This article analyzes the main problems that arise in the process of studying the terminology of legal texts using parallel corpora, as well as ways to eliminate them. International and local legal documents, along with their translations into Uzbek, Russian, and English, were selected as the research material. The article identifies urgent issues such as terminological discrepancies, syntactic complexity, the problem of low-resource languages, and translator subjectivity. It also proposes practical solutions, including creating glossaries, strengthening cooperation with expert specialists, using automated corpus analysis tools, and developing new parallel corpora. The results of the study show that effective use of parallel corpora significantly expands the possibilities for accurate, consistent, and reliable research of legal terminology.

Criminological lexicon is a specialized layer of language used in scientific and practical fields related to legislation, law enforcement, and the study of criminality. This article is dedicated to analyzing the semantic, morphological, and stylistic features of the criminological lexicon. The study identifies the influence of borrowed words from English, Turkish, Persian, Arabic, and Russian on the formation of this terminology. It also discusses the importance of contextual and pragmatic factors in the use of the lexicon. Special attention is given to the systematization, etymology, and functional features of lexical units found in Uzbek legal documents and academic texts. The article is intended for philologists, criminologists, and specialists in lexicography, and it contributes to the formation, development, and adaptation of Uzbek and English criminal terminology to the needs of society.                                                                                                                                                                          

This article is devoted to the study of the processes of formation, translation methods and linguistic features of computer terminology in modern Chinese. The results show that the semantic translation method prevails in the formation of computer terminology in Chinese, which is closely related to the hieroglyphic structure and cultural characteristics of the Chinese language. The study contributes to understanding the relationship between global trends in the formation of modern technological terminology and the specific characteristics of national languages.

This article presents a comparative linguoculturological analysis of symmetry and asymmetry in English and Uzbek literary texts. Symmetry and asymmetry are examined not only as stylistic and structural devices but also as culturally significant phenomena reflecting national worldviews. The analysis focuses on syntactic parallelism, repetition, inversion, semantic opposition, and textual imbalance, illustrated with concrete literary examples. The findings reveal culture-specific interpretations of symmetry and asymmetry within English and Uzbek literary traditions and contribute to the development of comparative linguoculturological studies.

This article examines the mechanisms behind the formation of the “madman figure” in literary theory, its artistic and philosophical functions, and its aesthetic interpretations across different historical periods and literary traditions. The study highlights the distinctive functions and poetic nature of the madman image. These functions are explained and presented in tabular form. The figure of Qovoqdevona from Abdulla Qodiriy’s novel O‘tkan kunlar (Bygone Days) is subjected to semiotic analysis, and the archetypal roots of this image are identified.

This article discusses the value of family and its ethnolinguistic reflection: the case of Uzbek and English. The family is one of the most fundamental social institutions in human society, shaping the identity, values, and patterns of social interaction of individuals. Although this universal value unites cultures, each linguistic community conceptualizes and expresses ideas related to family through its own cultural lenses.

This article examines the issue of authorial revision as a complex and multifaceted phenomenon in lyric poetry. It emphasizes that the process of authorial editing plays a crucial role in the artistic maturation and refinement of a literary work. The study analyzes challenges encountered when identifying authorial revisions in classical literature, such as the interference of scribes, political pressures, shifts in the author’s personal views, and the impact of socio-spiritual contexts. Instances in which writers reworked their texts at different stages of their lives, as well as the implications of these revisions for art, truth, and historical authenticity, are evaluated from a scholarly and theoretical perspective.

This article deals with a scientific study of the morphological system of predicative verbs in English and Uzbek from a comparative and typological viewpoint. The research looks closely at the main grammatical categories of verbs, such as tense, mood, voice, aspect (manner), and affirmative and negative forms. It also examines the formation and functional properties of the taxis category, which is unique to English. The formal expression, meaning, and syntax of these categories in both languages are explored in detail alongside the phenomenon of morphological syncretism. Additionally, the article backs up the importance of predicative verbs in maintaining the predicativity of sentences. The results highlight both the similarities and differences in the grammatical systems of English and Uzbek. They also hold value for advancing the field of comparative linguistics and the theory of verbal categories.     

This article provides a comparative analysis of the derivational (formative) and functional characteristics of parenthetical constructions in oral speech based on the Uzbek and Korean languages. In the Uzbek language, parenthetical constructions are mainly formed through syntactically independent units. In contrast, in the Korean language, the parenthetical function is often realized through derivational mechanisms. The research was conducted using descriptive, comparative, structural, and morphological methods. The results reveal pragmatic, morphological, and functional differences in parenthetical constructions in the two languages.

This article examines for the first time the mythological views of ancient Uzbek and English peoples regarding dominant images and their artistic interpretation in myths and works of art. The paper examines the origin, sources, and evolution of dominant mythological images, and identifies similarities and differences between Uzbek and English sources.

Phraseology, as part of the language picture of the world, reflects the national mentality of a native speaker. In the Japanese and Uzbek languages, many phraseological units are not translated verbatim, but are perceived reinterpreted and enhance the aesthetic aspect of the language. Phraseological units of any language, being related to the geographical conditions of the country, historical development, state system and religion, are not always clear.  National and cultural characteristics have a great influence on the formation of the language.    Phraseological units are one of the most interesting manifestations of the national-deterministic specificity of the people's mentality. The analysis of the phraseological composition of modern Japanese and Uzbek languages from the point of view of linguo culture allowed us to identify a large layer of phraseology with a national-cultural component in its semantics, which confirms the position that phraseology, along with vocabulary, is the focus of background knowledge.

This article analyzes the conceptual, semantic, and linguistic foundations of information technology (IT) terminology in the Uzbek language. The study explores the concept from cognitive and linguocultural perspectives, focusing on its formation sources and its role within the system of specialized concepts.

