This article shows that social tension has appeared in various societies after the trials that have befallen humanity since the beginning of the 21st century, as well as the crises that await humanity in the future are described by international expert organizations.

This article examines the history of the formation of the Youth Union of Uzbekistan and the state policy aimed at activating youth through the introduction of new legislative institutions, as well as the opportunities provided for their participation in political life both within the country and on the global stage.

This article discusses how our great ancestors have, since ancient times, made invaluable contributions to the treasury of human thought; the importance of moral and ethical qualities; the enrichment of young people’s devotion to their Motherland; the idea that the Homeland is the most sacred and precious domain; and that loyalty is one of the noblest moral and ethical virtues inherent in humankind. The paper emphasizes the necessity of educating the younger generation in the spirit of patriotism, highlighting that the national independence ideology and its core concepts and principles are reflected in the national holidays celebrated in Uzbekistan. It also examines the crucial role of local communities (mahalla), the family, and both preschool and school education systems in fostering patriotism among youth. Moreover, the article explores ways to cultivate in individuals a deep sense of moral virtue and awareness of fulfilling one’s duty of loyalty to the Motherland.

This article examines the origin, development, and institutionalization of dictation (imlaʾ) sessions, which played a crucial role in the advancement of hadith science throughout Islamic history. Based on historical sources, the study explores how the method of dictation was employed during the periods of the Companions, their Followers, and the Followers of the Followers in the process of documenting hadiths. The article analyzes the social, ethical, and methodological norms established for this practice, as well as the roles and procedures of the mumli and mustamli institutions. Special attention is given to ʿAbd al-Karīm ibn Muḥammad al-Samʿānī’s work “Ādāb al-Imlaʾ wa’l-Istimlaʾ”, one of the earliest structured treatises on the etiquette of dictation. Additionally, the continuation and evolution of this tradition in later centuries, particularly within scholarly circles and madrasas, is critically discussed. By shedding light on the emergence of a written culture of hadith transmission, this article also highlights the contemporary methodological significance of this scholarly legacy.

This article contains information about the role of instrumental art in the spiritual rise of society and its Achaemenid nature. The opinions and research of instrumental scientists and thinkers on the instrument have been analyzed.

:       In criminal legislation, apart from punishing an offender, it is also possible to exempt a person from liability on the basis of the principle of humanism, in accordance with the requirements established by criminal law. A person who has committed a minor or less serious crime for the first time may be released from liability if he or she has confessed, sincerely repented, actively assisted in uncovering the crime, and compensated for the damage caused. This article analyzes the procedure for exemption from liability due to genuine remorse in national legislation, evaluates the effectiveness of this legal institution, reviews the mechanisms applied in advanced foreign countries, and develops proposals for improving national legislation on this basis.

This article discusses the priority areas of reforming the higher education system of Uzbekistan, reforms in the higher education system, the creation of necessary conditions for students and young people to receive education, improving the quality of educational work, training competitive personnel, forming creative abilities in future specialists, and assessing the current state of some aspects of the higher education system.

This article analyzes the criminal liability of minors and its specific features in certain foreign countries, the types of penalties that may be imposed on juveniles, their age categories, and the key provisions of legislation concerning the age of criminal responsibility. In addition, it examines the normative foundations for establishing the minimum age of criminal liability in various countries.

This article examines the philosophical and anthropological relationship between humans and nature in the context of posthumanist ethics and the dilemma of ecocentrism and technocentrism. It examines the transformation of traditional moral norms in light of the expanding technological capabilities of humans. The author analyzes the contradiction between the fundamental dilemma of ecocentrism and technocentrism and provides a scientific and philosophical justification for a fundamental rethinking of human environmental responsibility within the context of posthumanist ethics.

The article examines the legal mechanisms ensuring control over the living conditions of a child after international adoption. A comparative analysis of the legislation and practices of Germany, France, and several CIS countries, including Uzbekistan, is conducted. The study identifies key issues in post-adoption monitoring and proposes recommendations for improving national and international control mechanisms.

