This article is devoted to the concept of "Politeness" in Korean and Russian. The article reveals the types of politeness. This article clearly shows the culture of communication between these languages.

This article examines the pragmatic features of medical speech acts in Uzbek and English literary texts. The analysis focuses on fragments in which doctors, patients, their relatives, or narrators talk about illness, diagnosis, treatment, and health conditions. The study is based on the classical typology of speech acts—assertives, directives, commissives, expressives, and declaratives—and explores how these types are pragmatically realized in the literary discourse of both cultures. The findings show that in Uzbek texts assertives and directives are often accompanied by mitigators, figurative expressions, and religious-cultural elements, whereas English novels tend to use more direct and sometimes slightly ironic formulations. Commissives in Uzbek discourse are closely linked with modesty and hyperbolic pledges, while expressives are rich in address forms and idiomatic expressions. Declarative acts such as “Siz endi tuzaldingiz” and “You are cured” function as speech events that change the patient’s social or psychological status in both languages. The results demonstrate that literary texts effectively reflect culture-specific communicative norms, in particular the pragmatics of medical speech acts. The body of the paper is written in Uzbek, with English examples cited in their original form.

This article examines the linguistic phenomena of phraseological polysemy and phraseological homonymy. It compares the degree of polysemy in words and idioms, demonstrating that although idioms generally have fewer meanings quantitatively, their semantic development parallels lexical polysemy qualitatively. The study analyzes idioms such as “baš kötür-”, “yüz ögür-”, and “köŋli bar”, illustrating how their meanings vary according to context. Phraseological homonymy is explained through cases where idioms share identical forms but differ in meaning and usage, with examples including “ilki yet-”, “azaqïnğa tüš-”, and “yüz evür-”.

This article analyzes the epistolary heritage created in the Kokand literary environment at the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th centuries, focusing on the genre characteristics, artistic-aesthetic value, and historical significance of poetic and prose letters. The research discusses not only the communicative function of letters but also their poetic expression, figurative language, and role in revealing the author’s individuality and maintaining literary connections. Through examples from the works of Muqimiy, Furqat, Zavqiy, Hamza, Nasrulloh qori Farxatiy, Barqiy, and Dilafgor, the study highlights the importance of the epistolary genre in the history of Uzbek literature.

This article examines the artistic portrayal of the adolescent figure in Tohir Malik’s “Farewell, Childhood”, focusing on the character’s psychological experiences and the depiction of life on the verge of crime. The study analyzes the complexity of adolescence, the influence of social environment on personality formation, and the intricate interactions between upbringing and surroundings, as reflected through the system of artistic images in the novel. The analysis of the protagonist’s inner experiences reveals that each of their decisions embodies the tension between childhood innocence and adolescent anxiety, the desire to find one’s place in society, as well as the processes of error, misjudgment, repentance, and self-realization. Through this depiction, Malik presents adolescence not merely as a biological stage, but as a period of moral and spiritual trials. The portrayal of life on the verge of crime in the novel arises directly from the adolescent’s confrontation with the social environment, deficiencies in family upbringing, and societal indifference. Through this character, the author encourages readers to be sensitive to the inner world of youth, to seek understanding, and to reflect on the shortcomings of the educational and social system. Additionally, the article examines the psychological analysis techniques employed by Malik, including the use of inner monologue, symbolic imagery, and a system of conflicts, from a scholarly perspective. These aspects render the novel not only a socially and morally significant work but also an aesthetically valuable literary phenomenon.

This scientific article provides a theoretical analysis of the effectiveness of integrating interactive learning methods into the English language teaching process. Compared to traditional approaches, interactive methods (role-plays, group discussions, simulations) place students at the center of the learning process, ensuring their active participation (Brown, 2001; Xolmatova, 2020). The study concludes that interactive teaching is a priority methodological direction that significantly increases the effectiveness of language education and meets the demands of modern education.