The article examines the specific features of teaching the verb mood category to students of technical fields. The study of grammatical categories in technical universities has its own characteristics determined by the professional orientation of the students. Special attention is given to the comparative analysis of the Russian and Uzbek systems of verb moods, which contributes to a deeper understanding of the material by students in a bilingual environment. Effective methodological techniques and approaches aimed at increasing the interest of technical students in studying grammar are described.                                                                                                                                                                                

Translation is key to intercultural communication, linking languages and cultures. This study explores the language-culture link, national-cultural units, and their expression. It aims to define realia features in English literature and address their Uzbek translation.

This article compares the views of the connoisseur of the human psyche and philosopher Leo Tolstoy with those of Sh. Kholmirzaev. It provides a detailed discussion of Leo Tolstoy’s artistic style and creative concept, and emphasizes the writer’s distinctive place in world literature.

The article examines theoretical research and scientific approaches of many scientists to the concept of image in television journalism and television projects. The concept of “image”, its differences and similarities with the concept of “image” are also explained.

This article presents a comparative linguocultural study of kinship-based terms of address in Karakalpak and Korean, examining how these linguistic forms function not only as labels for family members but as complex social tools that negotiate hierarchy, intimacy, respect, and relational proximity. Drawing on a combination of descriptive linguistic analysis, ethnographic observation, and sociolinguistic interpretation, the study investigates both semantic and pragmatic dimensions of address terms [2; 3; 12]. In Karakalpak, kinship nouns such as apa (“older woman”), ağay (“older man”), ini (“younger brother”), and bala (“child”) are employed flexibly in everyday interaction to convey respect, familiarity, and emotional closeness, often extended to non-relatives [10; 11]. The language’s agglutinative morphology allows for diminutives, possessives, and plural forms, further enriching expressive capacity [8; 13]. Korean, in contrast, reflects Confucian cultural norms, with kinship-based address terms like hyung, eonni, and oppa functioning as essential markers of politeness, age distinction, and gendered relational roles. Honorific markers at the sentence level modulate the pragmatic force of these forms, allowing speakers to navigate hierarchical and affective dimensions simultaneously [4]. By analyzing these systems comparatively, the study highlights convergences and divergences in how unrelated languages encode social values, revealing the influence of cultural traditions, nomadic versus Confucian family structures, and collectivist ethics on linguistic practice [2; 5; 12]. The article also considers sociolinguistic variation across age, gender, urban/rural environments, and formal versus informal contexts, as well as the effects of intergenerational change and digital communication [7; 9]. Ultimately, this study demonstrates that kinship-based terms of address serve as a lens for understanding broader cultural worldviews, social organization, and pragmatic strategies in human interaction. The findings underscore the inseparability of language, culture, and social norms, offering insights into cross-cultural pragmatics, affective linguistics, and comparative sociolinguistics [3; 12].                                                                                                                                                      

The article highlights the development of forensic linguistics from the beginning of the 21st century to the present, as well as its integration with criminology, expertology, psycholinguistics, pragmalinguistics, and computational linguistics. It also analyzes the scientific foundations of modern approaches by exploring methodological perspectives in forensic linguistics, the scientific and ethical position of the linguistic expert, the legal consequences of language use, and the socially just role of language in judicial processes.                                                                                                                                       

This article analyzes the process of studying huvaido’s work in evrope, Russia and Turkey. The assesments of the poet’s legacy by foreign orientalists, descriptions of sources and the history of publications are highlighted. The study shows that the poet’s poetic legacy is also being consistently studied in the international scientific community.

In this article, the artistic and philosophical interpretation of the theme of love in Nodira’s lyric poetry is examined. The moral and spiritual significance of the motif of love in the poetess’s philosophy is revealed, and the manifestation of the idea of love in Nodira’s works as a path toward the human soul’s aspiration for eternity is scientifically substantiated.

The analysis focuses on understanding different speech errors which occur during public speaking events while examining their underlying reasons. Through literature review and practical research the study identifies linguistic as well as psychological and sociocultural causes which lead to breaches in spoken language standards. The study investigates the distinct mistake patterns found in scholarly talks as well as corporate presentations and public speeches. Research findings reveal that lexical inconsistency stands as the most frequent mistake while agreement and government errors in grammar and sentence logic demonstrate significant occurrence. The error classification along with their respective distribution patterns provides a basis for creating guidelines to enhance public speaking culture.

The article provides a scientific analysis of the formation of the “smart tourism” and digital tourism ecosystem in Uzbekistan, their evolutionary interconnection, and the prospects of integrating them with modern PR technologies. Smart tourism is described as a unified intelligent system aimed at personalizing tourist experiences through digital infrastructure, data ecosystems, sensor technologies, artificial intelligence, AR/VR, and IoT solutions. Digital tourism is characterized as an extensive service chain based on online platforms, OTA systems, mobile applications, and digital marketing tools. The role of PR technologies is examined through the PESO model, data-driven communication, FAM trips, influencer marketing, and SERM practices, highlighting their importance in strengthening destination branding. The article also presents legal and regulatory proposals focused on e-commerce development, personal data protection, and reducing information asymmetry, contributing to the alignment of Uzbekistan’s tourism sector with international standards.                                                                                                                                                                            

This article examines a corpus-oriented approach to analyzing the transfer of national-cultural realia in Uzbek-Russian literary translation. The research material comprises S.S.Avezov’s parallel corpus, based on A.Kadyri’s novel “Days Gone By” and its Russian translations, which enabled the comparison of various types of realia (religious, everyday, ethnographic, ritual, and socio-spatial) and the translation strategies employed. The study demonstrates that religious realia are predominantly conveyed through equivalent substitution and transliteration, while everyday and culinary items exhibit a broader range of techniques - from generalization and culturally adapted equivalence to descriptive translation.                                                                                                                                                       

