This article is about the bilingual “Uzbek-Turkish Dictionary” (“Özbek Türkçesi-Türkiye Türkçesi. Sözlük”), which was recently published by the Nobel Publishing House (Republic of Turkey) and contains more than forty thousand words, terms and expressions, which is intended to a certain extent, satisfy the needs of users in the process of studying the Turkish language in our country and the Uzbek language in Turkey, written and oral translation from Uzbek into Turkish and from Turkish into Uzbek, and the article also emphasizes that conducting scientific research on such dictionaries in the future will make a significant contribution to the development of lexicography. The article also objectively shows the achievements of the dicti­o­na­ry and the shortcomings made during compilation, which need to be taken into account in the future, in new editions of this dictionary, constructive suggestions and recommendations are given.

This article presents a lexical analysis of homonyms formed by affixation in Hindi. Homonyms are words that sound the same but have different meanings and are a common phenomenon in all languages. Affixation is the addition of affixes to base words to create new words or change the meaning of existing words. In the Hindi context, affixation is an efficient process that leads to the formation of homonyms. The purpose of this study is to study the patterns and features of the formation of homonyms by affixation in Hindi. For this purpose, an extensive dictionary of Hindi words was compiled and the process of affixation was systematically analyzed. The results show that affixation is a major factor in the formation of homonyms in Hindi, with some affixes forming more homonyms than others. Moreover, this study also explores the semantic relationships between different meanings of homonyms formed by affixation in Hindi. It has been established that some homonyms have unrelated meanings, while others have similar meanings, depending on the process of affixation. Overall, this study contributes to our understanding of the role of affixation in the formation of homonyms in Hindi. By studying the patterns and features of these homonyms, we can get an idea of ​​the basic word-formation processes of word formation in Hindi and their semantic changes.

An individual approach, a combination of different methods and constant practical application will help you memorize musical terms in Persian more effectively. The association method of learning musical terms in Persian may involve making connections between terms and associations specific to the Persian culture or language. For example, using associations with national instruments, melodies, or even characteristic sounds of the Persian nature can improve the memory and understanding of musical terms.

In linguistics, especially in Afghan linguistics, the distinction between copulative compounds has scientific and practical significance. The question of the boundaries of this division requires the definition of a clear criterion. An analysis of the works of Afghan linguists shows that copulative units in Pashto do not differ from each other and clear criteria for their differentiation have not been developed. Determining their differences effectively influences the process of lexicographic research and translation. For this reason, it is appropriate to distinguish copulative compound words according to phonetic, morphological and semantic characteristics. This article examines the semantic criteria of copulative compound words based on an analysis of theoretical views on the topic and classification of the collected factual material.

This article deals with the great afford of poet-translator, Sergei Nikolaevich Ivanov, who made enormous contribution to the development of art of translation. S.N. Ivanov was one of the researchers who did the translation of the works of great Turkic poet. Sergei Nikolaevich Ivanov let people to know the original meaning of Alisher Navoi’s aphorisms and sayings. This poet- translator published numerous translations from ancient Turkic languages, Azerbaijani, Tatar, Turkish, Turkmen, Uzbek and Old Uzbek, also from the Persian and Tajik languages. The works of Sergei Nikolaevich Ivanov are still relevant in the field of studying linguistics and translation theory.

The given article is dedicated to homonyms in Chinese language and in dictionary of Kuraishi, which was created by Japanese professor T. Kuraishi. In general linguistics, method of the study of homonyms with dictionaries is widely used. The study materialof quantitative composition and character of homonyms was dictionary “Ivanami Tu: gokuo ziten” – phonetic Chinese-Japanese dictionary, released by publishing office “Ivanami” in Tokio in 1972, with overall quantity of 37 thousand words. In the article, characteristics of the dictionary is given in details and the fact that it can be used as a study material in researches about Chinese linguistics is taken into account.

