The article examines the artistic representation of social identity and the conflict between the lyrical protagonist and society in the works of young Uzbek poets who came of age during the years of independence. The main principles of social identity theory are applied to the analysis of literary texts. Particular attention is paid to the poetic function of the opposition between the pronouns “we” and “I,” the individual’s position under the gaze of society, the need for differentiation and its social evaluation, as well as situations in which the search for belonging to a particular social environment remains unresolved. Based on specific poetic texts, the article identifies the principal forms of social identity and its crisis. It concludes that in the poetry of the younger generation, social identity becomes most apparent at the point of crisis, when an individual is unable to find a stable place within the community and is compelled to redefine the self.

The present study examines the conceptualization of courage within the semantic domain of spiritual and moral values from linguistic, cognitive-semantic, and axiological perspectives. Courage is interpreted not simply as bravery or fearlessness but as a complex value-oriented concept that incorporates emotional, volitional, ethical, psychological, and spiritual components. The article focuses on the semantic relationships between courage and such related concepts as bravery, fortitude, determination, dignity, conscience, responsibility, faith, sacrifice, perseverance, and integrity. Particular attention is devoted to the differentiation of physical, moral, psychological, and spiritual courage and to the linguistic mechanisms through which these dimensions are represented in English.

This article explores the theoretical and practical foundations of a technology for improving the cognitive mechanisms of a digital immersive multisensory teaching environment in higher education. It substantiates the potential for developing students' cognitive activity, critical thinking, reflective activity, and professional competence through the integration of digital, immersive, and multisensory learning tools. The effectiveness of the proposed technology is confirmed by the results of a pedagogical experiment.

This article examines the ethnocultural codes through which national identity is constructed in the prose of the American Kiowa writer N. Scott Momaday (House Made of Dawn, The Way to Rainy Mountain) and the Karakalpak writer T. Kayipbergenov (The Legend of Maman-biy). Applying a comparative-typological method, the study identifies six recurrent code types shared by both authors — ritual and sacred space, naming and genealogy, landscape and toponymy, orally transmitted narrative embedded within the written text, material culture and dress, and religious syncretism — and shows how each writer transforms these codes according to the individual or collective nature of the identity being represented. The results suggest that ethnocultural coding functions in Momaday primarily to reconstruct an individual consciousness fractured by colonial displacement, while in Kayipbergenov it functions to construct a continuous collective memory of a small nation caught between two empires.

This article examines the issues of lexicographic description of the terminology of distance learning, which is being formed as a result of the rapid development of the modern education system. The semantic content of terms used in the field of distance education, their nominative features, the process of their assimilation, their place in the terminological system, and the problems of their representation in explanatory and terminological dictionaries are analyzed. The terms of distance education in English and Uzbek are analyzed comparatively and criteria important for their lexicographic interpretation are proposed.

The article examines the verbalisation of the concept “benefit/profit” (“foyda”) in Uzbek and English advertising texts and its manipulative-pragmatic potential from comparative-typological and linguocultural perspectives. Advertising discourse is treated as a special type of manipulative influence in which this concept functions as the core motivational nucleus. Drawing on more than 240 advertising texts, the study identifies manipulative mechanisms such as presupposition, implicature, quantitative framing, urgency (time limitation) and evaluative lexis. The findings reveal a prevalence of an individual-rational construal of benefit in English advertising and a collective-ethical one in Uzbek advertising. The results may serve as a theoretical basis for the comparative study, translation and localisation of advertising texts.

The article examines the lyrical persona in Zahiriddin Muhammad Babur’s divan in relation to the author’s worldview, biographical experience, and historical reality. Autobiographical episodes from the Baburnama are compared with selected ghazals and rubai, revealing the psychological and poetic functions of landscape, separation, homesickness, and the concepts of sovereignty and moral aspiration. Without equating the lyrical “I” with the empirical author, the study explains their convergence through biographical grounding, aesthetic generalization, and poetic transformation. The findings show that psychological expression in Babur’s lyric poetry is produced not only by thematic statement but also by lexical choice, syntactic parallelism, sound patterning, rhyme, and poetic detail.

The article considers current trends in the development of students' emotional empathy and value-semantic reflection in the modern conditions of school education. Special attention is paid to the pedagogical potential of literature lessons in developing students' ability to understand the emotional states of other people, empathize, and comprehend the moral aspects of human behavior. The article reveals the potential of using literary works as a means of forming students' empathy and value orientations. It emphasizes the role of discussing literary texts, analyzing characters' actions, and interpreting life situations in the development of the personal qualities of students in general education schools.