This article comprehensively covers the theoretical and practical aspects of the study of folklore in Uzbek literature. The formation of scientific concepts of folklorism in the second half of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st century was analyzed based on a historical-dialectical approach. The terminological clarification of folklorism by Bakhodir Sarimsakov, the systematization of poetic-aesthetic criteria by Laylo Sharipova, and the results of inter-genre analysis by researchers such as Saodat Mamayusupova, Dilfuza Hajiyeva, F. Kurbanova, and S. Atajanov have been consistently studied within the framework of modern folklorism studies. The study assessed the artistic reinterpretation of folklore elements - motifs, images, archetypes, rituals, proverbs, sayings, folk speech structures - in the process of their transition to written literature as creative synthesis, poetic modification, and rhythmic-compositional renewal. According to the results, it was concluded that folklorism was formed in Uzbek literature not only as an element of artistic decoration, but also as a central artistic category that renews national artistic thinking and combines the folk spirit with the modern poetic system.

Maqolada XIX asr oxiri-XX asr boshlarida Buyuk Britaniyada sovun reklamalari orqali shakllangan tozalik haqidagi ijtimoiy tasavvurlar tahlil qilinadi. Reklama matnlarining mazmuniy va sintaktik xususiyatlari, ularning iste’molchi ongiga ta’siri hamda sovunni “ijtimoiy zarurat” sifatida shakllantirishdagi roli ko‘rsatib beriladi. Tadqiqot reklamalarda tibbiy, axloqiy va milliy g‘oyalarning uyg‘un ishlatilishi  ozodalikni insonlar  ongida mustahkamlaganini ifodalaydi.

This study examines anathema expressions as a type of negative and offensive language. It explores their semantic, pragmatic, and historical aspects, focusing on curses as ritualized speech acts often involving divine or supernatural authority. The article highlights similarities and differences between anathema, cursing, swearing, taboo, and profane expressions. Findings show that these expressions convey not only strong negative emotions but also culturally and socially shaped verbal acts with significant communicative force. The study contributes to a better understanding of anathema expressions in linguistic and social contexts.

The article examines the somatic code of culture in the context of Russian-Uzbek translation lexicography based on phraseological units containing body part names. The empirical material is drawn from Russian-Uzbek and Uzbek-Russian phraseological dictionaries and compared, taking into account the figurative basis, semantic structure, and cultural connotations. It is shown that, while sharing a common anthropological foundation, Russian and Uzbek somatic phraseology display different areas of semantic concentration. In the Uzbek language, “face” serves as the core marker of honor and social visibility, whereas in Russian, “tongue” as an organ of speech and moral discipline carries the key significance. The types of interlingual equivalence and asymmetry, instances of desomatization in translation, and shifts in the somatic center within equivalent structures are identified.

The article examines the classification of interrogative sentences in linguistics, their various forms, and particularly the position of doubtful (hesitative) interrogative sentences among them. Interrogative sentences are divided into general, special, alternative, and confirmatory types, with a detailed analysis of the linguistic features and communicative functions of each. Special attention is given to doubtful interrogative sentences, highlighting their role in expressing semantic uncertainty, doubt, and probability. The morphological and syntactic structures of these sentences are described in detail, along with the distinctive characteristics that set them apart from other types of interrogatives. Using examples from various languages, the study explores the usage of doubtful interrogative sentences, thereby clarifying their significance in general linguistic theory.                                                                                                                             

This article discusses issues related to the artistic nature of syntactic units and the problems of linguopoetics in linguistics. Although a number of studies have been conducted on these topics, they have not yet been comprehensively and systematically explored. Most existing research focuses on the linguopoetic analysis of selected works by individual authors. The article emphasizes that the growing number of scientific studies devoted to the investigation of the linguopoetics of literary texts in Uzbek linguistics is driven by the diversity and multiplicity of research objects, as well as their structural and semantic variability.

This article provides a comparative analysis of the semantic features of loan lexical units that have entered the Korean and Karakalpak languages from English. Within the scope of the study, the adaptation of lexemes of English origin to the linguistic systems of both languages, their semantic fields, cases of polysemy, metaphorical and metonymic extensions, as well as cultural connotations are examined. The analyses demonstrate that English borrowings in Korean primarily undergo semantic expansion through the discourse of pop culture, technology, and media, whereas borrowings in Karakalpak display semantic adaptation more closely associated with everyday life, economic processes, and social needs. The article scientifically elucidates how the cultural context of each language influences the meanings of borrowed words.

This article analyzes the key principles of Lev Tolstoy's pedagogical philosophy and evaluates their relevance to modern education. Through Tolstoy's written work and the Yasnaya Polyana school's teaching methods the research demonstrates his focus on educational liberty and self-driven learning and the ethical basis of teacher-student connections. The research demonstrates that Tolstoy's opposition to forceful methods together with his promotion of student choice in learning methods predict modern democratic educational practices and humanistic teaching approaches. His complete educational perspective produces useful information which helps current educational changes to build self-reliant learning environments that support both moral education and complete student growth.

This article examines the factors influencing changes in the lexical composition of a language, the role of terms as the core of its lexical system, and their significance in linguistics. It also analyzes the stages of terminology development on a global scale and highlights its distinctive characteristics. The approaches of Western and Eastern schools of terminology, as well as the ideas proposed by several prominent linguists, are presented in a consistent manner.                                                                                                                                                                              

This article analyzes the manifestation of linguocultural markers in Uzbek and English media discourse and their role in reflecting intercultural differences. The findings indicate that English media discourse prioritizes individualism, analytical reasoning, and neutrality, whereas Uzbek media emphasizes collectivism, emotional expressiveness, and moral values. Metaphors, forms of address, evaluative lexis, and national symbols serve as indicators of underlying cultural codes. The study employs discourse analysis, semantic interpretation, and comparative methods to examine how linguistic forms convey national identity and worldview. The results demonstrate the inseparable interrelation between language and culture and how media discourse functions as a mirror of collective mentality.

