This article examines the evolution of the culture of reading as a tool of spiritual development from a philosophical perspective. The history of reading dates back to ancient times, when the first forms of writing performed sacred and practical functions. Reading techniques have undergone significant changes: from the interpretation of nodal and pictographic records to reading text from digital media. The culture of reading involves not only a passion for books, but also a deep, thoughtful immersion in their content. The reader perceives the book as a source of knowledge and strives to benefit from it; he develops his critical thinking, enriches his inner world and broadens his horizons.

This article explores the origins of the Afrighid dynasty, their reign period, state policies, and findings from numismatic and archaeological sources. Additionally, the relationships between the Afrighids and the Sassanids, Hephthalites, and the Arab Caliphate are discussed. The study highlights the importance of numismatic evidence in understanding the history of the Afrighid dynasty, as well as in determining their ruling period and state boundaries.

The article analyzes advanced international practices in implementing artificial intelligence (AI) technologies in the activities of prosecutorial authorities. The experience of effectively using AI in the United States, Germany, China, and Turkey has been studied. Additionally, the article examines the legal aspects of AI implementation and the potential for its application in the prosecutorial system of Uzbekistan.

Yusuf Khos Hajib's work covers a wide range of political issues such as state administration, the duties of the leader, justice in society, and the rule of law. His political views are relevant to the social and political life of that time, and through his work he promotes high moral, political, and social values. Khos Hajib emphasizes the need to conduct state administration on the basis of justice. He calls on the head of state to be just, wise, and knowledgeable. Justice is shown in the work as the foundation of the state. The leader is responsible for maintaining a balance between all strata of society and protecting the rights of every citizen. Khos Hajib states that the ruler must be just and must also apply the laws strictly and fairly. The work emphasizes the high responsibility of the head of state. Khos Hajib sees the leader as the most important person in ensuring the well-being and peace of the people. Mistakes or injustices in governance can put the people in a difficult situation, so the leader must be careful in his actions. The leader must deeply understand the needs of his people and make fair and wise decisions. Khos Hajib emphasizes that the main goal of the state is to ensure the well-being of the people. Maintaining peace, stability and justice in society is one of the main tasks of the leader. A policy should be pursued that is aimed at meeting the needs of the people, making their lives easier and improving their standard of living. The work depicts the ruler not as a person who controls the people, but as a leader who protects them. This article attempts to shed light on Yusuf Khos Hajib's thoughts on state governance in his work “Kutadgu Bilig”. The article lists Yusuf Khos Hajib's qualities as a leader of the country. The necessary conditions for justice and the rule of law to prevail in society are outlined. The article also analyzes the thinker's thoughts on issues such as peace and prosperity, and ensuring civil rights. The political considerations presented in the work are interconnected with the present day, revealing once again the historical significance of the work “Kutadgu Bilig”.

This article covers a wide array of issues in Islamic law, including the intricate rules governing ablution (wudu). Ablution, an essential ritual purification, is mandatory before engaging in specific acts of worship, such as prayer. The analysis of “Al-Hidaya” reveals various disagreements regarding the procedural and conceptual aspects of ablution among different Islamic schools of thought (mazhabs). This article delves into these disagreements, elucidating key points of contention, underlying principles, and their implications for contemporary Islamic jurisprudence. Through qualitative analysis supplemented by historical and comparative methodologies, the study utilizes primary sources including the original text of “Al-Hidaya” and secondary sources such as scholarly articles and commentaries. Comparative analysis with seminal works like “Al-Muwatta” by Imam Malik and “Al-Umm” by Imam Shafi'i highlights the unique contributions of “Al-Hidaya” to the science of legal disagreements (hilyaf). The findings underscore “Al-Hidaya's” role in promoting legal tolerance, inclusivity, and adaptability, making it an enduring and influential resource for contemporary scholars and practitioners.

This article explores the dynamic and contentious aspects of migration processes in Central Asian territories during ancient and early medieval periods. It provides comprehensive information about the Huns who inhabited Inner Asian regions and their westward movement, including its causes and consequences. The article also discusses the spread of Turkic tribes in the Altai region and the migrations of nomadic Yuezhi people who shifted from the north to the south.

In this article, the authors analyzed the specifics of the implementation of representative legal relations, their content from a theoretical and practical point of view. They also put forward their proposals and recommendations for further improvement of regulatory documents in this area and recognized that the specifics of commercial representation in some areas of entrepreneurial activity are determined by legislation based on the Civil Code.

This article analyzes the main conceptual approaches and political definitions of migration theories. Various theoretical perspectives on migration, including classical, neo-classical, historical-structural, and contemporary global approaches, are reviewed. The political interpretation of migration, its impact on state governance, and international relations are also highlighted. A comparative analysis of various scientific approaches is presented, taking into account social, economic, and political factors in the analysis of migration processes.

This аrticle exаmines the number of seаts held by politicаl pаrties in the pаrliаment, their pаrticipаtion in the lаw-mаking process, аnd the role of fаctions. It аlso describes the relаtions of deputies with politicаl pаrties, cooperаtion with the mediа, аnd the experiences of foreign countries in the аctivities of politicаl pаrties in pаrliаment.