This article examines food culture from an ethnological perspective, analyzing dining practices, their social, religious, and symbolic significance, as well as food-related traditions across various peoples and societies. The article explores key concepts of food culture, such as food preparation, consumption rituals, the role of food in social integration, and its impact on ethnic identification. Additionally, it compares dietary habits across different regions, highlighting their historical development, the influence of globalization, and transformations in modern society through an ethnological approach. The article views food culture as a crucial factor linking the worldview and social structure of peoples and outlines directions for future research in this field.

The article describes the role, importance and functional role of political institutions in the process of social adaptation of young people to society.

This article provides analytical and general conclusions about the work carried out between Uzbekistan and Afghanistan during the Soviet period, the establishment of economic and cultural relations, the history of the capabilities and promising plans of representatives of both countries, and the work carried out. The assistance and mutual cooperation of the Soviet Union and Soviet Uzbekistan, as part of its structure, during the development of Afghanistan in the 20th century are analyzed.

This article analyzes the role of the family and education system in ensuring youth social mobility based on modern theoretical concepts. The theoretical framework draws on P. Sorokin’s Social Mobility concept and A. Giddens’ Structuration Theory, as well as the ideas of British and German scholars such as J. Goldthorpe, A. Heath, U. Beck, and R. Dahrendorf on stratification and equality of opportunity. In addition, studies by A. Yunusov, B. Tojiboyev, T. Norboyeva, and M. Kukhterina are examined in the context of family resources—economic, cultural, and social capital—and their interaction with educational institutions (early childhood education, general secondary, higher, and vocational education).

This article examines the philosophical aspects of developing youth economic activity based on healthy moral and economic competition. It analyzes the role of ethical values such as diligence, honesty, and justice in shaping economic behavior and thinking. The study also discusses the interpretation of competition not merely as personal gain but as a means of social progress. Special attention is paid to the importance of moral motivation, innovative thinking, and entrepreneurial culture in encouraging youth participation in economic life.

this article analyzes the main idea of the new Uzbek strategy at the present stage of Uzbekistan's development, that is, the great goal is from national revival to national uplift, the main task of the idea of national uplift, the main features inherent in the new stage of national development, the innovative foundations of the new Uzbek strategy, its theoretical and historical significance.

This article analyzes the legal nature of legal assistance agreements, their procedural formation, the mutual rights and obligations of the parties involved, and common practical challenges. It explores the position of such contracts within civil law, highlighting their implementation in both paid and free forms. Special attention is given to the legal roles of the client and service provider, types of liability, termination conditions, attorney-client privilege, issues of undeclared service fees, and inconsistencies in contract templates. The article offers specific recommendations aimed at improving legislative clarity and ensuring transparency in legal service contracts in Uzbekistan.

:       This article analyzes the philosophical essence of the relationship between the Creator, man and the universe. Based on religious and philosophical sources, examples of Eastern and Western thought, the idea of creation, the role and responsibility of man in existence, as well as the spiritual and enlightening aspects of the universe are highlighted. The author philosophically analyzes the role of the Creator in existence and the tasks facing humanity through the criteria of harmony between man and the universe, thought, spirituality and purposefulness. The article may be useful for researchers conducting scientific research at the intersection of modern philosophy, religious studies and anthropology.

This article analyzes the role of modern media space and digital information systems in the formation and promotion of political thinking in society. The impact of information technologies on political processes, their role in the development of civic consciousness, as well as effective methods that can be used to increase political activity are highlighted.

            The author shows ways to develop political thinking through media literacy, e-government, social networks and online educational platforms. The article is devoted to the current aspects of increasing political culture and civic responsibility in the modern information society.