This article examines the concept of non-equivalent lexicon from a linguocultural perspective. It focuses on the national-cultural peculiarities of non-equivalent units, the difficulties of their translation, and the ways translators convey them based on pragmatic and equivalence principles. Theoretical views of scholars such as Nida, Newmark, and Venuti are compared with Uzbek linguistic approaches to explain the linguocultural essence of non-equivalent lexicon.

The article describes the role of Khurshid Dostmuhammad's short stories in modern Uzbek literature. The unique aspects of the writer's works and the facets of his artistic skills are highlighted.

Discourse is a concept of great international significance in linguistics and social sciences, linked to speech and cultural context, and encompassing the analysis of speech structures and cultural concepts. This article thoroughly examines the concept and essence of discourse within the framework of sociolinguistics, analyzing its history and contemporary approaches. The origin, development, and role of the term “discourse” in linguistics are explored, with comparative examples of discourse units provided in Uzbek, Russian, English, and other languages. In each section, relevant scientific ideas are supported by sociolinguistic facts and examples.

Proverbs are not only the most significant, but also the most characteristic part of the folklore heritage of any nation. The features of folk history and character, work and life are imprinted or metaphorically encoded in them with the same certainty, ancient life on fossils, with the difference that they remain alive for centuries, as long as the people who created them live, and its language, which made them its part.

“The proverbs included in the paremiological fund of the language are a valuable linguistic heritage of the people, reflecting their customs, traditions and history, and other specific features of the people. In proverbs, as in any other genre of folklore, everything that lives and encounters this or that people over the centuries is reflected. Here is a complete set of ethnographic realities, ranging from tools and ending with outfits, and a comprehensive description of the geographical environment with its landscapes, climate, animals and flora; here are memories of bygone events and outstanding personalities, echoes of ancient religious views and a detailed picture of the modern organization of society.

This study explores the depiction of real-life events in Uzbek novels. It analyzes historical incidents, social issues, and human relationships reflected in the novels. The authors' methods of artistic interpretation of real-life events, and their skill in revealing the spirit of the era through characters are examined. The reflection of realistic details, local customs, and cultural elements in the novels are studied. The impact of real-life events in novels on shaping national identity is also determined.

This article examines the nature of adaptation in translation and discusses its linguocultural and pragmatic foundations. Adaptation is presented as a strategy that ensures accurate and effective comprehension of the text by the target audience. The findings confirm its importance as a key tool for enhancing translation quality.

In the article, he gave brief information about the development of science during the reign of Sultan Iskandar Mirzani, the son of Umarshaikh Mirza, the grandson of Amir Temur, and the work of scientists and scholars, such as the poet Haydar Khorazmi and Muiniddin Natanzi, who worked in his court.

This article classifies and analyzes Uzbek phraseological units according to semantic groups that reflect the concept of quantity. Based on the collection and grouping of phraseological units expressing quantitative meaning, their cognitive and linguoculturological features are revealed. By examining expressions denoting plurality, smallness, exaggeration, insufficiency, and symbolic numbers, the conceptual essence of these units in the national mindset and culture is demonstrated.

This article presents data on the study of kinship terms in English language through the years. Kinship terms can be considered as a pattern of social and cultural interaction of language. There are mentioned several viewpoints of researchers and described kinship terms as a linguistic structure of a language.

In recent years, issues related to expressing human behavior, character, and appearance through idiomatic expressions containing animal names have been widely studied in the fields of linguoculturology, phraseology, and semantics. This topic reveals the similarities and differences between the mentality and culture of the Korean and Uzbek peoples. The analysis of the conceptual model of the human image through zoonymic expressions—idiomatic units that include animal names—has been insufficiently explored. Through this topic, it is possible to shed light on metaphorical thinking, semantic classification, and culturological parallelism.