The Persian language has an ancient history and an influential presence in "Mawara-al-Nahr", and especially in current Uzbekistan. A manifestation of this presence can be seen in Place names(toponymy) with Persian roots. Toponymsare place names that have been created throughout history and used to refer to different places. In toponymy, the scientific study of these names is carried out from a historical, geographical, linguistic, etc. point of view. Considering the importance of this point of view in new linguistic research and given the high frequency of Persian place names in the country of Uzbekistan, in this study these place names were examined from the point of view of linguistic construction. First, the names of cities and villages were identified, in which a morpheme or word with Persian roots was identified, and then its grammatical structure was clarified in the structural categories of simple (including free morpheme), compound, derivative and derived-complex names. In this study, we deal little with the history of the development of vocabulary and its historical forms, and given the scope of the topic, most of the words common today were considered.

As a result, it was found that the Persian language had a special influence on the construction of toponyms in this country, and among these toponyms, various linguistic structures are predominantly visible in the structure of compound nouns, derivatives and derived-compound names.

This article provides information about the history of writing the work “Tawarihi Guzida - Nusratnama”, its copies and the author. Research conducted abroad and in Uzbekistan on the study of historical works, especially written sources, is listed. In particular, the opinions of scientists who studied the work “Tawarihi Guzida - Nusratnama” and their scientific works were expressed. Differences between studies are shown and important aspects are described

We can say that the numerals in Pashto represents one of the grammatical indicators that have not yet been fully formed. For this reason, some Pashto linguists have added it to the adjective category. In the literature on Pashto grammar, the spelling and even pronunciation of numerals differ markedly. Although it is true that this phenomenon is formed under the direct influence of existing dialects of the language, it requires a full scientific and research justification, a search for answers to many open questions within the framework of this topic.In this article, some issues related to the function ofordinal numbers in Pashto language will be taken under analyze.

This article will focus on the development of society, on solutions and problems of neologisms that denote new things and concepts that arise in connection with the demand and need in life. The novelty of neologisms is noticeable only in those moments when they first appeared: Over time, they lose their "novelty" and usually become active words. For example, in the Persian language, for a number of years, such new words as الرمینال [terminal], آدرس [address], کاتلوگ [kotologue] and many others have been widely used

This article highlights the purpose and main tasks of compiling a multilingual academic dictionary of Turkic languages in 20 languages, 18 of which are Turkic, and 2 are European languages. The author describes the main features, structure and priorities of this dictionary, intended for linguists, researchers, teachers, translators, journalists, media workers, students, postgraduates and doctoral students.

In Uzbek linguistics, not a single article or brochure has been created on the influence of words on health.

We need to determine how a word, as a separate lexical unit, expresses feelings in a semantic structure. To do this, we should once again turn to the psychological study of emotions, but we will focus on other aspects of the problem. First of all, when we talk about emotions, we must remember that this is a very complex phenomenon that cannot be directly observed. This article will focus on these aspects.

The article is devoted to the study of the status of the adverb as a special part of speech in modern pashto. Adverbs include indeclinable, inconjugate and inconsistent words that are adjacent to a verb, adjectives and derivatives from them (for example, the same adverbs) and act in the syntactic function of a qualitative definition or adverbial relation. Regarding the semantic features of the circumstance of the manner of action, it is worth noting that it is always an adverb in a sentence. It is argued that they are correlative with nouns, adjectives, verbs, pronouns and numerals. The categorical semantics of an adverb is the ability to express a sign of an action or a sign of a property

In the Pashto language, adverbs are semantically divided into the following groups: place, method and mode of action, measure and degree, purpose, time.

This article briefly describes the role of the works of Mahmud al-Zamakhshari in the literary environment of Khorezm, confessions about Mahmud az-Zamakhshari in the Arabic fiction of Khorezm. Mahmoud al-Zamakhshari is recognized not only in the science of tafsir, an expert in the Arabic language, rhetoric and eloquence, literary writing and poetry, as an example of his work "Nawabigul Kalim" and other articles. In addition, based on the works of Zamakhshari "Maqamot" and "Makolot", the finer aspects of the rhetoric of Arabic literature, his mastery of the creation of words and his impeccable dedication to the art of word formation are highlighted. This article presents new scientific information about the correct understanding and interpretation of the literary heritage of Mahmud al-Zamakhshari.