This article is devoted to the description of moral relationships revealed in the creative talent of A. I. Kuprin.

This article presents a statistical and lexicographic analysis of accounting and audit terminology in English and Uzbek. The study is based on corpus linguistics, cognitive terminology, and terminography. The research material includes the British National Corpus (BNC), Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA), IFRS and ISA documents, as well as Uzbek normative and educational sources. During the analysis, the frequency of terms, their translation variants, and relations of synonymy and antonymy were examined. As a result, the need to develop unified normative term forms to ensure consistency in Uzbek terminology has been substantiated.

This article analyzes the processes of word formation in modern English and Uzbek using the IMRAD model (Introduction, Methods, Results, Discussion, Conclusion). The study examined affixation, compounding, conversion, abbreviations, and semantic word-formation methods from typological and functional perspectives. The results showed that in English, conversion and prefixation are highly productive, whereas in Uzbek, due to its agglutinative structure, suffixation plays a leading role. The findings have scientific and practical significance for comparative linguistics, translation studies, and language teaching methodology.

This article examines the cognitive-semantic and axiological foundations of evaluation in language, with a particular focus on the evaluative potential of lexical units and proverbs within informal discourse. Drawing on the works of M.V. Nikitin, E.S. Aznurova, N.D. Arutyunova, V.N. Telia, A.A. Ivin, J. Searle, A. Wierzbicka, and other scholars, the study explores how evaluative meanings emerge as integral components of human cognition and linguistic activity. The paper argues that evaluation constitutes a fundamental mental operation that shapes an individual’s worldview, cultural identity, and communicative behavior. Proverbs and paremiological units, due to their ethnospecific and metaphorical nature, serve as culturally marked carriers of positive, negative, and neutral evaluations. Their semantic structure reflects collective value systems and enables cross-cultural comparison of national linguocultures. The research highlights two major types of linguistic values—socially and culturally shaped evaluations and binary oppositional value scales (good/bad, pleasant/unpleasant, etc.). Theoretical perspectives from classical philosophy (Aristotle, Hobbes, Locke, Spinoza) and modern linguistic axiology illustrate the multidimensional nature of evaluation, encompassing psychological, emotional, pragmatic, and cognitive factors. Overall, the study demonstrates that evaluative semantics plays a central role in understanding how language encodes cultural values, shapes communicative intentions, and contributes to constructing a nation’s linguistic picture of the world

In modern linguistics, the influence of Uzbek proverbs, passed down from century to century, on human spirituality is recognized as the path of language to human perfection. They contain dozens of semantic aspects of speech, all examples of artistic means, poetic movements. Over the years, it has been systematically used in live speech and interpersonal communication, as well as in artistic, historical and scientific works. In the given article, the author studies the linguistic and spiritual specificity of proverbs with the "language" component in the Uzbek language and provides relevant examples.                                                                                                                                                                          

This article is devoted to a comparative analysis of grammatical categories and morphological terms of the Chinese and Uzbek languages. The study is aimed at identifying the specific features of word classes, grammatical categories and morphological phenomena in these languages, which belong to two different typological systems. Chinese belongs to the family of isolating languages, and grammatical meanings are expressed mainly through word order and auxiliary words, while Uzbek belongs to the family of agglutinative languages, and grammatical relations are realized through the system of suffixes. The article provides an in-depth analysis of the main categories, morphological structure and terminological apparatus of the grammar of the two languages.

This article analyzes the scientific heritage of literary critic Orifjon Ikromov, dedicated to the work of Sadriddin Aynıy and Komil Yashin. The study is devoted to the role of these writers in the formation of national identity and the expression of the ideas of independence in their time. The author pays special attention to Ikromov's methodological approaches, his desire to conduct a deep and holistic analysis of literary texts in a socio-cultural and historical context. Ikromov's criticism reveals the value of the creative heritage of Aini and Yashin, as well as the importance of literary criticism as a means of understanding the era in the consciousness of society.

This аrticlе еxаminеs trаditionаl, аltеrnаtivе, аnd innovаtivе mеthods of tеаching Еnglish widеly usеd in forеign еducаtionаl institutions. Thе mаin аdvаntаgеs аnd disаdvаntаgеs of thеsе mеthods аrе аnаlyzеd, аnd thе rolе of thе tеаchеr in using vаrious mеthods in thе еducаtionаl procеss is еxаminеd in dеtаil. Sеlеcting аn аppropriаtе mеthod rеquirеs considеrаtion of studеnts' аgе, thеir lеvеl of Еnglish proficiеncy, thеir motivаtion for lеаrning, thеir еxpеctаtions for lеаrning, аnd, if аpplicаblе, thеir prеvious Еnglish lаnguаgе lеаrning еxpеriеncе. Thus, thе divеrsity of currеntly аvаilаblе Еnglish tеаching mеthods аnd tеchniquеs rеquirеs аn аppropriаtе combinаtion of mеthods, tеchnologiеs, аnd еxеrcisеs in thе lеаrning procеss.

This scientific article is devoted to an in-depth analysis of the theoretical foundations, stages, and principles of developing grammatical skills in the process of teaching a foreign language. The formation of grammatical skills plays a crucial role in enhancing learners’ language competence, particularly in ensuring the effective performance of all types of speech activities. The article examines the psycholinguistic mechanisms underlying the formation of grammatical skills, the interrelation between the stages of knowledge, skill, and habit, as well as methodological approaches applied in the teaching process. Special attention is given to methods of increasing the efficiency of grammar instruction through communicative and interactive techniques, as well as the use of multimedia technologies. The approaches proposed by the author aim to strengthen active interaction between teachers and students, encourage the practical application of grammatical knowledge in real communicative situations, and foster the development of learners’ autonomous learning competencies. The research results have significant practical value for improving foreign language teaching methodology, particularly in integrating modern technologies into higher education.