The linguistic study of Abdulla Kadiri’s creative evolution reflects his attempts to align the lexical layer saturated with words and phrases borrowed from the Arabic, Persian andTajik languages of that period with the usual (spoken) language of the people. As well, the passion for preserving the purity of the Uzbek language is evident in the works written by the author, the elegance of expressive means and stylistic devices and the appropriate and skillful use of words and phrases. In the novel “Bygone Days” phraseological units, proverbs, chatchwords and a number of culture-sprecific vocabulary have not lost their significance and are still used in the spoken language. Instead of the term phraseological units, in some cases, the terms phraseological unit, stable (unchangeable) word combination, phrase, idiom, phraseme, phraseological combination and phraseological combination are also used in the literature. The study shows the English re-expression of phraseological units with equivalents exploited in the novel “Bygone Days”, the problems that arise during the translation process and the methods of eliminating these problems by comparing the English translations of the work.

This article presents a comparative analysis of linguocultural units found in English and Karakalpak children's songs. Children's folklore is viewed as an important reflection of the interaction between language and culture, where symbols, images, metaphors, and elements of nature and wildlife convey the national cultural code. The research is grounded in the theoretical views of E. Taylor, P. Newmark, Sh. Safarov, and V.V. Vorobyev. The study highlights the meaning of linguocultural units, their cultural informational function, and visual, semantic, and contextual methods of interpretation. The comparative analysis reveals similarities and differences in the worldview, values, and folklore thinking of the two nations.

This scientific article examines the lexical-semantic transformations of culture-specific items in Uzbek translations of contemporary British literature. Based on the Uzbek renditions of works by British authors written in the early 21st century, the study analyzes 200 culture-specific units to identify patterns of lexical, semantic, and grammatical shifts in translation. Theoretical frameworks by V.N.Komissarov, E.A.Nida, M.Baker, and L.Venuti underpin the analysis. Statistical findings reveal that semantic transformation is the most frequent type (47.5%), often resulting in the expansion, reduction, or distortion of meaning. Translators predominantly employ domestication strategies (37.5%), which enhance reader comprehension but risk eroding original cultural nuances. The article concludes with recommendations to improve translation quality, including the combined use of foreignization with explanatory notes, incorporation of footnotes, and enhancement of translators’ cultural sensitivity. The findings contribute new insights to translation studies and support the preservation of cultural context in Uzbek translations of contemporary literature.

In this article, the object of study of three main branches of linguistics — morphology, phonology, and morphonology, their interrelation, and the role of each branch in language are analyzed from a scientific perspective. The article highlights the relationship between form and sound in the structural system of language, the essence of morphonological processes, and their significance in the grammatical system.

In the article, the characteristics of the use of words in the lexical layers of the Uzbek language in the artistic text were analyzed on the example of the poet's work.  The adjectives denoting color in the artist's collections "Rayhon" and "Threshold of the World" were considered, and etymological attention was paid to the Persian-Tajik and original Turkic layer color names found in them.

This thesis is devoted to the study of the category of politeness in the Korean language as a system-forming phenomenon reflecting socio-cultural norms and communicative principles of Korean society. The research is aimed at analyzing the historical and socio-cultural prerequisites for the formation of the politeness system, its grammatical and lexical mechanisms, as well as functional characteristics in modern communicative situations. Special attention is paid to the multilevel structure of polite forms, their pragmatic application and role in interpersonal relationships. The practical significance of the work lies in the possibility of using the results obtained in teaching the Korean language, intercultural communication and translation studies.

This article analyzes the role of landscape and portrait in the postmodern interpretation of the novel “Qo‘rg‘onlangan oy.” In the work, landscape functions not merely as a descriptive element but as a key poetic device that reflects the protagonist’s psychological depth, spiritual decline, and movement toward tragedy. Murtazo’s moral degradation, the disruption of natural harmony, and the multi-layered polyphonic structure used to depict these processes form the novel’s central aesthetic core. Through the interplay of nature, human destiny, and historical memory, the landscape reinforces the artistic concept and exposes the philosophical foundation of the narrative.

The article analyzes the interrelations between civil society institutions and television discourse in the national media space in Uzbekistan. Television is seen as an institution that shapes social consciousness in the modern information space, and civil society is seen as an institution that evaluates and controls it. The study was conducted on the basis of national legislation, international experience and practical examples.