In the study “Positive and Negative Aspects of Using Japanese Native Speakers as Teachers,” the authors analyzed the influence of this teaching method on the process of mastering the Japanese language at the initial stage of learning.  The work examines in detail the advantages and disadvantages of this approach, paying attention to the effectiveness and limitations of this method.  The main positive aspects include more natural communication, a deep understanding of linguistic characteristics and cultural contexts.  At the same time, negative aspects were identified, such as possible difficulties in interpreting grammatical rules, differences in teaching methods and understanding the individual needs of students.  The paper offers recommendations for optimizing Japanese language teaching using native speakers as teachers in order to achieve optimal results for students.

Language and thought have a remarkable interaction that one can refer to the other to investigate. Among the different dimensions of language, the types of words and among the words, verbs are the place of action, documents or expression of the relationships of the components in speech, existential, behavioral and mental forms. Persian verbs have many changes in their historical course. Such a point comes from the experiences of Iranians and their interactions with diverse cultures. In the Iraqi style, sixth to tenth century, the construction of the current groups reaches its peak. Both the historical background of Persian has a unique power and the progress in the transmission sciences with the experience of Sufi speech gives the language special layers of meaning and structure. Among the poets and writers, Saadi is one of those who benefit from all the capabilities of the current group. In Saadi's words, the Arabic verb serves the Persian intellectual system. The types of verbs with the morphological part of the verb give new meanings. With the help of verbs and sentence syntax, a layer of irony and metaphor is made. Music expands in verb types.

This article discusses some of the changes in the terminology of Sufism during its formation and development, as well as the factors that influenced its formation. The expansion of the process and development of Sufism literature, which began with the Quran and hadiths of the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him), the emergence of religious mazhabism and its historical correlations, the peculiarities of the history of Sufism in the Irfon stage, the emergence of the Khojagon doctrine, which became one of the most important factors in the formation of Sufism terminology in Central Asia, the spread of the Yassawi doctrine, the influence of the modern Naqshbandi movement after the 17th century (Mujaddidism movement), and the emergence of the Qalandar doctrine. In addition, terms of Persian literary space, Sufi terms in works of fiction and their translations into foreign languages are used.

The studies in this article show that most of the words in the Quran have Babylonian and Mesopotamian origins. Many of these words are in the field of astronomy. In this article, it has been shown with Qur'anic evidences how the astronomical ideas of the Mesopotamia civilization were reflected in the Qur'an through the passage of the words included in the Qur'an. The results of the investigations in this article indicate that the seven heavens do not have a reality outside of this visible sky, and the septification of the visible sky goes back to the astronomical thoughts of the Mesopotamia people. They considered the seven heavens to be layers of the same sky in which the seven bodies of the Moon, Mercury, Venus, Sun, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn flow in order.

Lexicology is one of the main areas of linguistics that studies the vocabulary of a language. This article discusses current problems and prospects for lexicological research. One of the key problems is the study of lexical units of different languages and their relationships, as well as the analysis of changes in the lexicon as a result of language evolution. Researchers pay attention to the influence of sociocultural factors on the lexical system of a language, as well as the interaction of vocabulary with other language levels. Within the framework of promising areas of research in lexicology, studies of new lexical phenomena, such as neologisms and archaisms, their functioning and impact on language practice are highlighted. Also important are studies of lexical semantics and word structure, as well as the relationships between vocabulary and culture.

In general, lexicology remains one of the most important areas of linguistic research, since the lexical composition of a language reflects the mentality and culture of the people. Awareness of current problems and prospects for research in lexicology is necessary for a deeper understanding of linguistic phenomena and their functioning.