In today’s digital era, information flows have emerged as a force that directly penetrates the most subtle layers of human consciousness. Social networks, video content, visual imagery, and textual posts are not merely means of communication but ideological mechanisms that shape consciousness and recode systems of values. This article analyzes the impact of information and ideological processes on the spirituality of youth from philosophical and socio-theoretical perspectives.

This article examines the types of operational investigative activities, the implementation of operational investigative activities and the main tasks of operational investigative activities and measures to ensure the legality of the results of activities, the legality of evidence collected during operational investigative activities, and provides scientific, theoretical and practical recommendations on the basics using this evidence as the main means in the investigation of crimes, as well as in proving guilt at a court hearing. At the same time, the opinions and reasoning of theoretical scientists and experienced employees were analyzed.

The article explores the role of fire in the daily life of the Uzbeks of the Fergana Valley and its reflection in ancient religious beliefs such as Zoroastrianism, shamanism, and folk rituals. It discusses the perception of fire as a symbol of purity, prosperity, and protection, as well as the cultural significance of the hearth and bonfire. The study also highlights the role of natural elements fire, earth, water, and air in shaping traditional ecological culture.

This article analyzes the directions and mechanisms of cooperation between the state and civil society institutions in improving citizens’ political participation, as well as the factors that enhance their effectiveness. The study examines the theoretical foundations of political participation, the institutional relations between the state and society, and provides a comparative analysis of Uzbekistan’s experience with that of foreign countries (the United States, South Korea, the European Union, and Taiwan).

On this basis, the significance of openness, accountability, and digital democracy mechanisms in expanding political participation is highlighted. The article concludes with practical proposals and recommendations aimed at establishing effective cooperation between the state and civil society institutions, strengthening the legal and regulatory framework, and ensuring the direct involvement of citizens in political decision-making.

This article analyzes the issues of morality and spiritual development from the perspective of the Islamic worldview. It explores the formation of moral qualities based on the Qur’an and Hadith, the interrelation of spiritual factors in the development of the individual and society, as well as the significance of Islamic ethics in the modern era. The article also examines the role of Islamic values in preventing spiritual crises.

This study examines the formation of Eastern Peripateticism and provides a systematic analysis of the metaphysical and intellectual views of its major representatives — Al-Kindi, Al-Farabi, Ibn Sina, Ibn Tufayl, and Ibn Rushd. The research explores the relationship between philosophy and religion, theories of intellect, the process of emanation, and ideas related to social development through comparative and logical analysis. The novelty of the study lies in interpreting the internal evolution of Eastern Peripateticism as a unified conceptual system. The key findings demonstrate the scientifically grounded influence of Peripatetic thought on science, politics, and spiritual life. The study concludes that Eastern Peripateticism served as a leading philosophical school that shaped rational thinking in the Muslim world.

This article examines the moral and methodological criteria employed by Qastalani in presenting hadiths in his work “Sharhi Sahihi Bukhari.” The study emphasizes that Qastalani’s work serves not only as a valuable source in hadith studies but also as an indispensable guide in the moral and educational dimensions

This scholarly article analyzes the influence of neoconservative think tanks on the formation of U.S. national security strategies at the end of the 20th and the beginning of the 21st centuries. Think tanks such as the American Enterprise Institute (AEI), The Heritage Foundation, Project for the New American Century (PNAC) and the Hudson Institute played a crucial role in promoting military supremacy, the spread of global democratic values, the doctrine of preemptive strike and aggressive foreign policy in U.S. foreign affairs. The national security strategies shaped by their analyses exhibit skepticism towards arms control treaties, emphasize counterterrorism, energy security, domestic security, and international security with novel approaches. The article highlights the philosophical and strategic ideas of neoconservative think tanks and their integration into practical policies, illustrating their impact on maintaining U.S. global leadership and ensuring national security.