This article analyzes the poetic commentary "Nazmi aqoid" on Abu Hafs Umar an-Nasafi's work "Aqoid an-Nasafiya". There are opinions among scholars that this Turkic poem belongs to Alisher Navoi. The article examines the views of foreign and local scholars on this topic. During the research process, it was determined that in one of the manuscript copies of the work, there is a verse indicating that the author is Alisher Navoi. This work, which could potentially be authored by Alisher Navoi, awaits its researchers.

This paper examines the features of expressing negation in the Korean, Russian, and Uzbek languages. Negation is one of the key grammatical categories that reflects the speaker’s attitude toward an action or a state. In Korean, negation is expressed in several ways: through the negative particles 안 (an) and 못 (mot), as well as by means of analytical constructions with the verbs 아니다 (anida) and 없다 (eopda). In Russian, the primary means of expressing negation is the prefix не-, while in Uzbek it is represented by the suffixes -ма, -мас, and the negative word йўқ (yo‘q). Special attention is given to the differences between simple and modal negation, their syntactic positions, and their pragmatic functions in speech. The paper also discusses the peculiarities of using negation in different speech styles — colloquial and written. The analysis reveals the specific features of the Korean system of negation and its distinctions from analogous structures in Russian and Uzbek.

Just as there is nothing in the world that does not develop, language also continues to develop day by day. On one hand, language as a social phenomenon is evolving continuously; on the other hand, the field that studies this phenomenon is rapidly advancing as well. It is clear to everyone that language — the object of linguistics — is both extremely complex and invaluable, because all knowledge is ultimately based on language.

Every language has its own unique characteristics, and these linguistic features are closely connected with culture. In this regard, we can say that a nation’s general worldview manifests itself in the specific features of linguistics. Semantics, or semasiology, studies and analyzes the meanings of words and expressions in linguistics. In other words, it is the field that examines what meanings words convey in speech or writing.

This article attempts to study the semantic and linguocultural analysis of lexical units of the language and investigates the relationships between different levels of the language. The main focus is directed at the lexical level of the language. Indeed, every theory that exists in linguistics is primarily based on the way we understand language. How we understand language plays an important role in shaping linguistic theory.

This article analyzes the formation of the image of women in Korean and Uzbek literature, its socio-psychological essence, and its connection to national mentality. The authors focus on issues of freedom, self-awareness, and women's search for a place in society in literary processes of the second half of the 20th century and the early 21st century. The study found that in the literature of both nations, the image of women has become a symbol of personal exploration, spiritual experience, and social responsibility.

The article examines the definition of zeugma, its morphological origin, its distinction from ellipsis, as well as the origin of zeugma in the German language. It discusses the meanings of the verb between literal physical action and figurative meaning, abstract state, as well as the classification of zeugma depending on the position of the predicate.

this article will talk about the quality of purity, which is considered one of the communicative qualities of speech, and the factors that undermine it(dialectism, varvarism, vulgarism, concelarism, parasitic words, jargon and argo), as well as their importance in artistic and colloquial style.

This article studies the category of idioms in the Korean language. The types of idioms in the Korean language and their uses are analyzed. The differences in the uses of idioms in the Korean language are shown.

The article is devoted to the study of the significance of toponym research and the role of Russian Orientalists in shaping the scientific understanding of Central Asia. It examines key aspects of the influence of geographical names on the comprehension of the historical and cultural context of the region, revealing connections between toponyms and ethnic processes, the history of territorial settlement, natural conditions, and economic factors. Special attention is given to the contribution of the Russian school of Oriental studies of the 19th–20th centuries, whose research laid the foundation for the modern approach to the study of Central Asia. The works of outstanding scholars such as V.V. Bartold, N.A. Bichurin, and A.N. Bernshtam are analyzed in detail, demonstrating their importance for the reconstruction of the ancient and medieval history of the region, the study of the cultural achievements of the peoples of Central Asia, linguistic diversity, and cultural heritage. It is also noted that modern approaches employing digital technologies and mapping methods significantly expand the possibilities for studying toponyms, help preserve cultural and historical heritage, and contribute to the formation of national identity among the inhabitants of the region.