This article examines the national and cultural stereotypes of the concept of love as reflected in Uzbek folk proverbs from a linguocultural perspective. The study explores the role of stereotypes as cognitive units that embody collective thinking, cultural memory, and national values, while analyzing the semantic content of the concept of love in relation to family values, loyalty, respect, compassion, and interpersonal relationships. The national and cultural stereotypes embedded in Uzbek folk proverbs are analyzed through a linguocultural approach, revealing their interconnection with gender, religious, and moral values. The findings demonstrate the significance of the concept of love in shaping the Uzbek national mentality and cultural identity, as well as the role of stereotypes in preserving and transmitting cultural knowledge across generations.

The article analyses, with reference to English, the impact of digital learning tools on translation quality and on the professional competence of trainee translators. The relevance of the study stems from the rapid entry of computer-assisted translation systems, neural machine translation and AI-based assistive tools into the educational process, while it remains insufficiently described how exactly these tools affect translation quality and which components of competence they develop or weaken. The aim of the research is to classify types of digital tools, to determine the effect of each on translation quality, and to relate them to the components of established competence models. The material comprises a corpus of scholarly sources on translation competence theory, the didactics of translation technology and machine translation post-editing. Descriptive, comparative-analytical and structural-functional methods were applied, together with content analysis of the sources. Five types of digital tools were identified, and for each a quality effect and a risk zone are described. Three principal risks were established: the flattening of style, over-reliance on the tool, and the false confidence produced by fluent machine output. On this basis a three-stage methodological model and assessment criteria are proposed. The practical value of the study lies in the applicability of the model to the design of translation curricula and teaching materials.

The article examines the functional and pragmatic potential of nonverbal units in shaping the speech portrait of participants in tourist communication. A speech portrait is interpreted as a multilayered phenomenon that is not limited to verbal units but is also manifested through facial expressions, gestures, gaze, body posture, vocal characteristics, and communicative distance. The role of nonverbal markers observed in the communicative behavior of guides, service staff, hosts, and tourists in expressing sincerity, professional composure, attentiveness, hospitality, and communicative openness is identified. Based on a comparative analysis of English and Uzbek tourist communication materials, the study substantiates that the same communicative role may be constructed through different combinations of nonverbal means in different cultural environments. The identificational, characterizing, and pragmatic functions of nonverbal units within the structure of the speech portrait are distinguished.

This article provides a comparative-typological study of color semantics, specifically focusing on the artistic and psychological functions of red and yellow in Uzbek classical poetry and German Romanticism. Drawing upon the poetic works of Nodira, Uvaysiy, Annette von Droste-Hülshoff, and Karoline von Günderrode, the study highlights the aesthetic role of colors in depicting human psychology, passionate love, the sorrow of separation, death, and existential anxiety. By juxtaposing Eastern mystical symbolism with Western Romantic perceptions, the article demonstrates how poetic color imagery serves as a bridge for universal human emotions across cultures.

This article is devoted to the study of the relationship between the artistic character and the historical prototype in Kenesbay Karimov's historical novel "Dervish". The study provides a comprehensive analysis of the socio-ethnographic life of the Karakalpaks in the Aral Sea region and the Khiva Khanate during the second half of the 19th century, as well as the artistic image and prototypical traits of Molla Isaq (Isaq Chagatai) from Kungrad, who accompanied the renowned Hungarian scholar Arminius Vámbéry. Based on the novel's plot, the artistic and aesthetic functions of historical sources, toponyms, folklore elements, and the protagonist's own poems are revealed.

The article examines the system of parts of speech in modern Russian and argues for its refinement on the basis of a multi-criterion approach. The relevance of the study stems from the continuing controversy surrounding the issue: despite the stability of the classification used in schools and universities, the composition and boundaries of individual word classes remain disputed, and the number of parts of speech identified varies across descriptions. The aim of the research is to determine the criteria for classifying parts of speech in Russian, to identify the zones in which classes overlap, and to characterise the dynamic processes that alter the composition of word classes. The material comprises a corpus of scholarly and reference literature: classical works on Russian morphology, academic grammars, and contemporary studies in the theory of parts of speech and the typology of word classes. Descriptive, structural-semantic, distributional and contrastive-typological methods were applied, together with content analysis of scholarly sources. The findings show that parts of speech in Russian do not constitute a discrete partition of the lexicon: classes are linked by relations of prototypicality, and between them lie transitional zones filled by hybrid units. Four types of transitional phenomena are identified and described, and the status of the most disputed classes — predicatives, participles, gerunds, pronouns and modal words — is substantiated. The practical value of the study lies in the applicability of its conclusions to the teaching of Russian morphology, including in classrooms where Russian is not the students' first language.