This article analyzes the system of state administration in the Bukhara Emirate and examines the socio-political, economic, and administrative significance of ranks and positions within its governance structure. The study explores the organizational hierarchy of the Emirate, the activities of representatives of central and local authorities, as well as the role of court officials, provincial governors, and religious figures in state affairs. Based on historical sources and archival documents, the research investigates the stages of formation of the administrative system, the functional responsibilities of officials, and their role in the social stratification of society.

This article examines the legal status of participants in administrative court proceedings through a comparative analysis of major foreign legal models. The study reviews the German, French, Anglo-Saxon, Scandinavian, and Eastern European–Baltic models of administrative justice, focusing on the procedural position of participants and the role of the court in resolving public-law disputes. The article identifies similarities and differences between these models and the administrative court procedure of Uzbekistan. Based on the analysis, it concludes that the administrative justice system of Uzbekistan is closest to the German legal model.

This article analyzes the reforms, modernization processes, and strategic development of Uzbekistan’s oil and gas industry implemented since the early years of independence. The study indicates that the slow introduction of market mechanisms, high domestic consumption, low energy efficiency, the deterioration of the pipeline network, and the limited geography of exports are the main factors hindering the development of the sector.

The current process of globalization in world development has led to changes in humanity's historical thinking and social life. In particular, this shift in thinking has prompted Western scholars to express the view that "the institution of the family is outdated" and that "entirely new values are necessary" for strengthening family relationships. This, in turn, has brought to the forefront the urgent task of identifying conceptual foundations for reinforcing the institution of the family. In this context, it is crucial today to conduct scientific and theoretical research and analysis on instilling the content and essence of values, which are considered the primary means of influencing family stability, into the minds and hearts of young people, as well as examining the transformation of these values.

The article examines the role of information technologies in expanding young people's opportunities for acquiring knowledge, the necessity of guiding youth through virtual networks toward scientific, legal, and cultural literacy, and the issues related to enhancing information culture. Furthermore, it analyzes the development of virtual and online communities, their impact on traditional social structures, the transformation of interpersonal communication culture, and the process of forming ethical and normative values in the digital environment.

This article analyzes the phenomenon of women’s leadership in the context of the sustainable development strategy of the New Uzbekistan. It examines women’s increasing participation in political, economic, and social life, their growing influence in decision-making, and the government’s policies aimed at ensuring gender equality. The study substantiates the strategic importance of women’s leadership as a driving force of social transformation, innovation, and effective governance within Uzbekistan’s new development paradigm.

 In the article, the historical roots of liberal ideas, the views of the world scientists who put them forward, and today's formation and adaptation to the times were separately analyzed and explained.

The article analyzes the tourism potential of historical and cultural heritage sites located in the Fergana Valley. It discusses the impact of archaeological, architectural, and intangible heritage on the regional tourism development, as well as issues of preservation and sustainable use. The findings contribute to defining the scientific and practical directions for developing cultural tourism based on the historical heritage of Fergana Valley cities.

 This article discusses the role and significance of Uzbek folk instruments in the spiritual upliftment of society. Uzbek folk instruments enhance human spirituality, enhance our attitude to, respect for, and pursuit of our national values, and ensure greater knowledge of our national traditions.

This article discusses the development of the language and culture of all nations and ethnic groups living in the Republic of Uzbekistan. Social units of people and their aspects - material, spiritual and political-legal culture - are the main areas of cultural existence. The main links that determine the level of binding and consensuality of social relations between legal subjects, such as equality, justice and freedom, and their guarantee.

This article examines the specific features of shaping civic identity in the context of the “New Uzbekistan.” It compares ethnic and civic approaches to identity formation, highlighting the factors of interethnic harmony, cultural diversity, and legal culture in strengthening civic consciousness. Drawing on the theoretical perspectives of J. Habermas, B. Anderson, and E. Allworth, the paper explains the philosophical and social essence of civic identity. Using the Constitution of Uzbekistan, presidential decrees, and international experiences as examples, the concept of “Uzbekistani” identity is interpreted as a comprehensive and inclusive model of citizenship.

