This article examines the contextual transformation of English idioms and linguistic creativity in generative artificial intelligence discourse. The study compares canonical idiomatic forms with their transformed variants produced by generative AI and identifies such mechanisms as component expansion, component substitution, literalization, metaphorical continuation, semantic re-motivation, and contextual adaptation. The findings show that successful creative transformation generally preserves the core figurative meaning of an idiom while reactivating its literal or metaphorical components in accordance with a new communicative purpose. The analysis also reveals three levels of idiomatic creativity: formal adaptation, semantic activation, and conceptual creativity. The study proposes contextual motivation, semantic preservation, and pragmatic value as key criteria for distinguishing productive linguistic creativity from semantic or stylistic distortion in generative AI discourse.

The article examines ellipsis from the standpoint of structural-descriptive linguistics. It shows that in the works of L.Bloomfield, Z.S.Harris, Ch.C.Fries, Ch.F.Hockett and R.S.Wells, ellipsis is not treated as a separate phenomenon but is approached through the notions of minor sentences, substitution, distribution and immediate constituent analysis. The study applies distributional analysis, substitution and expansion tests, immediate constituent analysis and the comparative method. Three structural criteria for identifying ellipsis are proposed: recoverability, distributional equivalence and the source of dependence. On this basis, contextual, situational and constructional ellipsis are distinguished. Using German and Uzbek material, the article shows how ellipsis differs from the zero morpheme and from Uzbek subject omission marked by a personal suffix. It finds that German subject omission occurs in independent clauses mainly in colloquial speech, in the initial position (Vorfeld), and is true ellipsis. It also shows that in German main clauses the verb is omitted from the second conjunct, whereas in verb-final subordinate clauses, as in Uzbek, it is omitted from the first conjunct and used only once at the end.

The article analyzes converse-like semantic relations between English verbs of questioning and answering, primarily ask–answer, as well as question–reply and inquire–respond. The analysis focuses on participant roles, argument alternation, direction of the speech act, and presuppositional dependence. The findings show that ask and answer are not strict converses of the buy–sell type because an act of asking does not logically entail an act of answering. At the same time, the use of answer normally presupposes a preceding question or request. The pair is therefore interpreted as a functional-oppositional relation displaying features of communicative converseness.

The article examines al-Zamakhshari’s “al-Mufassal”, the commentaries written on it and, among them, Ilmiddin al-Sakhawi’s “al-Mufaddal fi sharh al-Mufassal”. Al-Sakhawi’s scholarly legacy, his method of commentary, the chapter on particles, the manuscripts in Cairo, Leiden and Rampur, and the editions are analysed from a source-studies standpoint.

The article focuses on the main principles of intertextuality and its significance in literary discourse. It explores the ways in which a literary text interacts with other texts, cultural references, literary traditions, and historical contexts. Particular  attention is given to such intertextual elements a quatations,allusions,reminiscenes and parody. The study demonstrates that intertextuality contributes to the enrichment of textual meaning, the expression of the author’s intentions, and the reader’s interpretation of a literary work. The article emphasizes the importance of intertextual analysis for a deeper understanding of the semantic, cultural, and pragmatic aspects of literary discourse.

This article examines the role of euphemisms as strategic linguistic tools in the construction of political reality within media discourse. Drawing on the theoretical frameworks of Critical Discourse Analysis, Conceptual Metaphor Theory, and pragmatic linguistics, the study investigates how political euphemisms operate as mechanisms of truth evasion, reality manipulation, and ideological framing in English-language media texts. Four major categories of political euphemisms are identified and analysed: military euphemisms, economic euphemisms, politically correct euphemisms, and diplomatic euphemisms. The findings demonstrate that euphemistic language in media discourse is strategically motivated and serves to obscure uncomfortable realities, shift responsibility, and construct a politically favorable version of events for public consumption. The article concludes that a critical understanding of euphemistic strategies is essential for media literacy and the democratic accountability of political language.