This article provides a scholarly analysis of the thematic scope and artistic features of mukhammas poems created during the period of Uzbekistan's independence. The study examines the main themes of these poems through specific examples. In particular, it analyzes mukhammas dedicated to love for the Motherland, the glorification of the homeland, love, the spirit of heroism, historical values, and national ideals. The article also substantiates that the mukhammas genre reached a new stage of development during the independence period, with its ideological and artistic potential significantly expanding. Using a comparative and analytical approach, the study highlights the distinctive poetic characteristics of mukhammas works created in this period.

This article examines how social media platforms accelerate and redirect the semantic evolution of English words. The relevance of the study lies in the fact that digital communication has become the primary environment in which new word senses first emerge, spread and stabilize, while traditional accounts of semantic change were developed for slower, print-mediated processes and do not fully capture the speed and mechanisms of change observed online. The aim of the research is to identify the principal types of semantic change operating in social media English and to relate them to the platform features that drive them. The material comprises peer-reviewed studies on lexical semantic change detection, sociolinguistic accounts of digital communication, and corpus-based analyses of emoji and hashtag meaning, illustrated with attested social-media word senses. Descriptive, comparative and componential analysis methods were applied, together with a qualitative review of documented case items. The results show that four mechanisms recur most frequently: semantic broadening, semantic narrowing, metaphorical extension, and pragmatic-emotive shift, each linked to identifiable platform affordances such as brevity constraints, virality, visual-textual hybridity, and community-specific register. The discussion situates these findings within classical semantic-change theory and computational change-detection research, showing continuity as well as genuine novelty in the digital context. The practical value of the study lies in its applicability to lexicography, corpus linguistics and English-language teaching materials that address contemporary usage.

The article examines the function of modernist-compatible narrative techniques within the realist artistic system of Odil Yakubov’s novellas. Rather than reclassifying the writer as a canonical modernist, the study investigates how interior monologue, retrospective composition, subjective time, symbolic detail, subtext, and dialogic ambiguity deepen psychological representation. “Muqaddas,” “Qanot Juft Bo‘ladi,” and “Matluba” are used as the principal texts. Historical-literary, comparative-typological, structural, close-reading, and psychological-hermeneutic methods are applied to trace the transformation of external social events into ethical problems inside the character’s consciousness. The author’s textual analysis demonstrates that the modernist-compatible features in Yakubov’s prose operate as functional resources within realism rather than as an independent aesthetic system. Retrospection supports the reassessment of responsibility, subjective time represents unresolved moral memory, while dialogue, silence, and gesture reveal subtext and competing perspectives. The findings show that Yakubov modernizes the realist novella from within by increasing its psychological density without abandoning social causality. His authorial individuality is therefore defined by a synthesis of social concreteness and analytic psychology, through which ordinary choices become tests of conscience, dignity, and human responsibility.

The article proposes a multi-layer annotation model for an English–Uzbek corpus of colloquial units. Existing Uzbek national, parallel, morphological and syntactic resources and international multiword-expression corpora are reviewed to identify a gap in pragmatics-aware bilingual description. The proposed record combines an English expression, a short authentic context and an Uzbek functional equivalent with layers for form, source metadata, contextual meaning, pragmatic function, register, evaluative stance, participant relations, AI suggestions and expert decisions. A quality-control workflow based on independent checking, adjudication and licensing constraints is also outlined.

The article provides a comparative-typological analysis of the mythopoetic nature of eschatological (doomsday) motifs in world mythology and of the dominant mythological images activated within these motifs. The source base comprises the Ragnarök plot of Scandinavian-English mythology, Sumerian-Akkadian and scriptural accounts of the universal flood, Turkic (Altai-Khakas) narratives connected with Ülgen and Erlik, and the layer of Uzbek folklore enriched by Islamic notions of the hereafter. The analysis identifies a four-stage mythopoetic model of the eschatological motif: violation of the norm – catastrophe – purification – rebirth; the dominant images are classified into the groups of demiurge, eschatological antagonist, seer, salvific vessel and the surviving restorative pair. It is argued that in English mythology the destruction of the world is cyclical and cosmological, whereas in Uzbek mythology it is linear and morally accountable in character.