This scientific article discusses the legal issues related to the agricultural activity in Uzbekistan and the ways to address them. The article focuses on the legal aspects of farming, land law, contracts, and labor law. Specifically, it analyzes the management of land resources, contract disputes in agricultural activities, the protection of labor rights, and the experiences of developed countries. The article draws on the land and labor law systems of Germany, France, and other developed countries as examples to propose recommendations for Uzbekistan. The article concludes with suggestions aimed at resolving the legal challenges facing Uzbekistan's agricultural sector, including improving land law, labor law, and contract law, optimizing the subsidy system, and applying digital technologies.

Relations between Turkey and the European Union have a long history and are a complex system that includes aspects of cooperation, integration and conflict. These relations deserve to be studied and analyzed as an important component of international politics. Although relations between Turkey and the EU have become tense in recent years, they have not been completely severed. It is important to continue the dialogue and negotiations between the two sides and intensify efforts to develop cooperation. Relations between Turkey and the European Union, which have complex and multifaceted characteristics, are an important topic of research. The further development of relations depends on many factors. It will be useful for both sides to work on resolving conflicts, strengthening cooperation and developing relations based on mutual interests. Mutual economic interests, political differences and historical ties determine the dynamics of trade relations between the two sides. This article attempts to comprehensively examine the domestic political struggle in Turkey, bilateral trade relations, migration issues, the country's accession to the European Union, as well as the positions of pro-Western politicians and their opposition to anti-Western forces. The results of the study allow us to reflect on the socio-political processes in Turkey in connection with the choice of the pro-European path. The article analyzes the history of the establishment of these relations, the stages of development and the dynamics of cooperation in the political, economic, socio-cultural and security spheres. In addition, the energy exchange strategy between Turkey and the European Union is explained in detail.

The article analyzes social policy in Karakalpakstan from 1930 to 1936, examining key processes of societal transformation under Soviet rule. The author explores the impact of collectivization, industrialization, and personnel policy on the region’s social structure, addressing issues of repression, food policy, and migration. Special attention is given to the mechanisms of forced dekhkan integration into collective farms, the policy of personnel promotion, and the role of local elites in implementing Soviet reforms. The study is based on archival materials and historical sources, allowing for an in-depth understanding of the socio-economic changes in Karakalpakstan during this period.

This article is aimed at improving the effectiveness of prosecutorial oversight over the implementation of legal provisions related to agricultural land management, particularly pasturelands, under the control of state organizations. Prosecutorial authorities play a crucial role in ensuring the enforcement of laws in the agricultural sector, including preventing illegal land use. The article analyzes the experiences of foreign countries, including Mongolia, China, Russia, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Kyrgyzstan, in effectively implementing prosecutorial oversight. The article examines important issues related to enhancing the activities of prosecutorial bodies to ensure the efficient use and protection of agricultural land and natural resources.

This article examines the concept and types of assets in enforcement proceedings, focusing on the legislative framework of Uzbekistan. It analyzes the provisions of the Administrative Liability Code regarding violations of enforcement procedures, penalties for debtors and officials, and proposed amendments to enhance compliance. The study highlights statistical data on enforcement efficiency and discusses potential improvements to the legal framework to ensure the effective execution of judicial decisions.

This article provides an in-depth analysis of the concept of gender equality, its social and philosophical aspects. The impact of gender equality on the development of society, its contribution to economic and political stability are considered. Also, the reforms, programs and their results implemented in Uzbekistan on this issue are studied based on scientific approaches. The article provides a comparative analysis of the experience of Uzbekistan with international standards, and discusses existing problems and future prospects.

The article discusses “Sahihul Bukhariy” which is one of the most important collections of hadith in Islam, compiled by the Islamic scholar Muhammad ibn Isma’il al-Bukhari. Recognized as one of the most authentic and significant sources of religious guidance and practice, this article examines the importance of “Sahihul Bukhariy” in the Islamic world, analyzing its historical context, scholarly significance, and impact on contemporary Islamic society. The study employs historical and textual analysis methods to understand the compilation process, the criteria for authenticity, and the ongoing relevance of “Sahihul Bukhariy” in guiding religious practices and resolving theological debates. This analysis underscores the enduring value of al-Bukhari’s work in shaping Islamic law, theology, and education, highlighting its profound influence on millions of Muslims worldwide.

This article is based on the fact that the blogosphere is a virtual information space created by blogs and their authors, which has become an integral part of modern society. This phenomenon is studied in depth from the points of communication, sociology, information technology and philosophy, and it is argued that the blogosphere is not just a means of disseminating information, but also a catalyst for socio-cultural changes. From a social point of view, the blogosphere creates new forms of communication between members of society and serves the development of civil society, the emergence of independent bloggers and their influence on public opinion reduces the monopoly of traditional media and leads to the democratization of the information space. From a cultural point of view, it is argued that the blogosphere serves to strengthen ties between global and national cultures, and bloggers contribute to the preservation and development of cultural heritage by presenting national traditions, literature, art and various creative directions to the general public.