The article analyzes the political and economic environment of the Islamic Republic of Iran in 2025. The study emphasizes that the country is not in a state of classical crisis, but rather in a stage of institutional adaptation and strategic resilience under external sanctions, regional conflicts, and internal discontent. It also examines Iran’s ability to mobilize internal resources and adapt to external constraints through the models of “controlled freedom” and “hybrid governance.” The methods of maintaining stability through economic indicators, human rights practices, and social mitigation mechanisms are explored. Overall, the article evaluates Iran’s current condition not as weakness, but as a process of strategic adaptation while maintaining balance.

The article discusses the distinctive features of the institutions of administrative prejudice and criminal misconduct, which are significant in the liberalization of criminal legislation. It provides a brief overview of the advantages and disadvantages of these two institutions. In this regard, the legislation of foreign countries and the views of research scholars are comparatively analyzed from a legal perspective. Furthermore, administrative prejudice concerning certain offenses and criminal misconducts in the Republic of Uzbekistan are examined based on statistical data. At the conclusion of the study, the author’s opinions and conclusions regarding the introduction of the institution of criminal misconduct into the criminal legislation of the Republic of Uzbekistan are briefly presented.

This article analyzes the issue of preventing gender discrimination in public administration from a socio-historical perspective. It highlights the formation of the principles of human rights, equality, and justice, as well as their influence on the system of public administration. The study analyzes the change in social roles between women and men in historical processes, the evolution of gender equality policy, and the related legal and regulatory framework. Also considered are the directions for improving gender policy in Uzbekistan during the period of independence, its harmonization with international experience, and factors for increasing women's participation in the management system. The article substantiates the role of social consciousness, culture, and upbringing in ensuring gender equality, as well as the need to develop effective mechanisms against discrimination.

This article analyzes the strategic role of project management methodologies in improving the effectiveness of youth policy. It examines the use of Agile, PRINCE2, and PMBOK frameworks in planning, implementing, and evaluating youth-oriented programs. The study evaluates the strengths and weaknesses of each methodology, focusing on flexibility, governance, and standardization.

This paper explores the socio-philosophical dimensions of how historical heritage and cultural values are transmitted to the consciousness of the youth in Uzbekistan. It frames heritage not merely as static material artifacts, but as socially constructed and dynamically reinterpreted elements within collective memory. The study analyzes the complex mechanisms of intergenerational value transmission, including selective appropriation, ideological framing, and media mediation. Particular focus is given to the dangers of excessive idealization and mythologization of history, the romanticized perception of the past, and the resulting detachment from historical accuracy. Additionally, the tension between traditional collectivist norms and modern liberal individualism is critically assessed as part of the identity formation process.

This article analyzes the phenomenon of post-truth in contemporary political processes and the dissemination of disinformation through alternative information streams. It reveals the mechanisms by which digital media, social networks, and alternative platforms influence public consciousness. In addition, factors such as fake news, false narratives, algorithmic filtering, and propaganda are examined for their impact on political communication and citizens’ decision-making processes. The article scientifically assesses the interrelation between post-truth politics, national information security, democratic institutions, and the level of media literacy, emphasizing the need to develop effective countermeasures in this field.

This article examines prestige and significance of the renowned hadith collection Sunan at-Tirmidhi by the eminent muhaddith Abu Isa Muhammad ibn Isa at-Tirmidhi within the science of hadith. It explores the author’s distinctive methodology in compiling and organizing hadiths, his application of the principles of aj-jarh va at-tadil, his approach to determining the level of authenticity of narrations as well as his treatment of jurisprudential issues. Furthermore, the article analyzes the position of Sunan at-Tirmidhi among other canonical hadith collections, scholarly evaluations of the work, and the outcomes of research conducted by scholars on this compilation. The study highlights the contribution of this source to the development of hadith scholarship and underscores its relevance for contemporary academic research.