The article investigates the statistical characteristics of robotics terminology in English and Uzbek through a comparative corpus-based approach. The study aims to determine the quantitative distribution, terminological density, structural and component features, and degree of standardization of robotics terms in scientific and educational sources. The empirical material was extracted from works by J.J.Craig, D.Staple, N.B.Alimova, and M.W.Spong, S.Hutchinson and M.Vidyasagar. A total of 1,228 terminological units were identified in the four principal sources, of which 753 were classified as robotics-specific terms. In addition, a specialized research corpus containing 146 terms, a list of 170 ISO-related standardized terms, and a robotics glossary comprising 341 units were employed as control datasets.

The article examines the artistic nature of the chronotope of journey and trial in Ulugbek Hamdam’s novel Rebellion and Obedience. It analyzes spatial changes in the protagonist’s life, the motifs of journey, departure and return, their folkloric roots, and their role in revealing Akbar’s inner experiences and the process of self-discovery.

This article provides a comparative analysis of the representation of gender stereotypes related to female and male behavior in Uzbek and English proverbs. Since proverbs are linguistic units that preserve the behavioral norms of a people in the most concise form, they make it possible to identify the types of behavior that society expects from men and women. In the study, proverbs in both languages were classified into four categories: speech behavior, behavioral patterns related to work and activity, emotional behavior, and moral behavior. The analysis revealed that in both paremiological systems, women are expected to demonstrate “reserved speech, patience, and propriety,” while men are expected to display “keeping one’s word, composure, and determination.” At the same time, female behavior is regulated in considerably greater detail than male behavior, which constitutes one of the main manifestations of gender asymmetry in paremiology. The findings of the study are of theoretical and practical significance for comparative linguistics, linguocultural studies, and language teaching methodology.

This article examines the mechanisms for identifying implicit information in contentious texts involving defamation and the dissemination of false information within the context of forensic linguistic analysis. A primary challenge in determining the defamatory nature of a text is that negative information is often conveyed not through direct accusations, but rather through allusion, presupposition, evaluative units, ironical expressions, and contextual meaning. Consequently, analyzing such texts in forensic linguistics requires attention not only to the lexical meanings of words but also to the statement's claim to factuality, its verifiability, its communicative intent, and its pragmatic impact on the addressee. The study outlines the linguistic indicators that constitute defamatory content, the semantic-pragmatic devices that generate implicit information, and the key criteria for expert analysis. The findings facilitate the objective assessment of cases involving the dissemination of false information, the distinction between facts and evaluative opinions, and the assurance of a scientifically grounded basis for expert conclusions.

This article examines how similes in literary text are interpreted by artificial intelligence versus human translators, using Abdulla Qodiriy’s novel “O‘tkan kunlar” (“Bygone Days”) as material. The article addresses the linguistic nature of the simile, its structural components (subject, object of comparison, basis, and marker), and its stylistic functions.

This article presents a comparative-contrastive analysis of the concept of “sincerity” in English and Uzbek languages based on the notions of speech habits, speech culture, and communication culture. The study examines the moral and aesthetic nature of sincerity, its semantic proximity and differences with the concept of “openness,” as well as linguistic units expressing sincerity in the speech habits of the two cultures (greeting, farewell, apology, request, and affectionate expressions). Examples drawn from literary works (W. M. Thackeray’s Vanity Fair and O‘. Hoshimov’s Dunyoning ishlari) and folk proverbs are used to reveal the national and mental characteristics of sincerity. The findings indicate that in the Uzbek language, sincerity is more often expressed through complex, multi-layered speech etiquette formulas (such as hospitality, endearment, and blessings), whereas in English it is manifested in a relatively concise and less ceremonious manner. Furthermore, the integral and differential semantic features of the concepts “sincerity” and “openness” are systematized in a tabular form based on the methodology of N. V. Sepeleva.