This article addresses issues in the methodology of teaching terms in Karakalpak language lessons. The author analyzes the theoretical foundations of the concepts of terminology and terminological system, discusses the processes of formation and development of Karakalpak terminology, and examines the application of pedagogical terms in accordance with literary language norms. The article substantiates the need to standardize terms and to apply them correctly and consistently in the educational process.

The article presents a comparative study of word-formation models of English military abbreviations and strategies for their equivalent rendering into Russian and Uzbek. The relevance of the study is determined by the high degree of linguistic compression characteristic of contemporary military terminology and by the continuous expansion of professional vocabulary through abbreviated units used in regulatory documents, operational communication, military-technical documentation, and digital command-and-control systems. The study aims to identify the most productive structural and word-formation models of English military abbreviations and to determine the factors that influence the choice of translation strategy in Russian and Uzbek. The material is examined through structural-word-formation, comparative, and translation-oriented methods. Initialisms, acronyms, clippings and complex abbreviated formations, as well as alphanumeric models, are analyzed. The results demonstrate that equivalent rendering cannot be reduced to the mechanical reproduction of an abbreviation's graphic form. The translator must consider the semantic content, terminological conventionalization, context, communicative function, and norms of the target language. The most reliable strategies are the use of an established equivalent, calquing, transliteration, descriptive translation, and, where terminological grounds exist, the creation of a national abbreviation. The findings may be used in military translator training, the compilation of bilingual and trilingual military dictionaries, and the standardization of military terminology.

This article examines the argumentative potential of proverbs as precedent units through a comparative linguopragmatic analysis of English and Uzbek proverbs with negative connotations. Particular attention is paid to their axiological, warning, argumentative, mitigating, indirect critical, and socio-normative functions in discourse. The study employs descriptive, contextual, linguopragmatic, comparative, and axiological methods of analysis. The findings demonstrate that negatively connoted proverbs enhance argumentative force by connecting an individual speaker’s position with collective experience and culturally established values. The study also identifies common and culture-specific features in the pragmatic functioning of English and Uzbek proverbs and demonstrates their importance as cultural-cognitive and argumentative instruments in communication.

This article analyzes the metaphorical modeling of the concept of beauty through phytonyms in Karakalpak folk epics. It examines the semantic, linguopoetic, and linguocultural features of phytonyms and their functions in creating artistic images, representing human and natural beauty, and reflecting national aesthetic values.

The article analyzes the pragmatic functions of punctuation marks in the digital discourse of the Uzbek language, the phenomenon of pragmapunctuation. Drawing on material from social networks, messengers, forums, and blogs, it is scientifically demonstrated that punctuation marks, unlike their traditional grammatical-syntactic function, are turning into a means of expressing emotional-expressive and pragmatic meaning, as well as that this phenomenon is undergoing transformation relative to traditional norms.

The article examines phonetic-graphic, morphological, semantic and pragmatic adaptation of borrowed units in economic discourse. Fintech, startup, blockchain, mining, crowdfunding, digital wallet and green finance illustrate the principal mechanisms through which English-origin economic terms are integrated into Uzbek.

The article analyses modal units used in Uzbek state documents within the theory of the functional-semantic field. The material comprises the Constitution of the Republic of Uzbekistan of 30 April 2023 and the Unified Methodology annexed to the Law «On Normative Legal Acts». The author counted the modal units in the 155 articles of the Constitution. The study shows that deontic modality dominates state documents and identifies four micro-fields: obligation, right and permission, prohibition, and guarantee. The core of the field is formed not by modal words but by the present-future verb in «-adi» and the passive voice. Prohibition is expressed mainly by «mumkin emas» («is not possible»), i.e. negated permission expresses prohibition. Markers of subjective epistemic modality («ehtimol», «balki», «shekilli», «albatta») do not occur in the text of the Constitution.