In this article, the countries of Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan have established cooperation in the field of cinematography, starting from the time of independence. Special attention is paid to cooperation in the development of the art of cinema, the processes of creative exchanges and cultural rapprochement, joint projects in the field of cinematography, agreements between directors and actors of the two countries, film festivals and ties in the field of cinema. The article also outlined the role of the National features of the cinema of Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan and their interaction in the strengthening of cultural integration.

This article analyzes the issues of socio-economic life in the territory of Turkistan–Uzbekistan SSR during the 1920s. It highlights the changes that took place in society following the establishment of Soviet power, the formation of a new socio-economic system, and the processes of national-territorial delimitation. Particular attention is paid to changes in the living standards of the population. In addition, the article examines women’s education and the “Hujum” campaign.

This article explores the interrelation between family values and national interests, focusing on their role in social stability and spiritual development. The study scientifically analyzes sociocultural, psychological, and spiritual aspects of how the family institution contributes to shaping national interests. Based on the documents and concepts of the “New Uzbekistan” era, the paper examines the influence of family values on the realization of national interests.

This article analyzes the sociological characteristics of interethnic relations, integration processes, and forms of cooperation between Uzbek and Kyrgyz ethnic groups in the Namangan region. Through expert surveys, the study examines how different social groups integrate culturally, economically, and communicatively, the factors that shape mutual understanding and cooperation, as well as the stereotypes and social barriers influencing these processes.

This article analyzes the significance of the “Central Asia–China” format as a new framework for regional cooperation encompassing political, economic, and cultural dimensions. The study highlights its pivotal role in accelerating regional integration, developing transport and logistics infrastructure, and strengthening mutual trust and stability. Closely aligned with China’s “Belt and Road Initiative,” this platform provides Central Asian countries with expanded opportunities for economic growth, investment inflows, and innovative collaboration.

Since 1930, the policy of repression has started in our country. This policy continued until the 1950s. Especially 1937-1938 was considered to be the period when the processes of great extermination intensified. During Stalin's reign, the policy of repression reached its peak. Many innocent people suffered on the orders of Stalin. This political and bloody process attracted representatives of all sectors. In addition, some of the writers and poets were exiled to other countries (Belаrus, Siberia, the Far East, and remote regions of Ukraine) under the label of "traitor to the motherland", and some were brutally shot. Their families were separаted from the people. They begаn to be deported to remote areas of Belаrus, Siberia, the Far East and Ukraine.

This study explores how language constructs power, legitimacy, and identity in global conflicts through the lens of Discursive Constructivism. The findings reveal that words such as “freedom,” “security,” “peace,” and “sovereignty” function as ideational tools for constructing moral authority and shaping public perception. By integrating constructivist theory with critical discourse analysis, this paper demonstrates that global power today is not only exercised through coercion but through communication. The study concludes that understanding and managing the politics of meaning is essential for modern diplomacy and conflict transformation.

This article examines the legal nature of unnamed and mixed contracts widely used in the sports industry, their practical significance, and the challenges related to their regulatory framework. It substantiates that agreements such as football player transfers, advertising and image rights contracts, and relations with sports agents do not fully fit into traditional civil law contract categories. A comparative analysis was conducted based on international sports law — including FIFA and UEFA regulations and CAS decisions — as well as the practices of England, the United States, Germany, Japan, and Kazakhstan. In Uzbekistan, sports-related contracts are primarily regulated by the Civil Code, labor legislation, and the internal documents of sports federations; however, the absence of explicit legal norms regarding transfers, image rights, and advertising agreements remains an issue. The study proposes recognizing unnamed and mixed contracts in the sports sector, ensuring the protection of athletes' personal and property interests, and enhancing transparency in contractual relations.