The article examines the thematic structure of English slang through two independent but interrelated dimensions: the communicative domains in which slang units are used and the semantic fields that supply sources for new slang nominations. The material combines historical records from the author’s working files with 86 units drawn from household vocabulary, anthroponyms, toponyms, zoonyms, phytonyms, somatisms, professional terms, brand names, colour terms and numerals. Descriptive, componential, semantic-field, comparative and quantitative methods distinguish highly, moderately and weakly productive sources. The highly active layer accounts for 54.7 percent of the sample, the moderately active layer for 32.6 percent, and the weakly active layer for 12.8 percent. The findings show that thematic activity depends on community needs, historical period, communicative setting and evaluative strategies. Separating a domain of use from a source of nomination is proposed as a methodological principle for semantic classification and slang lexicography. The model also supports double thematic tagging in electronic dictionaries, translation and corpus research.

The article examines artistic time as an active means of creating and intensifying a character’s tragic condition in A. P. Chekhov’s “Misery” and Abdulla Qahhor’s “The Sick Woman.” The comparative analysis shows that tragedy is shaped not only by bereavement or illness but also by temporal organization: deceleration, repeated unsuccessful attempts, waiting, pauses, and the mismatch between a character’s inner time and the rhythm of the surrounding world. In Chekhov, this structure reveals Iona’s communicative isolation; in Qahhor, the duration of illness becomes a social ordeal and delay exposes the vulnerability of poverty.

The article examines the emotional-expressive and aesthetic functions of punctuation in Virginia Woolf’s “Mrs Dalloway”. It focuses on the period, semicolon, dash, parentheses, question and exclamation marks, ellipsis and comma as devices that organize stream of consciousness, free indirect discourse, psychological tension and modernist narrative rhythm. The study argues that punctuation in Vulf is not merely grammatical: it participates in representing shifts of consciousness, temporal layering, voice and affect. The findings also underline the importance of functionally preserving authorial punctuation in Uzbek translation.

This article analyzes the theoretical foundations of formative assessment and its role in developing students' key digital technology competencies. It examines the pedagogical potential of formative assessment and the integration of such mechanisms as feedback, reflection, self-assessment, and peer assessment into the digital learning environment. Furthermore, the study explores methodological approaches to developing digital competencies through formative assessment and discusses the possibilities of implementing these approaches in primary education.

The article examines the integration of the cultural analysis of literature with modern digital technologies in the educational process. Particular attention is paid to the study of rituals, anthropological codes, and folkloric motifs in nineteenth-century Russian literature, including the works of Mikhail Lermontov, Alexander Pushkin, and Leo Tolstoy. The use of immersive technologies, such as VR, AR, and interactive platforms, makes it possible to visualise social and cultural practices, reconstruct literary scenes, and gain a deeper understanding of the psychology of literary characters. This approach contributes to the development of students’ meta-subject and critical competencies, enhances analytical and reflective thinking, increases student engagement, and promotes a practical understanding of the text as a cultural and historical artefact. The article demonstrates how innovative teaching methods combine traditional textual analysis with modern educational tools, ensuring the integration of humanities-related and digital competencies.

The article examines the nominative-informational, argumentative, evidential, comparative, chronotopic, evaluative, intensifying and attention-directing functions of numerical indicators in English and Uzbek media discourse. Numerical expressions are treated not merely as grammatical-semantic devices denoting quantity but as discourse resources that construct factuality, calibrate credibility, represent scale and dynamics, and guide audience interpretation. The study combines comparative, contextual, linguopragmatic and discourse analysis of authentic media examples with verified scholarship on numeral semantics, journalistic numeracy and media language. The findings show that numerical precision is rhetorically powerful but does not automatically guarantee neutrality: selection, rounding, comparison baselines, attribution and contextualization substantially affect interpretation.

The article presents an axiological analysis of the medical joke as a specific folkloric and professional genre through which values related to medical practice, group identity, and mechanisms of psychological defense are systematically manifested. The relevance of the work is determined by the dual nature of medical humor: on the one hand, it eases the experience of professional stress and strengthens group cohesion among healthcare workers; on the other, it can conflict with the ethical norms of the profession, devalue patients, and reinforce stereotypes. The aim of the study is to systematize data on the value content of medical humor, identify persistent axiological dilemmas, and describe its culturally specific forms.The work was carried out as a narrative thematic review of a corpus of 18 sources from 1988–2024, including empirical studies (analysis of joke corpora, surveys of medical students, residents, and practicing physicians) and theoretical works on folklore studies, medical anthropology, bioethics, and coping psychology. The material is organized into four thematic blocks: universal values, axiological aspects, cultural markers, and discursive functions of humor.