The topic of this article is devoted to a comparative analysis of synonyms in Uzbek and Hindi languages. Synonyms are widely used in all languages. Synonyms express various characteristics of things, events and persons that they express, and on their basis words with additional meanings are formed. Indian linguists define Hindi synonyms as words with similar meanings. Synonyms occupy a special place in the vocabulary of the Hindi language. Synonyms help avoid repetition of words and the use of the same words in the text. Words belonging to Sanskrit, Arabic, Persian languages and English have created new synonyms and further enriched the vocabulary of the Hindi language. A comparative analysis of synonyms, their types and structural structures in the Uzbek and Hindi languages was carried out.

This article is the dictionary of Nazir Ali Sayyid “Lo‘g‘ate cheg‘atoyi be forsi”  which is stored in the “Ketobxone-ye majles-e sho‘ro-ye melli” library of Iran under the inventory number 85417 and the chegatoy and  devoted to the description of common words in Persian languages. The work was completely preserved and brought to the library in 1382 AH. The book is 22x12 cm in size and has 79 pages. The first chapter of this dictionary is devoted to homonymous and polysemous words and their analysis, which prove how rich and colorful the lexicon of the Chigatoi language is. In the process of analyzing the meanings of the words, Alisher Navoi’s works were widely used. At the same time, both languages were actively used and examples were not used to explain words familiar to the public.

This paper investigates the effectiveness of incorporating folk literature, specifically proverbs and their associated stories, into Persian language instruction. Grounded in the principle of language acquisition through cultural immersion, the study explores how proverbs serve as a rich resource for enhancing various language skills.The research employs Dr. Zolfaqari's collection of Persian proverbs as a teaching tool. By analyzing these proverbs and their narratives, the study demonstrates how instructors can cultivate:Reading comprehension and fluency, Proficiency in translation, Understanding of cultural customs and traditions. Following each story, the proposed method incorporates critical thinking exercises that encourage students to delve deeper into the purpose of proverb selection. Additionally, practical exercises solidify comprehension of the proverbs' appropriate contextual usage.This analytical-applied research includes a sample worksheet showcasing the method's application. The ultimate goal is to develop a comprehensive teaching resource based on this methodology, catering to both Persian and non-Persian learners. The study underlines the potential of proverbs as a valuable tool for language acquisition and offers transferable insights applicable to other linguistic and cultural contexts.

The article analyzes the origin of quantitative and qualitative phonetic changes specific to the stage of the Sugdian Middle Iranian language, and the practical cases of historical ancestral sound units in the Sugdian language.

In the article, explanatory dictionaries with notes on Dari language grammar are systematically studied. From this it can be seen that the study of the Dari language was carried out not only in Movarounnahr and Khurasan, but also in India. Authors of dictionaries covered various aspects of Dari linguistics. Through this, it is possible to draw a conclusion about the stages of the history of Dari linguistics.

In this article, the creation of a vocabulary of synonyms for primary grades is studied in Russian linguistics. In the history of linguistics, there is talk about the traditions of creating a dictionary. The article analyzes the pedagogical conditions for enriching the vocabulary of elementary school students. Training is carried out on the basis of organization of work with linguistic dictionaries, their practical application, use in working with young people. The educational dictionary of synonyms for schoolchildren increases the efficiency of lexicographic work, develops the vocabulary of students.

Verbs differ from other groups of words in that they have different complex forms. One of the most common analytical forms in verbs are compound verbs. This linguistic unit is divided into two according to the situation of use in the context: compound verbs in the contact state and compound verbs in the remote state. This article, based on materials from the work “Gulistan” explains the linguistic functions of compound verbs in frame position.

In this article, some information about computational linguistics, some current problems in this computational linguistics and their solutions are discussed. Information about the working principle of computer linguistics and its special aspects is also provided. Also known as natural language processing (NLP), linguistics, computer science, and artificial intelligence (AI) are covered. Also discussed are language understanding, language generation, text processing and analysis, machine translation, speech recognition and synthesis Natural Language Understanding (NLU) and Natural Language Generation (NLG), dialog systems and conversational agents. This article also covers statistical and symbolic approaches, deep learning and neural models, language generation and understanding, real-world applications of multilingual and cross-linguistic NLP.