The article examines the conceptosphere of national values in the Uzbek language from an axiological-linguistic (value-oriented linguistic) perspective. It is shown that the system of national values is reflected in the deep layers of the language through concepts, phraseological units, proverbs, lexical-semantic groups, and metaphorical models. Based on this, a general model of Uzbek linguoculturology is          proposed.

This article is an analysis of the phenomenon of polysemy in the Korean language, the phenomena of semantic and multi-meaning of words. The importance of the translation of polysemantic words in language learning is also studied. The types of polysemy and meaning transfer in verbs in the Korean language are studied and analyzed through examples.

The article explores the grammatical features of titles of English literary works as an important component of a literary text. Special attention is paid to identifying the main grammatical models of titles, their structural types, and functional-semantic characteristics. The study analyzes nominal, prepositional, predicative, and infinitive constructions used in the titles of English and American literary works. The findings demonstrate that the grammatical form of a title plays a significant role in shaping the semantic and pragmatic potential of a literary text and in conveying the author’s artistic intention.

This article scientifically analyzes the role of social affiliation in the communication process and the communication barriers associated with it. At the same time, the causes and factors of the emergence of communication barriers have been studied. The article examines factors such as misunderstandings, stereotypes, social distance and role differences arising from social affiliation, and highlights their impact on the communication process.

This article deals with the prose literature that existed in Japan in the second half of the eighteenth and middle of the nineteenth centuries under the name gesaku and its artistic features. The article describes urban literature and the factors of its development in the context of the socio-political and cultural life of the country. It then gives a description of gesaku literature and a classification of its genres. On this basis, a number of genres of gesaku literature, such as shyarebon, kibyoshi, kokkeibon, ningyeobon, yomihon, and gokan, are analyzed in general and their artistic features are identified. Particular attention is paid to the artistic and ideological aspects of the works belonging to each genre, and conclusions are drawn about the essence of gesaku literature and its place in the history of Japanese literature as a whole.

The article presents a comprehensive analysis of the literary language and style in Honoré de Balzac’s novella Father Goriot from the perspective of the poetics of realism. The article is based on the application of several methodological approaches, including literary analysis, stylometric analysis, contextual (historical-literary) method, comparative method, as well as semantic and stylistic analysis. This interdisciplinary approach makes it possible to identify the key features of realist poetics, the distinctive characteristics of Balzac’s individual style, and the connection between linguistic devices and the sociocultural realities of the era.

This study investigates the stylistic and semantic features of loneliness depiction in twentieth-century English and Uzbek short fiction, focusing on how linguistic choices and narrative strategies reflect culturally shaped emotional experiences. Using a qualitative comparative approach, the research analyzes eight short stories from Hemingway, Mansfield, Qodiriy, and Zulfiya Qurolboy qizi, examining their lexical patterns, symbolic structures, and stylistic devices. The findings reveal that English modernist writers rely on minimalist narration, subtle implication, and symbolic contrast to represent solitude as an individual and existential condition. In contrast, Uzbek authors employ expressive imagery, extended metaphors, and socially embedded semantic fields that portray loneliness as a disruption of communal ties and emotional harmony. Despite cultural differences, both traditions share motifs of silence, darkness, and internal conflict, indicating the universal nature of human isolation. The study contributes to stylistics, literary semantics, and comparative literature by demonstrating how cultural context shapes the linguistic representation of psychological states and by highlighting both convergences and divergences in the artistic portrayal of loneliness.                                                                                                                                   

This scientific article provides an in-depth analysis of the artistic interpretation of symbolic reality and the poetic essence of the inner dialogue technique in the works of James Joyce—the founder of English modernist literature and a major representative of symbolic-psychological prose—and Isajon Sultan, a leading figure of contemporary Uzbek short fiction. The study explores the role of the short story genre in the creative works of these two authors, examining psychological analysis, stream of consciousness, systems of symbols, and unique methods of expressing inner experiences in artistic thinking through the lens of comparative literary studies. Alongside Joyce’s modernist stream-of-consciousness technique, symbolic details, fragmentation of the self, and psychological conflicts, the research also compares the Eastern spiritual tone, inner dialogue, philosophical perception, spiritual awakening, and symbolic system present in Isajon Sultan’s stories. The findings highlight the interrelation of symbolic reality, inner monologue, psychological transformation, and artistic thinking in modern English and Uzbek short fiction, while also identifying the significance of these principles in the development of contemporary prose.

This article is dedicated to a comparative analysis of gender discourse in Uzbek and English cultures, reflecting gender stereotypes, traditional and modern perspectives through the works of Agatha Christie and Tokhir Malik. Based on the theoretical views of Russian, Uzbek and English scholars, the similarities and differences in the two cultures are shown. The article explores the cultural context of gender discourse, its manifestation in literature, and its significance in society.

This аrticlе аnаlysis vаrious аspеcts of tеаching Еnglish to first-yеаr еconomics studеnts. It dеmonstrаtеs thе rolе of forеign lаnguаgе proficiеncy in thе contеxt of globаlizаtion аnd intеrnаtionаlizаtion of еconomic tiеs, аnd substаntiаtеs thе importаncе of high-quаlity Еnglish proficiеncy not only for thе nееds of еconomics studеnts but аlso for improving thе corporаtе culturе of thе orgаnizаtion whеrе thеy will work in thе futurе. Vаrious аspеcts of orgаnizing еducаtionаl аctivitiеs аrе еxplorеd, аnd mеthods for conducting lеssons tаilorеd to thе futurе nееds of еconomists аrе proposеd. Thе Еnglish tеаching mеthods discussеd covеr а widе rаngе – from clаssicаl businеss lеttеrs аnd studying еconomic tеxts in thе originаl to conducting businеss gаmеs, simulаting spееchеs, аnd giving prеsеntаtions. Pаrticulаr аttеntion is pаid to dеvеloping studеnts' indеpеndеnt Еnglish lаnguаgе lеаrning skills, аnd thе rolе of еtiquеttе аnd culturаl knowlеdgе in businеss nеgotiаtions is considеrеd. By studying thе pеdаgogicаl fеаturеs of tеаching Еnglish to first-yеаr еconomics studеnts, which аrе discussеd in this аrticlе, thе tеаchеr cаn improvе thе quаlity of instruction аnd instill in studеnts thе skills of indеpеndеnt lаnguаgе lеаrning with its subsеquеnt аctivе usе in thеir work.

