This article analyzes the main problems that arise in the process of studying the terminology of legal texts using parallel corpora, as well as ways to eliminate them. International and local legal documents, along with their translations into Uzbek, Russian, and English, were selected as the research material. The article identifies urgent issues such as terminological discrepancies, syntactic complexity, the problem of low-resource languages, and translator subjectivity. It also proposes practical solutions, including creating glossaries, strengthening cooperation with expert specialists, using automated corpus analysis tools, and developing new parallel corpora. The results of the study show that effective use of parallel corpora significantly expands the possibilities for accurate, consistent, and reliable research of legal terminology.

This article discusses the value of family and its ethnolinguistic reflection: the case of Uzbek and English. The family is one of the most fundamental social institutions in human society, shaping the identity, values, and patterns of social interaction of individuals. Although this universal value unites cultures, each linguistic community conceptualizes and expresses ideas related to family through its own cultural lenses.

This article examines the issue of authorial revision as a complex and multifaceted phenomenon in lyric poetry. It emphasizes that the process of authorial editing plays a crucial role in the artistic maturation and refinement of a literary work. The study analyzes challenges encountered when identifying authorial revisions in classical literature, such as the interference of scribes, political pressures, shifts in the author’s personal views, and the impact of socio-spiritual contexts. Instances in which writers reworked their texts at different stages of their lives, as well as the implications of these revisions for art, truth, and historical authenticity, are evaluated from a scholarly and theoretical perspective.

This article analyzes the conceptual, semantic, and linguistic foundations of information technology (IT) terminology in the Uzbek language. The study explores the concept from cognitive and linguocultural perspectives, focusing on its formation sources and its role within the system of specialized concepts.

This article presents a comparative linguocultural study of kinship-based terms of address in Karakalpak and Korean, examining how these linguistic forms function not only as labels for family members but as complex social tools that negotiate hierarchy, intimacy, respect, and relational proximity. Drawing on a combination of descriptive linguistic analysis, ethnographic observation, and sociolinguistic interpretation, the study investigates both semantic and pragmatic dimensions of address terms [2; 3; 12]. In Karakalpak, kinship nouns such as apa (“older woman”), ağay (“older man”), ini (“younger brother”), and bala (“child”) are employed flexibly in everyday interaction to convey respect, familiarity, and emotional closeness, often extended to non-relatives [10; 11]. The language’s agglutinative morphology allows for diminutives, possessives, and plural forms, further enriching expressive capacity [8; 13]. Korean, in contrast, reflects Confucian cultural norms, with kinship-based address terms like hyung, eonni, and oppa functioning as essential markers of politeness, age distinction, and gendered relational roles. Honorific markers at the sentence level modulate the pragmatic force of these forms, allowing speakers to navigate hierarchical and affective dimensions simultaneously [4]. By analyzing these systems comparatively, the study highlights convergences and divergences in how unrelated languages encode social values, revealing the influence of cultural traditions, nomadic versus Confucian family structures, and collectivist ethics on linguistic practice [2; 5; 12]. The article also considers sociolinguistic variation across age, gender, urban/rural environments, and formal versus informal contexts, as well as the effects of intergenerational change and digital communication [7; 9]. Ultimately, this study demonstrates that kinship-based terms of address serve as a lens for understanding broader cultural worldviews, social organization, and pragmatic strategies in human interaction. The findings underscore the inseparability of language, culture, and social norms, offering insights into cross-cultural pragmatics, affective linguistics, and comparative sociolinguistics [3; 12].                                                                                                                                                      

The article provides a scientific analysis of the formation of the “smart tourism” and digital tourism ecosystem in Uzbekistan, their evolutionary interconnection, and the prospects of integrating them with modern PR technologies. Smart tourism is described as a unified intelligent system aimed at personalizing tourist experiences through digital infrastructure, data ecosystems, sensor technologies, artificial intelligence, AR/VR, and IoT solutions. Digital tourism is characterized as an extensive service chain based on online platforms, OTA systems, mobile applications, and digital marketing tools. The role of PR technologies is examined through the PESO model, data-driven communication, FAM trips, influencer marketing, and SERM practices, highlighting their importance in strengthening destination branding. The article also presents legal and regulatory proposals focused on e-commerce development, personal data protection, and reducing information asymmetry, contributing to the alignment of Uzbekistan’s tourism sector with international standards.                                                                                                                                                                            

This article examines a corpus-oriented approach to analyzing the transfer of national-cultural realia in Uzbek-Russian literary translation. The research material comprises S.S.Avezov’s parallel corpus, based on A.Kadyri’s novel “Days Gone By” and its Russian translations, which enabled the comparison of various types of realia (religious, everyday, ethnographic, ritual, and socio-spatial) and the translation strategies employed. The study demonstrates that religious realia are predominantly conveyed through equivalent substitution and transliteration, while everyday and culinary items exhibit a broader range of techniques - from generalization and culturally adapted equivalence to descriptive translation.                                                                                                                                                       