This article examines the essence of tax and financial policy implemented during the Second World War in the Soviet Union, particularly in the Uzbek SSR, and its manifestation in the agrarian sector. It highlights the management of the agricultural economy under wartime conditions, the increase in tax rates, the introduction of new forms of taxation, and the strict enforcement of state procurement. The study also analyzes the impact of labor shortages, the decline in rural incomes, and food scarcity in relation to fiscal policy.

This article explores the social significance of developing environmental education within the system of human–nature relations. It also analyzes the priority tasks of forming environmentally conscious activity based on the advancement of environmental education.

The article highlights the opportunities for accelerating and implementing the development of Central Asian countries by establishing lasting peace in Afghanistan. Existing problems, strategic tasks, and the social, political, and geopolitical characteristics of regional geostrategic cooperation are analyzed scientifically.

The article analyzes, from a philosophical perspective, the impact of technological determinism on human existence. As digital technologies deeply penetrate all spheres of life, the ontological state of the human being—namely, the form of their existence, value, and freedom—is undergoing profound transformation. The autonomous development of technological systems turns humans from active subjects of natural and social processes into passive objects that adapt to technical systems. This situation restricts a person’s ability to understand their own essence, maintain spiritual independence, and preserve stable values. The article provides a philosophical explanation of the ontological crisis arising from technological determinism in the digital environment, as well as the disruption of the balance between humans and technology. The research results justify the need to restore ethical responsibility, freedom, and the balance of human existence in a digital society.

The article highlights the judicial and legal reforms carried out by the Russian Empire in the Turkestan region, as well as the establishment of notary offices in the region and their work. In the second half of the 19th-early 20th centuries, a notary's office was established in the Turkestan General Government and its regulatory framework was introduced.

This article analyzes the theoretical foundations of the concept of legal culture, its place and significance in the life of society, as well as its structural features. The relationship between the main components of legal culture — legal consciousness, legal activity, legal values and the legal environment-is scientifically substantiated. Also covered are social factors affecting the formation and development of legal culture, including the role of legal education, civil society institutions, public

The article examines a little-studied problem in the historiography of the history of Karakalpakstan, which is the problem of studying the economy of Karakalpakstan. The economy of Karakalpakstan, which is of great interest, including research related to the study of the economic history of the Karakalpak people, the emergence and development of industrial enterprises. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, trade in agricultural raw materials became widespread, a division of labor began to form in the cultivation of commercial cotton, and the industry of Karakalpakstan in those years was characterized by the fact that it was part of it. It determined the main directions of the economy and policy of the Russian Empire, since the economy was also focused on the exploitation of natural resources.

This study provides a structural analysis of the overt (official-diplomatic) and covert (political-dynastic) objectives of the 1869 Bukharan embassy to the Russian Empire, dispatched by Emir Muzaffar. This research argues that the embassy was not merely an act to normalize diplomatic relations, but a complex strategic maneuver by the Emir to fundamentally alter the succession system within the Emirate of Bukhara through political legitimation from an external patron—the Russian Empire. The study employs historical-comparative, systematic, and critical source analysis methodologies. Its primary source base is the 1869 Russian periodical press, as compiled by V. I. Mezhov in the 27th volume of the Turkestan Collection (Turkestanskiy Sbornik). The analysis reveals that the 1869 embassy pursued a dual strategic objective: first, to formalize vassalage relations with Russia in the new geopolitical reality following the 1868 military defeat; second, to neutralize internal opposition from rebellious elder sons and to secure imperial legitimation for the status of a loyal younger son, Sayyid Abdulfattoh Tura, as heir apparent. This action by Emir Muzaffar demonstrates the limited political agency of a vassal ruler and serves as a prime example of leveraging imperial power to secure dynastic interests. Concurrently, it signified a transfer of the basis of legitimacy for the Bukharan throne from traditional internal mechanisms to an external political center: St. Petersburg.