Every nation collects its life experiences to forward to future generations. Idioms are passed on from generation to generation. Phrases, proverbs, and sayings are formed and learned among the population, and after being generated in the spoken language, they are expressed in written form.

This article compares Chinese and Persian expressions, proverbs, and sayings. Some idioms, proverbs, and sayings can be translated verbatim, and some cannot be understood when translated verbatim. Therefore, we must turn to bilingual dictionaries or interpret historical stories of their origin and find out what they mean and their alternatives.

Among the Turkish manuscripts, the Tarjumon Turkish manuscript, which embodies the tradition of Turkish lexicography, published in the 14th century, created in the Arabic alphabet of the Turkic peoples and preserved today in the Leiden Library of the Netherlands, is described in this article.

In this article, Persian explanatory dictionaries created in India during the time of Zahiruddin Muhammad Bobur and the Bobur dynasty, including the famous work of his time "Giyas-ul-lugat" among the lexicographical sources, and the common Turkish and other languages ​​in it, in particular, we talk about Turkish words borrowed from Chinese, Mongolian, Arabic, and Persian languages. The article also talks about the structure of "Giyas-ul-lugat", its publications and its author Muhammad Giyasuddin. The article focuses on the etymology of Turkish words in the dictionary and the fact that they also contain words found in the modern Uzbek literary language and its dialects. The lexicographer also shows the criteria for determining which language each word belongs to. In particular, he expresses his opinions about the origin depending on the source from which it was taken, the participation of the letters in it.

This article focuses on the stylistic features of the phrase used in "Guliston" by the famous Iranian writer and poet Saadi Shirazi. The article analyzes the semantics, structure and composition of the phrase. During the analysis of examples, their additional topics will be covered. Some phrases that have undergone changes are defined as phenomena of speech, some of which gradually move from a contextual phenomenon to a phenomenon of language. This shows that language, including literary language, is a process of phrase development.

This article discusses the formation and development of economic terms in the Persian language until the beginning of the twentieth century, which has become a system of well- regulated terms used in public speaking or written sources, today's requirements.

The article talks about the issue of "wajhi tasmiya" (etymology) in "Burhoni qote'". A group of words is mentioned in Burhoni qote', and along with their explanation, the basic meaning, i.e. etymology, is clarified as much as possible. Of course, determining the etymology of words does not correspond to the requirements of modern linguistic science, and the author acted on the basis of the level of understanding of his time and the standards of the linguistic science of that time. In this work, along with the use of scientific terms and adherence to the directions of modern linguistics, it is also possible to see the approach to the principles of folk etymology. But in any case, in the process of studying the etymology and history of some words, Muahmadhusayn Burhan thoroughly and perfectly mastered the various sciences of his time, he was able to reflect his lexicographical experience and encyclopedic knowledge of his time in his work, the famous dictionary of his time. we are sure that it is one of the atnavis. The above points are explained in the article with examples.

this article presents the issue of abbreviation, which has not been researched by Afghan scholars either in Afghanistan itself or in other foreign countries, the history and extent of its use in the Dari press, and the situation of phonetic changes of adopted abbreviations. 'reviewed and researched. To study this topic, articles in newspapers published in the Dari language were used as a source. This article is the first introduction to this topic.

This article focuses on innovative education, the benefits of innovative education, the development of students' linguistic competencies through the use of innovative technologies.

