzed in the creation of the artist's skill and style. In a certain sense, the character of the characters is one of the leading and important elements in reflecting the idea of   the work. In this article, the author's imagination, ideas and goals, his goals are imposed on the character of his characters. The difference between image and character is expressed by evidence.

This article has a comparative character and is dedicated to the analysis of the works of two great writers - the representative of Iranian literature, Samad Behrangi and the American writer Richard David Bach.  In the process of analyzing their works, one can find ideological and artistic similarities.  In particular, the writers belong to the same era, and the issues raised in their works are also the same.  Samad Behrangi plays a major role in the formation of a new generation in the country. Richard Bach is a philosopher, writer and pilot of his time.  What made him known as a writer is his love for the sky and the joy of flight.    The issue of free will and freedom raised in their works are enlightening works for training and strengthening the soul.