This article examines the postcolonial interpretation of memory and nostalgia motifs in Abdulrazak Gurnah’s novel “By the Sea”. The study explores the novel’s fragmented memory structure, the reflective nature of nostalgia, the complex relationship between trauma and recollection, and the psychological experiences of the characters in reconstructing their postcolonial identities. Theoretical foundations of the analysis include Svetlana Boym’s typology of nostalgia, Jan Assmann’s concept of cultural memory, Cathy Caruth’s trauma theory, as well as the perspectives of scholars such as Valdivieso, Brazzelli, Hand, and Farrier. The article highlights how memory and nostalgia function as central aesthetic components shaping the novel’s narrative structure and postcolonial significance.

The Turkic epic tradition encompasses a substantial body of oral folklore, including sagas, myths, and legends that reflect the history, culture, and worldview of the Turkic peoples. This article examines the hero archetype in the Karakalpak epic “Alpamys”. The hero archetype is manifested here through the universal model of the “hero’s journey”. The presence of trickster traits in the protagonist adds complexity and multidimensionality to the character and determines the inherent duality of Alpamys’s nature.

This article talks about the image of chahoryors (the four caliphs who ruled the caliphate after Muhammad were Abu Bakr. Umar. Usman, Ali), which is outlined in the introduction to the works that demonstrate the tradition and originality that have been formed in Uzbek literature. The image in question is how the Personality of Abu Bakr, the first of the chahoryors, is illuminated in fiction, in the process of giving historical reality in an artistic way is shown through the work of Alisher Nawai “Lison ut-tayr”.

This article analyzes translation equivalence of two-component linguistic terms in English-Uzbek parallel texts based on corpus methodology. 156 two-component terms extracted from a corpus of 4400 parallel sentences were examined. Results demonstrate that 89.1% of terms exhibit full semantic equivalence, 8.3% show partial equivalence, and 2.6% underwent semantic transformation. Using N-gram model and concordance analysis, linguistic patterns (noun+noun, adjective+noun, verb+noun) and translation strategies were identified. The research employs corpus-based term extraction methodology and provides practical significance for resolving terminological equivalence issues.

In recent years, the widespread use of digital technologies in education has fundamentally changed the content and organizational forms of the educational process. In particular, the blended learning model has emerged as a highly effective approach to developing students’ reading and writing skills by combining traditional and digital teaching methods. Brown (2018) defines blended learning as “a complementary learning model that combines the strengths of the traditional classroom with the capabilities of online platforms.” In his opinion, such a model creates great opportunities, especially in teaching speech activities, including reading and writing.

This article analyzes the linguistic features of agricultural tourism terminology and its relationship with cultural codes. Rural tourism, as one of the key factors of economic, social, and cultural development, possesses a specific terminological system. The study highlights how national values, traditions, and regional characteristics are reflected through linguistic units. Additionally, the article discusses the issues of cultural adaptation in the translation of these terms.

This article presents a linguocultural analysis of nominative structures through a comparative study of English, Russian, and Uzbek. It explores the morphosyntactic, semantic, and pragmatic dimensions of the nominative case across typologically diverse languages. Key phenomena discussed include subject encoding, multiple nominative constructions, experiencer-subject alignments, and the re-conceptualization of case assignment via a predicate-based model. The study also highlights how complex nominative units emerge through word formation, compounding, and lexicalization, reflecting language-specific strategies in conceptualizing experience and discourse structuring.                                                                                                                            

This article is devoted to the comparative-contrastive analysis of the linguistic landscape of the global concept “home-uy-дом” within the frameworks of cognitive linguistics and linguoculturology. The research employed a complex methodology, including conceptual, associative, and frame analysis, modeling, and text analysis. The analysis revealed that the concept of “home” is a multifaceted, culturally significant unit encompassing not only material shelter but also meanings such as family, homeland, personal space, and value. Comparative analysis demonstrated the specific emphasis placed on certain aspects of the concept in each language, while the core meanings are globally preserved. Frame analysis uncovered the internal structure (slots) of the “home” concept, aiding in the understanding of how the general human mental model is reflected in language.

This article explores the development of computer linguistics and artificial intelligence (AI) paradigms in translation studies, comparing traditional human-centered approaches with modern technological methods. It traces the evolution of machine translation from rule-based and statistical systems to neural machine translation (NMT), emphasizing how these advances have transformed the translation process. Particular attention is given to the difficulties of applying AI-based translation to typologically different languages such as English and Uzbek, including challenges related to morphology, syntax, and semantic ambiguity. The study concludes that although AI significantly broadens the scope of translation studies, it functions mainly as an assistive tool, while human translators remain essential for cultural and contextual accuracy.

This article examines ethical literary criticism as a theoretical approach to the interpretation and analysis of literary texts from an ethical and moral perspective. It argues that literature should be understood not only as an art of language but also as an art of text that records human moral experiences within specific historical and cultural contexts. Drawing on ethical literary criticism, the study examines how literary works embody ethical structures and ethical lines that reflect humanity’s evolving moral consciousness. Particular attention is given to the distinction between written literature and oral literature, conceptualized as “brain text,” which exists in human memory prior to material inscription. The article further discusses how the material existence of literature relies on written context, while its ethical significance is shaped by cultural conditions and historical circumstances. By emphasizing the dynamic relationship between ethics, text, and context, this research demonstrates that the definition of literature is not fixed but continually reconstructed in response to social, moral, and cultural transformations.