This article analyzes the stages of formation of literary criticism and literary studies in Uzbek literature, as well as their role and significance in the development of artistic and aesthetic thought. The critical views in the works of classical writers such as Alisher Navoi and Zahiriddin Muhammad Babur, as well as the literary-critical heritage of Fitrat, Abdulla Qodiriy, Cho‘lpon, Oybek, Abdulla Qahhor, and Ozod Sharafiddinov, are examined to reveal the essence and function of “ilm al-naqd” (the science of criticism). The article discusses the role of criticism in literature, its function in shaping the creative personality, and its importance in the development of national thought and spirituality.

In modern linguistics, the processes of enrichment of linguistic vocabulary and word formation are explained not only from a phonetic, morphological or etymological point of view, but also on the basis of cognitive and sociolinguistic paradigms. This suggests that a language is not only a means of communication, but also an expression of human thought, culture and social environment. The development of vocabulary stock of language is a systematic process that embodies the dynamics of human thinking (cognition) and the life of society.

The article analyzes the nonverbal representations of numbers in Uzbek and English from a linguopragmatic perspective. It comparatively examines the cognitive, semiotic, and cultural meanings that numbers carry in communicative processes. It is identified that in English, numbers are actively used in a functional-pragmatic sense, whereas in Uzbek they function mainly within symbolic and ceremonial semantic layers. The article highlights the role of numbers in the global semiosphere and national linguistic culture and substantiates their pragmatic functions through contextual examples.

This article analyzes the category of honorifics in the Korean language and its grammatical means of expression, as well as compares them with the ways of expressing respect in the Uzbek language. The study reveals that the honorific category in Korean verbs appears on three levels: subject honorifics (e.g., 가시다, 드시다), addressee honorifics (합니다체, 해요체), and third-person honorifics, with detailed linguistic examples. In contrast, the Uzbek language expresses respect not grammatically but through lexical (honorific words), syntactic (plural forms), and pragmatic (speech tone and politeness) devices. The comparative analysis demonstrates that the Korean language reflects social hierarchy through a structured grammatical system, whereas the Uzbek language conveys respect through cultural and communicative norms. The study highlights the interrelation between language and culture and the linguistic mechanisms that indicate social relationships in communication.

This article analyzes the role of extralinguistic factors in the formation and development of interference in language evolution. It scientifically explains how socio-political, historical, cultural, and educational factors strongly influence the process of change and enrichment in the lexical layer. The dynamics of language development are demonstrated using examples of new terms that emerged in the Uzbek language after independence and lexical units that have fallen out of use from the historical layer. The article also discusses the incorporation of loanwords into the language through colloquial and literary forms, as well as the consolidation of lexical interference in everyday speech. Additionally, the formation of compound verbs in the Samarkand Tajik dialect and the presence of Persian-Tajik and Arabic lexical units in the works of Sadriddin Ayni are analyzed separately. According to the research findings, words borrowed from the Persian-Tajik language make up a larger share of the Uzbek vocabulary compared to Arabic loanwords, and in bilingual environments, a bilingual individual can effectively use the possibilities of both languages without interference.

This article analyzes the role of phraseological units (phrasemes) in expressing the culture and historical memory of a nation. Phrasemes are studied as a linguo-cultural tool reflecting the people's worldview, values, mentality, and historical events. The significance of conceptual metaphor in the expression of phraseological units is also analyzed.

This article analyzes the thematic and artistic features of the works of Habib Sa’dulla, a representative of modern Uzbek poetry. The study highlights how the poet expresses themes such as mother, woman, love, homeland, beauty, and human emotions with high poetic mastery. The image of the mother is interpreted as a symbol of affection, devotion, and creativity. Moreover, Habib Sa’dulla’s lyrics explore the themes of woman and love through emotional subtlety, sincerity, and the reflection of the inner feelings of the human soul. The article also discusses the poet’s artistic style, system of imagery, and his skillful use of contrast, parallelism, symbols, and metaphors. The research examines the poet’s creative thinking in connection with the traditions of Uzbek literature.