Nizamiddin Mir Alisher Navoi is an artist of words who created the spiritual image of the Turkic people with his eternal works and his unique genius in the history of world thought, and whose noble ideas he glorified in his works have not lost their importance to this day. This great genius, who used more than 26,000 words in his creative heritage, has been surprising the people of the world for more than five centuries with the deep philosophical observation of his works, the wide range of meanings and the boundless sea of ​​eloquence in his poetic heritage. It is difficult to find another artist whose works are as widespread as Alisher Navoi, whose books are kept in almost every corner of the world. In the last years of Hazrat Navoi's life, a dictionary was created for the language of his works, which is a clear example of the great interest in his work. One of such rare dictionaries is "Bahjat ul-lugat" in Chigatoy-Persian, compiled by Fathali Qajar Qazvini based on the works of Navoi in the 19th century. In this article, the Tehran manuscript copy of the dictionary is analyzed, the history of the dictionary's writing, its components, the order of giving words in the dictionary, the total number of words, the order of giving examples from Navoi's works, Turkish, Arabic, Persian and Mongolian words in the dictionary, as well as interesting information about geography, history, ethnography is provided.

The article provides analytical information about creation of linguistic, lexicographic, phrases, proverbs, dictionaries of scientific and technical terms, fields of application, and the earliest dictionaries created in the Arabic language. The basics of the creation of dictionaries created by the Babylonians, Assyrians, Greeks, Romans, Indians, and Chinese are described in detail.

Dictionaries written in Persian between the 15th and 18th centuries constitute a significant source of information for the study of the Old Uzbek language. A considerable number of these dictionaries are devoted to the study of the language of Mir Alishir Navayi, an eminent figure in Uzbek literature. Among the philological works, Mirza Mehdi Khan’s dictionary “Sanglakh” with a grammatical essay “Mabani’l-Lughat” (“Basics of the Language”) is of particular note. This is the first valuable and, in comparison with others, more polished and reliable work on the grammar of the Old Uzbek language.

The article provides an overview of Mehdi Khan's grammatical system and presents an analysis of the grammatical material of “Mabani’l-Lughat”. The essay is divided into three sections: a preface, a grammar section, and six sections, or bases, which describe various grammatical forms and phenomena. The study of the grammatical material of “Mabani’l-Lughat” is of great importance in solving a number of problematic issues related to the history of the Uzbek language and for compiling a historical grammar of the Uzbek language.

There are five modes of word formation in Persian language which participate in the formation of computer lexicon of Persian language with different degrees of productivity. Although nominal semi-affixation is represented by few semi-affixes, but it has made some contribution in the formation of computer lexicon. Verbal semi-affixation is one of the word-formation models of modern Persian language that replenishes the terminological lexicon of the language. The verbal semi-affixes are the present and past bases of almost any simple verb, which can be combined with various parts of speech. This paper analyzes the productivity of the semi-affixation method in the creation of computer lexicon of Persian. Noun and verb semi-affixes involved in the creation of equivalents to denote concepts related to information technology are studied.

In this article, the nominative meanings of Persian lexemes دل [del] and سر [sar] in translation and explanatory dictionaries were considered. The sentences with these meanings from the sources were analyzed. As a result of the research, the participation of these lexemes in the composition of words, the phenomenon of meaning transfer was studied, and it was determined that these lexemes manifest the phenomenon of meaning expansion.

A number of studies have been conducted on the two types of affixoids in modern Persian: nominal and verbal affixoids. On the issue of affixoids, Uzbek and Russian scholars of Iranian studies, as well as Iranian linguists, have different opinions.

As a result of our research, we discovered in the works of the classical Persian period many words formed using verbal and nominal affixoids. It must be said that Alisher Navoi, who wrote in classical Persian, used words with Persian affixoids in his works in the Turkic language. One of these works is “Khamsa”.

The article analyzes lexemes formed with Persian nominal and verbal affixoids, which are synonyms. As a result of the research, when such verbal affixoids as -fišān (-afšān), -rēz, -pāš form words give the meaning “scattering”, “shedding” and are considered synonyms. It has also been observed that nominal suffixoids such as -gun, -fām, -raŋ mean “color”, “similarity” and become synonyms when build a word. This study also presented the frequency of occurrence of lexemes in Khamsa formed using the above-mentioned affixoids.