This article classifies the literary sources that served as the foundation for the dramatic works of Nafas Shodmonov. The sources that influenced the formation of his plays have been thoroughly examined and analyzed. The study also explores the materials that contributed to the creation of characters, plot development, and compositional structure in the playwright’s works. Furthermore, an in-depth analysis of Shodmonov’s artistic thinking is provided, along with scientific evidence demonstrating the impact of literary sources on the development of his dramas using the examples from his plays.                                                                                                                                                              

This article explores the interaction between language and thought, focusing particularly on how temporal metaphors shape cognitive processes and cultural perception. Drawing on the Sapir–Whorf Hypothesis, Conceptual Metaphor Theory (Lakoff & Johnson), and modern approaches in cognitive linguistics, the study compares temporal metaphors in English and Uzbek. It examines the cognitive mechanisms underlying the “Observer Moving Metaphor” and “Time Moving Metaphor” models, highlighting the role of reference points in spatial–temporal processing. The findings indicate that while temporal metaphors exhibit universal cognitive patterns, they also reflect culture-specific conceptualizations of time, influencing how speakers perceive and structure temporal experience.                                                                                                                                        

With special reference to Pride and Prejudice, Sense and Sensibility, Emma, and Mansfield Park, this article examines the concept of family as a major component in Jane Austen's books. The paper examines how Austen portrays the family as a moral and ideological organization that profoundly affects individual conduct, particularly in women, in addition to being a social unit. The article emphasizes Austen's criticism of the patriarchal and class-based systems of Regency England by looking at how families influence marriage possibilities, uphold social class, and impact personal development. Austen's portrayal of family as a place of both support and restraint ultimately shows that moral character and personal integrity can transcend social expectations.  

One of the most important functions of language is to express human thought, including both emotional and logical ideas. Among such cognitive relations is the connection between cause and effect. The category of causality is one of the fundamental logical principles of human thinking and is expressed in all natural languages through specific grammatical and lexical means. The way in which cause-and-effect relations are expressed in each language is shaped by its semantic system, morphological structure, and syntactic organization. The Korean language is no exception in this regard. In Korean, causal meaning is mainly expressed through suffixes (어미), conjunctive endings (연결어미), and certain lexical units. In particular, forms such as –아서/어서, –기 때문에, –느라고not only express causal relationships with negative consequences but also demonstrate various semantic and pragmatic nuances. This scientific article analyzes the semantic and syntactic features of the grammatical devices expressing causal relationships with negative outcomes in the Korean language and provides a comparative study with equivalent means in the Uzbek language.

This article discusses distinctive concepts and principles in European and Uzbek novella writing, the developmental tendencies of the genre, and the modification of the novella form. It examines tradition and innovation in classical and Uzbek novella literature, George Orwell’s artistic explorations, and, more broadly, the internal structural elements of the novella’s poetics.

This article presents a comparative analysis of Japanese and English proverbs, considering their semantic, cultural and stylistic aspects and the factors that are relied on in the translation process.

Although the Japanese and English peoples have different cultural traditions, values and their own customs, the examples of the embodiment of universal human values, such as hard work, patience, friendship, honesty, and appreciation of time, and the significant differences in their language expression and image system are analyzed.                                                                                                                                                                             

This study covers the theoretical foundations of historical and typological analysis in the study of the morphemic system of Turkic languages. Syntactic, morphological and phonological models common to all Turkic languages and hierarchical and functional features specific to individual Turkic languages are analyzed.ticovered. in the course of the study, syntactic, morphological and phonological models common to all Turkic languages and hierarchical and functional features specific to individual Turkic languages are analyzed comparatively.  

This article provides a theoretical and practical analysis of the concept of connotation and its role in linguistics. In addition to the lexical (denotative) meaning of a word, the additional meanings—connotative layers—are examined in terms of emotional, evaluative, stylistic, symbolic, and cultural aspects. The study offers a comparative analysis of the views of local and foreign scholars, and various forms of connotation are illustrated through examples from Uzbek literature. As a result, it is scientifically demonstrated that connotation expands the semantic potential of a word and serves as an important linguistic phenomenon revealing the interaction between language and culture.

In the work The Republic of Wine by the contemporary Chinese writer Mo Yan, a large number of dialectisms are employed, some of which pose significant difficulties for translators. This article examines how the original dialectisms used in the text are rendered in translation and identifies the methods by which these dialectal elements have been translated from Chinese into Uzbek and Russian. The study analyzes translation strategies applied to convey dialectal features while preserving the stylistic and cultural specificity of the original work.

This article analyzes educational and moral phraseological units in the Uzbek language from a linguocultural perspective. It reveals the role of phraseological units in expressing the Uzbek people’s national mentality, spiritual values, educational traditions, and social experience. In the course of the study, national and cultural components found within the structure of phraseological units (such as names of clothing, objects, place names, agrarian and social symbols) are identified, and their educational significance is explained. In addition, phraseological units are evaluated as important linguocultural units that reflect folk pedagogy, national moral norms, and educational continuity between generations. The article substantiates the necessity of studying phraseological units in Uzbek linguistics not only as a linguistic phenomenon, but also as a cultural and pedagogical one.