The results show that medical humor encodes values of professional competence, group solidarity, and emotional self-regulation, serving consolidating, educational, and protective functions. At the same time, a systemic conflict was identified between empathy as an ethical ideal and the distancing, ironic practice of joking, which can provoke patient stigmatization and ethical erosion. It was established that the moral acceptability of humor is determined primarily by the context of its utterance rather than by the content of the joke itself, and that its themes vary significantly depending on national and linguistic tradition. The conclusion is drawn that reflective discussion of the functions, boundaries, and risks of humor should be included in medical education programs.

The article analyses the history of research into the language units expressing the sense of touch in three typologically different languages – English, Russian and Uzbek. The aim of the study is to identify the stages through which this lexical-semantic group has been investigated within the three scholarly traditions and to substantiate the research gap in Uzbek linguistics. More than forty linguistic sources created between the second half of the 20th century and the first quarter of the 21st century were selected as material; descriptive-analytical, historical-comparative (historiographic), contrastive methods and elements of componential analysis were applied. The results show that in all three traditions the visual and auditory modalities have been studied considerably more than the tactile one. The author explains this asymmetry by the mixed – physical-physiological and mental – nature of the semantics of the verbs expressing tactile perception. It is concluded that no monographic linguocognitive and linguocultural study of the units expressing tactile perception has been undertaken in Uzbek linguistics, which makes it a promising field for the contrastive analysis of genetically unrelated languages.

This article examines the major theoretical and practical issues facing modern terminology. The rapid development of science, technology, digitalization, and various social fields has resulted in the continuous emergence of new concepts and terminological units. In this context, the creation, selection, systematization, normalization, and standardization of terms, as well as their development in accordance with the resources and norms of the national language, represent important challenges for terminology. Particular attention is given to ensuring the accuracy, clarity, consistency, systematicity, and stability of terms. The study also addresses the adaptation of borrowed terminology to the national language, terminological variation, and synonymy. In addition, the role of electronic dictionaries, digital technologies, and corpus linguistics in the development of modern terminology is discussed. The article emphasizes that the improvement of terminological systems is essential for effective scientific communication, precise professional interaction, and the strengthening of literary language norms. The findings may be useful for linguists, terminologists, lexicographers, translators, and specialists involved in the development and standardization of terminology.

This article examines how the conceptual opposition of good and evil is linguistically constructed through metaphor and imagery in three novels by Khaled Hosseini: The Kite Runner (2003), A Thousand Splendid Suns (2007) and And the Mountains Echoed (2013). The study combines Conceptual Metaphor Theory with a discourse-oriented account of literary metaphor, and applies the Metaphor Identification Procedure to a purposively sampled corpus of evaluative passages in which moral judgement is expressed figuratively rather than named directly. The analysis identifies five recurrent source domains that carry the moral load of the three narratives: light and darkness, vertical space, natural cycles of water and drought, predation and disease, and culturally salient artefacts such as the kite, the wall and the blade. Results show that Hosseini rarely lexicalises moral categories with abstract nouns; instead, goodness and evil are encoded in perceptual imagery, and their evaluative polarity is frequently reversed or suspended within the same image, so that a single source domain serves both poles. The article argues that this internal reversibility, rather than a stable binary scheme, constitutes the distinctive feature of Hosseini’s moral idiom, and that it produces specific problems of equivalence for translators working into typologically and culturally distant languages, including Uzbek. The findings contribute to cognitive stylistics, to the study of Afghan diaspora fiction, and to the description of figurative moral language in literary translation.

This article examines the philosophical, epistemological, and methodological issues associated with the application of psychiatric diagnostic methods in linguistics. It discusses the theoretical foundations for evaluating changes in human speech and language activity in relation to an individual's mental state. The study also addresses issues of objectivity, reliability, ethical considerations, and the risk of misdiagnosis when psychiatric conclusions are based on linguistic indicators. Furthermore, it substantiates the potential of interdisciplinary collaboration between linguistics and psychiatry while outlining the methodological limitations of this approach.

This article examines grammatical transformations in literary translation using passages from Ernest Hemingway’s The Old Man and the Sea. The English original is compared with its Russian and Uzbek translations. Selected examples illustrate sentence splitting, grammatical substitution, addition, and omission. The article also considers cases in which grammatical changes occur alongside lexical shifts and antonymic translation. The comparison shows how changes in sentence structure can help convey the meaning of the original clearly in the target language.