Language, as a product of activity, is a progressive criterion, a certain historical norm, passing from century to century, keeping pace with the development of society. Almost no scientific research has been carried out in the Uzbek language on the subject of counting words in the Persian language. The created scientific literature on the Persian language is also in Russian and English, and they mainly analyze the grammar and lexicology of the Persian language. In this article, the issues of thematic classification of lexemes related to calculation words in Persian are analyzed. Such studies are important in determining the extent to which account words are studied in Iranian linguistics, and the appropriate use of account words.

This article deals with the concordance of the works of Alisher Navoi, the linguistic features, artistic aspects of his works, the socio-philosophical views of the poet, and the spiritual and educational value. The article also discusses stylistic issues, in particular, perfect frequency and explanatory dictionaries of the vocabulary of Navoi’s works, and notes that the concordance serves as the main source for creating an encyclopedia and conducting new research.

This review article explores the impact of foreign language teaching on the lexicons of local languages. It synthesizes theoretical perspectives and empirical evidence to examine vocabulary enrichment, semantic shifts, grammatical changes, and sociocultural implications. While foreign language instruction can lead to linguistic borrowing and cultural exchange, it also poses challenges such as linguistic erosion and cultural hegemony. Strategies for balancing linguistic diversity and cultural sustainability are discussed, highlighting the importance of inclusive language policies and innovative pedagogical approaches.

the аrticle is devoted to the study of the regularities of language acquisition and the organization of linguistic and language teaching methods of modern methodological science. Scientists with concepts of linguistics and methodology expressed a different attitude. The article substantiates the need for effective use of the laws and methods of linguistics and methods of teaching the Persian language to students who entered the system of language education as an independent science.

This article discusses and compares the emergence and development stages of lexicography in different nations. Also, it discusses the oldest dictionaries, their importance, the emergence of the first dictionaries in the lexicography of European and Turkic peoples, the factors of their emergence, methods of dictionary construction, location, features, differences; as well as it also contains information about the great scholars who contributed to lexicography, the stages of development of dictionaries in later periods, and dictionaries today. At the same time, there is given an opinion about the role of the 20th century in the history of Uzbek lexicography and many terminological dictionaries, educational and spelling dictionaries, bilingual and trilingual dictionaries, which served different purposes in this period.

The encounter and contact between Arabs and Iranians during the Sassanid period before Islam was very close. The land of Hirah, one of the Arab countries, was under the influence of Iranians for a long time and became a center for the spread of Iranian culture. Arthur Jeffrey believes that there are evidences that show that the art of writing spread from Hirah to other parts of the Arabian Peninsula, and therefore the influence of Iranians and Iranian culture was felt not only in Mesopotamia but in all of Arabia. Based on the verses of the Quran, this book was revealed in Arabic. Undoubtedly, the Qur'an was a watcher of its audience at the time of its revelation. This research has investigated the Persian words mentioned in the Qur'an with a descriptive-analytical method. From the categories made in this research, it was found that the highest frequency of Persian words in the Qur'an deals with the description of heaven and the people of heaven.

The article examines the terminology of the “Academy” that has developed in Arab countries, Turkey and Iran. The contribution of the language policy of each country to the creation of the term in these countries, the general and various aspects of these “Academies” are analyzed. The factors behind the emergence of 7 language academies in Arab countries and the limits of the use of the terms they created, the creation of "coordination bureaus" created to control these language academies, the language policy that began in Turkey in the "Turkish Language Establishment of the 1930s" and created in terms, 3 language academies that existed in Iran from 1936 to the present are analyzed, and their creativity in creating terms.

This article is about the positive and negative aspects of the characters of Iranian folk tales, animals, including legends, stories, fairy tales, epics, dialects, proverbs, stories, storytellers, roosters, rabbits, foxes, wolves, and hawks. is spoken. In those times, professional storytellers (or storytellers) who narrated examples of fiction also used terms in local dialects. The virtues and vices characteristic of some people in the society of the Persian, Dari and Tajik peoples are defined through these myths and the behavior of animals.