This article examines the artistic and philosophical interpretation of the concept of love in Mehribon Abdurahmonova’s poem "Ishq Nafasi" (The Breath of Love). It analyzes the impact of love on the human psyche and its interplay with contradictory emotions such as tears, jealousy, anguish, suffering, union, and separation. The lyrical protagonist’s journey—seeking love, enduring its trials, and ultimately realizing it as an "invaluable treasure"—is explored through the lens of poetic and psychological dynamics. Also, the semantic function of symbolic images such as "coal", "tig'", "knife", "ganj", "mil", "buranji" in the work, and the artistic-aesthetic and emotional-psychological function of color descriptive epithets such as "red-red love", "white jealousy", "green-green vase", "golden hajr" are highlighted. As a result, it is based on the interpretation of the image of love in the work as a spiritual test, a spiritual refuge, and a force that leads a person to the top.

The article analyses lexical doublets in English and Uzbek from a linguocultural perspective and examines their cultural connotations. In both languages doublets arose through contact with prestige languages: French and Latin in English, Persian and Arabic in Uzbek. As a result, the members of a doublet denote the same thing but are linked to different cultural layers. Doublet pairs taken from explanatory and synonym dictionaries and lexicological descriptions were analysed with componential, contextual and comparative methods. Four types of cultural connotation are identified: social-class, religious-educational, poetic-traditional and ideological-political. Social-class connotation is stronger in English doublets, whereas religious-educational and poetic-traditional connotations prevail in Uzbek doublets. The results can be used in translation, bilingual lexicography and language teaching.

The article develops theoretical and practical principles for systematizing Uzbek proverbs that express personal spiritual and moral values in a special ideographic dictionary. It argues that paremiological units should be organized not alphabetically but according to conceptual, axiological, and ethical-semantic fields. Honesty, conscience, honor and dignity, patience, diligence, modesty, generosity, compassion, justice, and responsibility are proposed as major ideographic domains. The study specifies the dictionary macrostructure and microstructure, criteria for selecting a head proverb, grouping synonymous and antonymous paremias, and presenting linguocultural comments, pragmatic labels, variants, and source references. The proposed model is intended for scholarly research, education, translation, and value-oriented educational practice.

This article provides a comparative-typological study of the theoretical foundations of mythopoetics in 20th – 21st -century English and Uzbek literary criticism. The primary objective of the research is to conduct a scholarly comparison of the evolution of concepts such as myth, archetype, and neomythologism in Western and national literary thought, as well as their significance in contemporary literature. The study employs comparative-historical, typological, hermeneutic, and archetypal analysis methods. In the course of the research, structural models of the mythocritical school formulated by English literary scholars such as N. Frye, M. Bodkin, and L. Feder were examined, alongside the scholarly perspectives of Uzbek scholars, including Q. Yuldashev, D. Salokhiy, H. Boltaboev, Z. Rakhmonova, and N. Shodieva. As a result, the typological commonalities between the conceptual frameworks of both traditions were substantiated. While the English literary tradition interprets myth as an instrument for seeking order within primal chaos, Uzbek critical thought explores it primarily as a means of returning to national-cultural roots and overcoming existential crises.

The article examines the theoretical foundations for improving the methodology for developing students’ technological skills under the conditions of summative assessment introduced in general secondary schools, including formative unit summative assessment (USA) and quarterly summative assessment (QSA). The author interprets technological skills as a unity of cognitive, operational, motivational, and reflective components. Based on the analysis of pedagogical and psychological literature, synthesis, comparison, and modeling methods, a five-stage systematic and structural model for improving the methodology has been developed. The diagnostic, corrective, and developmental functions of summative assessment are substantiated, and assessment criteria and descriptor levels are proposed. The research findings can be used as practical recommendations for technology teachers.

This article examines the linguocultural losses occurring in literary translations generated by artificial intelligence (AI), using Abdulla Qodiriy’s novel *O‘tkan kunlar* (Days Gone By) and its German translations as case studies. The study aims to compare the translation of Uzbek linguocultural units into German via Google Translate and ChatGPT against a professional translation and to determine the extent to which national-cultural content is preserved. Selected *realia* (culture-specific terms), ethnographic units, kinship terms, and the micro-texts containing them served as the research material. The analysis employed criteria such as semantic equivalence, linguocultural adequacy, pragmatic alignment, and the preservation of national-cultural components, alongside techniques including generalization, concretization, transliteration, and explication. The results indicate that in Google Translate versions, the incorrect translation or generalization of certain units leads to a loss of cultural information, whereas ChatGPT demonstrates a tendency to preserve the national-cultural characteristics of *realia* by combining transliteration and explication. Micro-text analysis revealed that AI translations are relatively close to the original in terms of lexico-semantic and compositional structure, though they lack sufficient adaptation to the natural literary norms of the German language regarding certain syntactic constructions. Research results confirm the necessity of a comprehensive approach—incorporating linguocultural and pragmatic criteria alongside lexical-semantic correspondence—when evaluating the quality of literary translation using artificial intelligence.