Through the thinking of Sufi Alloyor, the qualities of the prophet are described in a poetic and artistic way through the information contained in the hadiths. The article philosophically analyzes the information of the scholar about the lives of the prophet. The study reveals the stronger influence of poetic description on the reader than prose description in characterizing the prophet.

The article on this topic is fully and comprehensively covered by the author. The main place is given to information on strengthening society and family. Returning to our identity, honoring our national traditions is revealed as an ancient value. The role of family and society in the life path of young people building their spiritual life and future, as well as opinions on improving their living conditions are covered. It was also emphasized that the family plays a major role in the failure to achieve the expected level of development of society under the influence of negative evils, in the creation of forces that slow down its development and lead to a crisis. Because an unhealthy family, incompetent and conflict families, an increase in the number of divorces cause various economic and social damage to society. It is analyzed based on the results of statistics on aggression, violence, discrimination and violation of women's rights, early marriages and early births.

this article describes the result of the experiments and practices of eastern allomas in the exact sciences, including physics, mathematics, astronomy, and its contribution to the field of education of medieval European states, studied by Turkish historiographers and also by European scientists.

In the 19th century, Central-Asiatic region has a special strategic significance and a political map. In this period, the region became the center of geopolitical rivalry between the British and Russian empires - political warfare, known in history as the "Big Game". The main goal of British colonial policy is to protect India from Russian influence and strengthen its economic and political position in Central Asia. V state na osnove istoricheskih istochnikov analiziruetsya politicheskaya deyatelnost Anglii v Tsentralnoy Azii v XIX veke, process ustanovleniya diplomaticheskikh otnosheniy s Bukharskih emiratom, a takje deyatelnost britanskoy razvedki v regione.

The following article analyzes the role of the principle of proportionality in the application of procedural coercive measures in criminal proceedings. It examines the essence of this principle, its expression in law, its application in practice, and the problems in this regard. It also discusses ways to protect human rights, increase the efficiency of investigations, and ensure a fair trial by ensuring the principle of proportionality.

This article analyzes the role of human capital in the economic, social, and cultural development of individuals and society. The article also shows the practical results of human capital development using the experience of countries such as Finland, Singapore, and South Korea.

This article covers the socio-philosophical views of Allama Abdurauf Fitrat on marriage. The analyses of Fitrat's work "Family Management Procedures" on the concept of marriage, the procedure for concluding a marriage, its conditions, and the religious necessity were studied. The fact that the problems presented in the work were a hundred years ago and are still problems of today calls for improving the concepts of marriage. This means that it is necessary to study the conditions of concluding a marriage in more depth. Comparative analytical methodology plays a key role in studying Firtat's socio-philosophical views on marriage. It was noted that concluding a marriage as a social phenomenon is a necessity for society. The conclusions and comparative analyses of 100 years ago were analyzed from a civilizational perspective.

This article is devoted to the problems of the personnel system in the general secondary education system in the Kashkadarya region after World War II, as well as the attitude towards the education sector.

The scientific article reveals the relevance of youth problems in the context of globalization processes in the world. It is shown that the issue of youth is in the center of attention of our country that based on official documents - laws, decisions, reports of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan. The article shows the issue of youth parliamentary and their international participation in this direction. Reports are given about the creation of a new system in our country for the purpose of stimulating youth initiatives and strengthening their motivation in the last five years. It was noted that our state is paying special attention to the issue of raising the potential of personnel in the field of training IT programmers. In addition, the article accomplishes the role of the “Mahalla” in the attraction of talented young people to science and the education of tolerance in young people based on accurate facts.

Every person can achieve spiritual and economic perfection by effectively using their abilities. If there is a large proportion of these abilities at the national level, society will achieve greatness in all aspects.

For this reason, there are challenges that need to be addressed in developing human capital in our country. Why, for so many years, has human capital, its importance, and its power not been properly appreciated in our country? This has led to the emergence of a social class that lacks its own opinion, hasn't found its own path, and lacks confidence in its own abilities.