This article explores the unique role of artificial intelligence in the visualization of historical figures, exemplified by Abdullakhan II, an outstanding ruler of the Bukhara Khanate. The author examines methods of image generation using modern technologies such as Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) and their potential for creating realistic and historically grounded portraits. The research highlights the importance of a deep analysis of the cultural context during Abdullakhan II's reign, as well as the possibility of expanding the horizons of historical reconstruction. The article also points to the opportunities and challenges faced by this technology, opening new avenues for further research in the fields of visualization and interpretation of cultural heritage.

It is analyzed by analyzing the scientific activity of Abu Bakr Sarakhsi and comparing it with historical figures such as Hugo Grotius in the Western world. In doing so, Abu Bakr Sarakhsi's work “Sharh al-Siyar al-Kabir” and Hugo Grotius’s "Works of War and Peace" are analyzed. This article is dedicated to the life and scientific legacy of Muhammad ibn Ahmad Abu Bakr Sarakhsi, who lived and worked in the 11th century. It describes Sarakhsi ’s services as a lawyer. Sarakhsi made a great contribution to the development of Islamic law and was the first in the Islamic world to establish the doctrine of international law. His works cover all sensitive aspects of law such as creation of norms, the methodology of understanding the law, scientific theoretical and practical issues of law. Central Asia, namely Uzbekistan, is, apparently, the homeland of International Law thanks to works of formidable scholar Muhammad ibn Ahmad Sarakhsi, so-called as « Father of international law ». By interpreting Arabic scholar Muhammad Shaybani’s book «Kitab al-Siyar al-Kabir», Sarakhsi was first to set forth the «Siyar» - «International Law» as an autonomous and legitimate discipline within the framework of law. The role of Imam Sarakhsi in international law is recognized not only by the East, but also by the West. Imam Sarakhsi’s fundamental definition of al-Siyar al-Kabir by Muhammad Shaybani under comprehensive analysis still serves as the main pillar for international law. In our article, the French president’s thoughts on this matter and the works of international law representative Hugo Grotius are compared. Imam Sarakhsi left classic literature not only in the field of international law, but also in the field of Islamic law.

This article examines the doctrinal views of Abu Mansur al-Maturidi and Hakim Samarkandi. It analyzes the similarities and differences in the scholarly legacies of Maturidi and Samarkandi, especially regarding important social-philosophical issues such as faith, divine attributes, the relationship between God and human actions, and matters of exception in faith. The article compares the views of both thinkers and highlights the similarities and differences in their doctrinal perspectives. Their views, based on the Ahl al-Sunnah wa-l-Jama'ah tradition of Islam, show how they developed firm theories against the Mu'tazila, Mushabbiha, and Qadariyya.

The article discusses the concept and classification of public procurement, the main forensic methods used to detect and investigate crimes in the field of public procurement, including evidence collection, expertise, and legal analysis, as well as the use of modern information technologies to identify, prevent, and monitor crimes related to public procurement. It also focuses on strengthening systems for these purposes and the foreign approach. Additionally, the article presents proposals for solving problems that arise during the investigation of these crimes.

The Bukharian community, with its rich cultural and historical heritage, has played a significant role in the socio-political development of Saudi Arabia. Originating from the historic region of Bukhara in Central Asia, the Bukharians have contributed to various aspects of Saudi society, including trade, education, and cultural exchange. Their integration into Saudi Arabia's socio-political fabric has been marked by their active participation in economic activities, as well as their efforts to preserve and promote their unique cultural identity while adapting to the local environment. This paper explores the historical migration patterns of the Bukharian community to Saudi Arabia, their contributions to the country's socio-political landscape, and the challenges and opportunities they have faced in their pursuit of integration and development. Through an analysis of historical records, oral histories, and contemporary accounts, this study aims to shed light on the multifaceted role of the Bukharian community in shaping the socio-political dynamics of Saudi Arabia.

Today such ideas as the formation of a free and prosperous, humane and just state and a strong civil society are supported by all strata of our society. The implementation of large-scale tasks to implement the idea of “Yuksalish” is an important condition for the sustainable development of our country and contributes to the strengthening of interethnic and interfaith harmony between representatives of different nations and nationalities, religions and confessions, state and public organizations, parties operating on the same political platform It is important to strengthen mutual respect and harmony.

The historical evolution and current status of culpability for crimes involving the sale, use, and forging of papers are examined in this article. The efficiency of liability measures applied in various eras is examined using historical-legal and comparative-legal methodologies. Proposals are made to enhance the laws in this field based on the demands of the contemporary day.

This article analyzes the political and legal mechanisms for regulating emergency environmental situations in the Republic of Uzbekistan. It examines the legal foundations, political aspects, and conceptual features of emergency environmental situations. The study discusses the existing legal framework, its shortcomings, and the necessity for improvement. The article proposes strengthening legal guarantees to ensure environmental security.