The article analyses the novel “Jannat qidirganlar” (“Those Who Sought Paradise”) by Shuhrat, People’s Writer of Uzbekistan, which depicts the lives of Uzbeks abroad. It reveals the symbolic meaning of paradise, the characters of Azam, Nafisa and others, the theme of longing for the homeland, and the educational value of the novel for today’s youth.

The article investigates the axiological mechanisms of wise sayings used to evaluate human character in English and Uzbek literary discourse. A small comparative corpus of sixteen units, eight from each language, was selected from paremiological sources. The units were coded according to evaluative polarity, linguistic means of evaluation, the source of the cultural norm, and their potential function in literary context. The analysis shows that positive character models are organised around reputation, loyalty, courage, and cooperation, whereas negative models centre on pride, boasting, deceit, and irresponsibility. In the English material, evaluation is frequently linked to individual choice and practical consequence; in the Uzbek material, communal moral judgement and social relations are more visible. This difference is treated as a tendency in the selected data rather than an absolute cultural opposition. In literary discourse, wise sayings can express authorial judgement and reveal a tension between a character’s self-image and actual conduct.

The article examines how Theodore Dreiser’s An American Tragedy (1925) represents social status as the operative mechanism behind the failure of the American Dream. Criticism has read the novel either as a demonstration of naturalist determinism or as a moral indictment of materialism, and both readings tend to treat class as a background condition rather than as a working system with its own signs, thresholds and sanctions. Using a close reading of the complete 1925 text together with recent scholarship on Dreiser’s style, social vision, legal imagination and gender politics, the study analyses status through four categories: status as a legible surface of dress, money and speech; institutions that admit the aspirant to proximity while withholding belonging; rules that convert private desire into legal jeopardy; and the trial as a public ritual in which class is finally confirmed. The tragedy is called American because the Dream distributes aspiration universally while distributing opportunity by class, and because the novel locates responsibility in that distribution rather than in the individual alone.

This article examines the semantic relationship between the motif of night and human psychology in classical Eastern and Western literature through a comparative-semantic approach. The study explores the role of night not merely as a temporal or landscape element, but as an important poetic means of expressing loneliness, separation, longing, memory, fear, inner peace, love, and spiritual contemplation. The analysis is based on the works of Novalis and Emily Brontë as representatives of Western literature and on the poetry of Hafez Shirazi and Jalal al-Din Rumi as representatives of the classical Eastern tradition. The findings show that in Western literature, the motif of night is more closely associated with individual consciousness, memory, inner freedom, and psychological solitude, whereas in classical Eastern literature it is predominantly connected with separation, waiting for the beloved, longing, spiritual quest, and the desire for inner or spiritual closeness. The study also demonstrates that darkness does not always carry negative semantic meaning; in a number of literary texts, night becomes a source of inner peace, spiritual harmony, and intensified self-awareness. The article concludes that the motif of night functions as a universal semantic and poetic category whose psychological meanings vary according to specific literary and cultural traditions.

This article provides a comparative analysis of the representation of historical figures in Uzbek and English literature and examines how national values and historical memory are expressed through these literary images. In literary works, historical figures function not only as characters representing particular historical periods and events, but also as artistic means of expressing a nation’s historical memory, national identity, moral values, and cultural traditions. The study focuses on the literary representations of such historical figures as Alisher Navoi, Mirzo Ulugbek, and Zahiriddin Muhammad Babur in Uzbek literature (in the novels of Oybek, P. Qodirov and O. Yoqubov) and the place of the image of Amir Timur in national historical memory, and examines representations of kings, statesmen, military leaders, and other historical personalities in English literature. Particular attention is paid to the relationship between historical fact and artistic interpretation and to the representation of such national values as patriotism, justice, knowledge, enlightenment, statehood, and concern for the people. The article also explores the role of literary works in preserving historical memory and transmitting cultural and national values from one generation to another. The study demonstrates that the image of a historical figure serves as an important literary means of understanding national history and preserving collective historical memory in both Uzbek and English literary traditions.