The article examines the somatic code of culture in the context of Russian-Uzbek translation lexicography based on phraseological units containing body part names. The empirical material is drawn from Russian-Uzbek and Uzbek-Russian phraseological dictionaries and compared, taking into account the figurative basis, semantic structure, and cultural connotations. It is shown that, while sharing a common anthropological foundation, Russian and Uzbek somatic phraseology display different areas of semantic concentration. In the Uzbek language, “face” serves as the core marker of honor and social visibility, whereas in Russian, “tongue” as an organ of speech and moral discipline carries the key significance. The types of interlingual equivalence and asymmetry, instances of desomatization in translation, and shifts in the somatic center within equivalent structures are identified.

This article examines the factors influencing changes in the lexical composition of a language, the role of terms as the core of its lexical system, and their significance in linguistics. It also analyzes the stages of terminology development on a global scale and highlights its distinctive characteristics. The approaches of Western and Eastern schools of terminology, as well as the ideas proposed by several prominent linguists, are presented in a consistent manner.                                                                                                                                                                              

This article analyzes the manifestation of linguocultural markers in Uzbek and English media discourse and their role in reflecting intercultural differences. The findings indicate that English media discourse prioritizes individualism, analytical reasoning, and neutrality, whereas Uzbek media emphasizes collectivism, emotional expressiveness, and moral values. Metaphors, forms of address, evaluative lexis, and national symbols serve as indicators of underlying cultural codes. The study employs discourse analysis, semantic interpretation, and comparative methods to examine how linguistic forms convey national identity and worldview. The results demonstrate the inseparable interrelation between language and culture and how media discourse functions as a mirror of collective mentality.

This article examines the cognitive-semantic and axiological foundations of evaluation in language, with a particular focus on the evaluative potential of lexical units and proverbs within informal discourse. Drawing on the works of M.V. Nikitin, E.S. Aznurova, N.D. Arutyunova, V.N. Telia, A.A. Ivin, J. Searle, A. Wierzbicka, and other scholars, the study explores how evaluative meanings emerge as integral components of human cognition and linguistic activity. The paper argues that evaluation constitutes a fundamental mental operation that shapes an individual’s worldview, cultural identity, and communicative behavior. Proverbs and paremiological units, due to their ethnospecific and metaphorical nature, serve as culturally marked carriers of positive, negative, and neutral evaluations. Their semantic structure reflects collective value systems and enables cross-cultural comparison of national linguocultures. The research highlights two major types of linguistic values—socially and culturally shaped evaluations and binary oppositional value scales (good/bad, pleasant/unpleasant, etc.). Theoretical perspectives from classical philosophy (Aristotle, Hobbes, Locke, Spinoza) and modern linguistic axiology illustrate the multidimensional nature of evaluation, encompassing psychological, emotional, pragmatic, and cognitive factors. Overall, the study demonstrates that evaluative semantics plays a central role in understanding how language encodes cultural values, shapes communicative intentions, and contributes to constructing a nation’s linguistic picture of the world

This scientific article is devoted to an in-depth analysis of the theoretical foundations, stages, and principles of developing grammatical skills in the process of teaching a foreign language. The formation of grammatical skills plays a crucial role in enhancing learners’ language competence, particularly in ensuring the effective performance of all types of speech activities. The article examines the psycholinguistic mechanisms underlying the formation of grammatical skills, the interrelation between the stages of knowledge, skill, and habit, as well as methodological approaches applied in the teaching process. Special attention is given to methods of increasing the efficiency of grammar instruction through communicative and interactive techniques, as well as the use of multimedia technologies. The approaches proposed by the author aim to strengthen active interaction between teachers and students, encourage the practical application of grammatical knowledge in real communicative situations, and foster the development of learners’ autonomous learning competencies. The research results have significant practical value for improving foreign language teaching methodology, particularly in integrating modern technologies into higher education.

The article examines the conceptosphere of national values in the Uzbek language from an axiological-linguistic (value-oriented linguistic) perspective. It is shown that the system of national values is reflected in the deep layers of the language through concepts, phraseological units, proverbs, lexical-semantic groups, and metaphorical models. Based on this, a general model of Uzbek linguoculturology is          proposed.

The article presents a comprehensive analysis of the literary language and style in Honoré de Balzac’s novella Father Goriot from the perspective of the poetics of realism. The article is based on the application of several methodological approaches, including literary analysis, stylometric analysis, contextual (historical-literary) method, comparative method, as well as semantic and stylistic analysis. This interdisciplinary approach makes it possible to identify the key features of realist poetics, the distinctive characteristics of Balzac’s individual style, and the connection between linguistic devices and the sociocultural realities of the era.