The article analyzes the artistic and aesthetic possibilities of word-formation mechanisms in the Uzbek language system in poetic texts and reveals the essence of linguistic units that have emerged as poetic innovations.

This article analyzes the semantic transformations of polysemantic phraseological units in the Uzbek language. Using a contextual-semantic approach, the polysemantic nature of phraseological units such as “tobi yo‘q”, “tili chiqmoq”, “taxtaga tortmoq”, “suvi qochgan”, “soya solmoq” and “soch(i) oqarmoq” is studied and analyzed. The primary literal meaning of each phraseological unit is determined, and the figurative, metaphorical, and pragmatic meanings that arise under the influence of various contexts are revealed. Based on these analyses, the semantic characteristics and flexibility of polysemantic phraseological units in the Uzbek language are identified.

Taking into account the multi-meaning of somatic words in Korean, the phraseological units formed from them are also multi-meaning and multi-functional. Korean phraseological units that are appropriate in content are not always interchangeable in translation.

This study examines the nuances of kinship terminology, with particular attention to suppletive relations and gender distinctions across different languages, especially Uzbek. Kinship terms, deeply rooted in social structures and cultural norms, serve as linguistic markers of social roles, age, and gender distinctions. Suppletion, in which semantically related terms derive from different lexical roots, reveals the complexity and diversity inherent in linguistic systems. By exploring functional-semantic paradigms, this research classifies kinship terms based on their relation to age, gender, and generational hierarchy. The study identifies patterns of masculine, feminine, and gender-neutral usage, demonstrating both universal linguistic tendencies and culture-specific variations. Special attention is given to how these terms reflect societal gender dynamics and their historical evolution within linguistic systems. The findings contribute to a broader understanding of linguistic phenomena such as synonymy, suppletion, and semantic change. By examining kinship terminology within its sociocultural context, the research highlights the dynamic interaction between language and social norms. This study not only enriches comparative linguistics and sociolinguistics but also deepens our understanding of how languages adapt to express complex social relationships.

This article explores the evolution of the concept of “friendship” in European and Eastern thought. The study analyzes the historical, cultural, and ethical aspects of friendship, highlighting similarities and differences between European and Eastern traditions. The results can be applied in intercultural communication and ethical education.

In world linguistics, great importance is attached to the study of the figurative, artistic and aesthetic possibilities of language and their participation in examples of folk oral art. After all, by studying the language of works of folk oral art, which have been created and regularly refined over the centuries based on the life and living experiences of the people and in the desire to perceive the world, the opportunity to study the development of the national language is further expanded. Therefore, by determining, describing and classifying the scope of artistic means of expression in fairy tales and epics, special attention is paid to the peculiarities of the manifestation of the aesthetic and expressive aspects of the national language. The article discusses the poetic features of repetitions actively used in fairy tales and epics.

This article analyzes the artistic and aesthetic significance of the image of Samarkand in contemporary foreign and Uzbek literature. It is highlighted that Samarkand, as a center of ancient civilization, science, religion, and culture, has become an important symbol not only in Eastern but also in world literary thought. In the article, G.Lorch, J.Clodel, O.Pamuk, Ch.Aymatov the works of such foreign writers as Aitmatov, the philosophical symbolism of Samarkand and its place as a source of historical and cultural memory are analyzed. Also, in the works of Uzbek writers such as A.Kahhar, E.Vakhidov, O.Khoshimov, Kh.Dustmukhammad, the connection of the image of this city with national identity, spiritual awakening, and spiritual heritage is revealed. The study substantiates the significance of Samarkand as a unique spiritual phenomenon in the world cultural space by analyzing its image in modern artistic thinking.

The article discusses the foundations of the ideographic representation of the phraseological system of the Russian language. The key stages of a project devoted to the fundamental study of Russian phraseology are presented. One of the phases of this project was the creation of thesaurus-type dictionaries of Russian idioms. Various aspects of the developed thesaurus descriptions are examined, and it is emphasized that a thesaurus functions as one type of semantic network. A more comprehensive lexicographic description must take into account the full variety of connections that exist between phraseological units both as elements of the language and as elements of speech.