Both the Uzbek language and the Indian language have many borrowed words in their vocabulary, and today these words are actively used in social, political, cultural and other aspects of life. This situation is more evident in the mass media of the countries. Among the adopted words, there are those that have become so embedded in the life of the people that it is impossible to notice that they came from another language. In this article, some of the appropriations used in the media space of India and Uzbekistan are analyzed and classified with the help of examples taken from the sources.

The article talks about the writing culture, the cases in its history of the Timurid era, when Turkic-Uighur and Arabic scripts were used side by side (parallel). In particular, the position of the Turkic-Uyghur script is no less than the Arabic script, and a large number of state documents from those times are written in two different scripts: the labels of Temur Qutlugh, Abu Said, Fatih Mehmed are written in the Turkic-Uyghur script. An analysis of the fact that the series was transcribed in Arabic script, and the geography and chronology of the official texts in the blue Turkish script that were found before it, is presented. These documents are significant because they were written in different regions of the Central Asian region from the time before AD to the 9th century AD, which means that the blue Turkish alphabet was the state script of the Turkish khanates at that time. it is revealed to bring.

This article conducts a lexicological investigation of tolerance in Turkish-speaking communities from the perspectives of language and culture. The article analyzes how the concept of tolerance is reflected in language through lexical choices, semantic nuances, and discourse patterns, as well as how cultural norms influence the linguistic expression of tolerance in the Turkish language. The relationship between language and identity is also examined in terms of tolerance, as well as the impact of linguistic practices such as code-switching on intercultural communication. The article also discusses the role of language education in shaping tolerance and intercultural competence, as well as strategies for promoting linguistic awareness and sensitivity to diversity.

In Persian and Dari, the voice category of the verb, encompassing the majority of other categories, with the exception of the imperative mood and certain verb tenses. Voice denotes a range of relationships between the subject and the object of action, which are expressed through the verb or other, particularly lexical means. In Modern Persian and Dari, there are two forms of voice: the active and the passive. The approach of Iranian and Afghan authors to the category of the voice is ambiguous, primarily because the voice as the main grammatical category of the verb is absent in most grammatical descriptions and is not designated by a special term. The article highlights the peculiarities of the active and the passive voice, their use, and the problem of two-voice verbs. It is shown that other collateral meanings are expressed by lexical means. The article analyses the factors that contribute to the selection of verb collocations in these languages.

This article discusses modern approaches to compiling Persian dictionaries. The current state of lexicography of the Persian language, the basic principles and methods of working on dictionaries, as well as current trends in this area are considered.

The article reveals the features of discourse analysis based on M.Holliday’s system-functional theory. Also brief information about the development of systemic functional linguistics, its representatives and the importance of this branch of linguistics is given. The importance of the theory of systemic functional linguistics in the discourse analysis of artistic work is discussed. Founder of the theory of systemic functional linguistics is Michael Holliday. In English-language scientific literatures, one can find terms that refer to the concept: “systemic grammar”, “system functional linguistics”, “systemic functional grammar”, “systemic linguistics”.

The research focuses on learning Iranian influence in Indonesia in culture, language and literature area and the research is based on comparative method.

In first paragraph we analyzed the Persian presence in Indonesia. Iranian influence occurred in Indonesian culture, also language and beliefs since the period islamization.

To study two languages specific points comparatively will effect fruitful result of the research as well as can be a good manual for the new-learners.

We analyzed the Persian loanwords semantically. In result it is obvious that many of the Persian loanwords are used widely, actively by Indonesian society, whereas few of them are used in limited spheres, as Indonesian society mostly use the equivalent or synonym of those words. We observed semantic changes on Persian loanwords such as semantic expansion, restriction as well as semantic amelioration.

Persian culture and language influenced not only in culture or language of Indonesia, but in literature life also. As we studied, there are some scholars, poets who wrote their works, novels, poems inspired by Persian literature.