This article examines the postcolonial interpretation of memory and nostalgia motifs in Abdulrazak Gurnah’s novel “By the Sea”. The study explores the novel’s fragmented memory structure, the reflective nature of nostalgia, the complex relationship between trauma and recollection, and the psychological experiences of the characters in reconstructing their postcolonial identities. Theoretical foundations of the analysis include Svetlana Boym’s typology of nostalgia, Jan Assmann’s concept of cultural memory, Cathy Caruth’s trauma theory, as well as the perspectives of scholars such as Valdivieso, Brazzelli, Hand, and Farrier. The article highlights how memory and nostalgia function as central aesthetic components shaping the novel’s narrative structure and postcolonial significance.

This article analyzes the linguistic features of agricultural tourism terminology and its relationship with cultural codes. Rural tourism, as one of the key factors of economic, social, and cultural development, possesses a specific terminological system. The study highlights how national values, traditions, and regional characteristics are reflected through linguistic units. Additionally, the article discusses the issues of cultural adaptation in the translation of these terms.

This article presents a linguocultural analysis of nominative structures through a comparative study of English, Russian, and Uzbek. It explores the morphosyntactic, semantic, and pragmatic dimensions of the nominative case across typologically diverse languages. Key phenomena discussed include subject encoding, multiple nominative constructions, experiencer-subject alignments, and the re-conceptualization of case assignment via a predicate-based model. The study also highlights how complex nominative units emerge through word formation, compounding, and lexicalization, reflecting language-specific strategies in conceptualizing experience and discourse structuring.                                                                                                                            

This article classifies the literary sources that served as the foundation for the dramatic works of Nafas Shodmonov. The sources that influenced the formation of his plays have been thoroughly examined and analyzed. The study also explores the materials that contributed to the creation of characters, plot development, and compositional structure in the playwright’s works. Furthermore, an in-depth analysis of Shodmonov’s artistic thinking is provided, along with scientific evidence demonstrating the impact of literary sources on the development of his dramas using the examples from his plays.                                                                                                                                                              

This article presents a comparative analysis of Japanese and English proverbs, considering their semantic, cultural and stylistic aspects and the factors that are relied on in the translation process.

Although the Japanese and English peoples have different cultural traditions, values and their own customs, the examples of the embodiment of universal human values, such as hard work, patience, friendship, honesty, and appreciation of time, and the significant differences in their language expression and image system are analyzed.                                                                                                                                                                             

This study covers the theoretical foundations of historical and typological analysis in the study of the morphemic system of Turkic languages. Syntactic, morphological and phonological models common to all Turkic languages and hierarchical and functional features specific to individual Turkic languages are analyzed.ticovered. in the course of the study, syntactic, morphological and phonological models common to all Turkic languages and hierarchical and functional features specific to individual Turkic languages are analyzed comparatively.  

Among the peoples of the world, the Uzbek people are one of the peoples with the greatest spiritual heritage. This spiritual heritage has served as a powerful source of spirituality for our people for thousands of years. Despite various long-term pressures, our people have preserved them until today's Independence Day. One such ancient spiritual heritage of our people is the work "Qisasi Rabguzi" by Nasiruddin Rabguzi. This article discusses the study of "Qissasi Rabg'uziy" in world literary studies.                                                                                                                                                              

This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the formation of the concept, its linguocultural and cognitive foundations. The main directions of cognitive linguistics, its philosophical roots, and the theory of conceptual metaphor are examined. The concept is interpreted as a multi-layered unity situated at the intersection of language, thought, and culture. Based on the theories of Langacker, Lakoff, and Chomsky, the theoretical essence of the concept, its structural components, and national-cultural features are revealed. The research results provide an important theoretical basis for understanding the concept as a central category at the intersection of not only linguistics but also philosophy, psychology, and cultural studies.                                                                                               

This article examines the role and significance of the linguocultural approach in translating substandard lexis from English into Uzbek, using Mark Twain’s The Adventures of Tom Sawyer as a case study. The research demonstrates that the complexity of translating substandard lexis lies primarily in fully rendering its national-cultural content, stylistic coloring, and social function in another language. It is argued that, in the translation process, strategies such as functional equivalence, calquing, cultural adaptation, and compensation based on Roman Jakobson’s principle of “equivalence in translation” are necessary. The analysis, conducted on the basis of Ilyos Muslim’s Uzbek translation, shows how substandard units are stylistically, semantically, and culturally reproduced in the target language. The findings highlight that translating substandard lexis in English literary texts requires a linguocultural approach that accounts for semantic and stylistic differences between the two cultures to accurately convey the author’s colloquial, emotional, and socially marked expressions. The conclusions of the study hold practical value for literary translation practice, linguoculturology, lexicology, phraseology, and translation theory.