Among the peoples of the world, the Uzbek people are one of the peoples with the greatest spiritual heritage. This spiritual heritage has served as a powerful source of spirituality for our people for thousands of years. Despite various long-term pressures, our people have preserved them until today's Independence Day. One such ancient spiritual heritage of our people is the work "Qisasi Rabguzi" by Nasiruddin Rabguzi. This article discusses the study of "Qissasi Rabg'uziy" in world literary studies.                                                                                                                                                              

This article investigates the linguistic and pragmatic features of advertising texts in English and Uzbek, emphasizing both their shared persuasive strategies and culturally specific differences. Drawing on the works of prominent media linguists such as Shmelev, Kostomarov, Laptev, Teun van Dijk, Allan, Bell, Fairclough, and Montgomery, the study examines how grammatical, stylistic, and discourse-level devices shape persuasive meaning in commercial and social advertisements. The analysis reveals key grammatical mechanisms typical of English advertising, including the indicative mood, -ing forms, infinitives, modal verbs, pronouns, adjective strings, and syntactic constructions such as ellipsis, inversion, and the emphatic It. Uzbek advertising texts, by contrast, exhibit rhythmic structures, poetic devices, flexible word order, culturally marked expressions, and comparatively longer syntactic patterns. The article also addresses the development of the advertising sector in Uzbekistan and the challenges involved in translating social advertisements across languages and cultures. The study concludes that effective translation requires maintaining both form and meaning while considering sociocultural subtleties. By applying cognitive, pragmalinguistic, and functional-stylistic frameworks, the research demonstrates how advertising discourse reflects cultural values, communicative priorities, and psychological strategies of influence.  

The article examines the specific features of teaching Russian language stylistics in bilingual classrooms with Uzbek as the primary language of instruction. The relevance of the study is determined by the need to develop functional stylistic competence among students who experience challenges caused by cross-linguistic interference. Based on teaching practice, the study identifies typical difficulties faced by Uzbek-speaking students, including limited vocabulary, transfer of Uzbek syntactic structures into Russian speech, and insufficient understanding of functional styles. The article proposes effective methodological approaches such as contrastive linguistic analysis, working with texts of different styles, stylistic transformations, and modeled communicative situations. The findings show that the integrated use of these methods contributes to the formation of stable skills in stylistically appropriate and grammatically correct Russian speech. The results may be applied in higher education institutions operating in bilingual learning environments.

The article discusses the emergence of the debate genre in the history of Turkish literature, the debate “Winter and Summer”, which is considered the first example of this genre, and its content. The moral and philosophical essence of the debate “Hell – Paradise” created in the literature of later periods, in particular, belonging to the work of Ahmed Yassavi, is revealed.

The article analyzes the works of domestic and foreign linguists on the issues of selecting candidates for secondary specialized military education and forming individual study groups. It proposes recommendations and methods for distributing students into subgroups in the process of teaching the Russian language, as well as emphasizes the need to develop methodological guides that take into account students’ profiles and levels of language proficiency. The importance of well-structured study groups for developing students’ speech skills and training highly qualified military specialists is highlighted.

This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the formation of the concept, its linguocultural and cognitive foundations. The main directions of cognitive linguistics, its philosophical roots, and the theory of conceptual metaphor are examined. The concept is interpreted as a multi-layered unity situated at the intersection of language, thought, and culture. Based on the theories of Langacker, Lakoff, and Chomsky, the theoretical essence of the concept, its structural components, and national-cultural features are revealed. The research results provide an important theoretical basis for understanding the concept as a central category at the intersection of not only linguistics but also philosophy, psychology, and cultural studies.                                                                                               

This article examines the role and significance of the linguocultural approach in translating substandard lexis from English into Uzbek, using Mark Twain’s The Adventures of Tom Sawyer as a case study. The research demonstrates that the complexity of translating substandard lexis lies primarily in fully rendering its national-cultural content, stylistic coloring, and social function in another language. It is argued that, in the translation process, strategies such as functional equivalence, calquing, cultural adaptation, and compensation based on Roman Jakobson’s principle of “equivalence in translation” are necessary. The analysis, conducted on the basis of Ilyos Muslim’s Uzbek translation, shows how substandard units are stylistically, semantically, and culturally reproduced in the target language. The findings highlight that translating substandard lexis in English literary texts requires a linguocultural approach that accounts for semantic and stylistic differences between the two cultures to accurately convey the author’s colloquial, emotional, and socially marked expressions. The conclusions of the study hold practical value for literary translation practice, linguoculturology, lexicology, phraseology, and translation theory.

This article analyzes Fakhrī Hirāwī’s Rawżat al-Salāṭin tazkira as a literary and historical source. The study highlights the historical significance of the work, focusing on the creative legacies of the sultans and amirs mentioned, particularly their engagement with poetry. Various manuscript copies of the tazkira, their characteristics, and additional notes and materials inserted by scribes are also examined. Based on the fourth chapter – “On the Sultans of Iraq and Rum Who Occasionally Engaged in Poetry” – the article provides a detailed analysis of Sultan Uvais Ilkhoniy, Shah Tahmasp, and Sultan Ahmad Baghdadi. Their political activities, artistic abilities, poetic fragments, and the literary environment of their era are examined from a scholarly perspective.

This study examines the role of lexical resources in oral language acquisition using a mixed-methods approach at the intermediate and advanced levels of English language learning. Quantitative analysis shows that lexical diversity significantly predicts speaking ability, while vocabulary accounts for changes in overall speaking ability. Learners with extensive lexical resources showed significantly higher fluency and improved task performance than those with limited vocabulary. Qualitative findings show that speakers with rich lexical resources express their ideas more clearly, more effectively bridge communication gaps, and have increased self-confidence. The results confirm that lexical competence is a key element of effective oral communication and have implications for pedagogical approaches that prioritize vocabulary development alongside traditional grammar and pronunciation instruction.

The article provides a comparative analysis of the cognitive-semantic features of phraseological units in English and Uzbek languages. The research highlights the role of phraseological units in literary texts, their national-cultural essence, and their connection with human cognition.