This article examines the artistic and historical value of the Baburnama from a linguopoetic perspective. The study analyzes the linguistic features, stylistic characteristics, artistic devices, and the system of imagery employed in the work, as well as the author's unique narrative style. Particular attention is paid to the interaction between historical facts and their artistic interpretation, the semantic and expressive functions of lexical units, and the role of poetic language in revealing the ideological and aesthetic content of the text.

This article examines the phenomenon of converseness, its linguistic description, its semantic and cognitive characteristics. The manifestation of converse units at lexical, syntactic and grammatical levels is analyzed using examples from English and Uzbek. Special attention is paid to the role of converseness in translation as well as its relationship with conceptualization and frame theory. The findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the communicative and cognitive functions of converseness in language and discourse.

This article provides a semiotic analysis of the fifth artistic-pedagogical mechanism of moral education in the "Goʻroʻgʻli" epic cycle – education through symbolic-mythopoetic images (the winged horse, the peri, the garden). Unlike the previous four mechanisms, this one operates on a semiotic principle: the listener absorbs an abstract moral concept not through word, action, or contrast, but by "reading" the symbol itself. Drawing on the dastans "The Birth of Goʻroʻgʻli" and "Yunus Pari," the study identifies stable types of symbolic images and connects them to new sources in Uzbek folklore studies (Sh. Turdimov, O. Qayumov, A. Tilovov). Three types were identified: the winged horse (a symbol of loyalty and a "second soul"), the peri (a symbol of purity and spiritual and moral elevation), and the garden (a symbol of paradise, trial, or temptation depending on context). It is concluded that these three types, together with the div/dragon image, form a coherent semiotic system.

This article provides a comparative linguocultural analysis of the representation of speech behavior norms through paremiological units in English and Russian linguocultures. It examines the semantic scope of speech behavior norms, their national and cultural specificity, addressee orientation, as well as the prescriptive, evaluative, and pragmatic aspects of their content. The study demonstrates that English and Russian paremias similarly represent such universal norms as maintaining silence, speaking briefly and meaningfully, avoiding excessive talkativeness, being truthful, keeping promises, and negatively evaluating lies and boastfulness. At the same time, ethnocultural differences are identified in the ways these norms are represented, their communicative addressee orientation, and their modal organization.

This study presents a comparative analysis of the modes of authorial presence in T. Capote’s novel, S. Alexievich’s book of testimony, and M. Murodov’s autobiographical novella. Documentary writing is approached not as the absence of authorial mediation, but as a specific mode of organizing factual material, the discourse of others, or autobiographical memory. The article proposes a model of the transformed authorial instance built around four parameters: the visibility of authorial discourse, the object of its organization, the dominant textual operation, and the associated ethical risk. The comparative analysis identifies three variants of a common architectonic structure: the author-reconstructor organizes the event, the author-editor assembles testimonial voices, and the author-mediator shapes fragments of memory. The concept of compensatory authorship is introduced to demonstrate that the reduction of direct authorial commentary does not eliminate the authorial instance; rather, it relocates its activity to the levels of selection, focalization, montage, and chronotopic organization. The analysis of textual microfragments demonstrates that the author’s structural freedom becomes particularly evident precisely where the authorial voice is least explicit.

The article analyses the novel “Jannat qidirganlar” (“Those Who Sought Paradise”) by Shuhrat, People’s Writer of Uzbekistan, which depicts the lives of Uzbeks abroad. It reveals the symbolic meaning of paradise, the characters of Azam, Nafisa and others, the theme of longing for the homeland, and the educational value of the novel for today’s youth.